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OPEN(3P) POSIX Programmer's ManualOPEN(3P)This manual page is part of the POSIX Programmer's Manual. The Linux implementation of this interface may differ (consult the corresponding Linux manual page for details of Linux behavior), or the interface may not be implemented on Linux.
open, openat — open file
#include <sys/stat.h> #include <fcntl.h> int open(const char *path, intoflag, ...); int openat(intfd, const char *path, intoflag, ...);
Theopen() function shall establish the connection between a file and a file descriptor. It shall create an open file description that refers to a file and a file descriptor that refers to that open file description. The file descriptor is used by other I/O functions to refer to that file. Thepath argument points to a pathname naming the file. Theopen() function shall return a file descriptor for the named file, allocated as described inSection 2.14,File DescriptorAllocation. The open file description is new, and therefore the file descriptor shall not share it with any other process in the system. The FD_CLOEXEC file descriptor flag associated with the new file descriptor shall be cleared unless the O_CLOEXEC flag is set inoflag. The file offset used to mark the current position within the file shall be set to the beginning of the file. The file status flags and file access modes of the open file description shall be set according to the value ofoflag. Values foroflag are constructed by a bitwise-inclusive OR of flags from the following list, defined in<fcntl.h>. Applications shall specify exactly one of the first five values (file access modes) below in the value ofoflag: O_EXEC Open for execute only (non-directory files). The result is unspecified if this flag is applied to a directory. O_RDONLY Open for reading only. O_RDWR Open for reading and writing. The result is undefined if this flag is applied to a FIFO. O_SEARCH Open directory for search only. The result is unspecified if this flag is applied to a non- directory file. O_WRONLY Open for writing only. Any combination of the following may be used: O_APPEND If set, the file offset shall be set to the end of the file prior to each write. O_CLOEXEC If set, the FD_CLOEXEC flag for the new file descriptor shall be set. O_CREAT If the file exists, this flag has no effect except as noted under O_EXCL below. Otherwise, if O_DIRECTORY is not set the file shall be created as a regular file; the user ID of the file shall be set to the effective user ID of the process; the group ID of the file shall be set to the group ID of the file's parent directory or to the effective group ID of the process; and the access permission bits (see<sys/stat.h>) of the file mode shall be set to the value of the argument following theoflag argument taken as typemode_tmodified as follows: a bitwise AND is performed on the file-mode bits and the corresponding bits in the complement of the process' file mode creation mask. Thus, all bits in the file mode whose corresponding bit in the file mode creation mask is set are cleared. When bits other than the file permission bits are set, the effect is unspecified. The argument following theoflag argument does not affect whether the file is open for reading, writing, or for both. Implementations shall provide a way to initialize the file's group ID to the group ID of the parent directory. Implementations may, but need not, provide an implementation-defined way to initialize the file's group ID to the effective group ID of the calling process. O_DIRECTORY Ifpath resolves to a non-directory file, fail and seterrno to[ENOTDIR]. O_DSYNC Write I/O operations on the file descriptor shall complete as defined by synchronized I/O data integrity completion. O_EXCL If O_CREAT and O_EXCL are set,open() shall fail if the file exists. The check for the existence of the file and the creation of the file if it does not exist shall be atomic with respect to other threads executingopen() naming the same filename in the same directory with O_EXCL and O_CREAT set. If O_EXCL and O_CREAT are set, andpath names a symbolic link,open() shall fail and seterrno to[EEXIST], regardless of the contents of the symbolic link. If O_EXCL is set and O_CREAT is not set, the result is undefined. O_NOCTTY If set andpath identifies a terminal device,open() shall not cause the terminal device to become the controlling terminal for the process. Ifpath does not identify a terminal device, O_NOCTTY shall be ignored. O_NOFOLLOW Ifpath names a symbolic link, fail and seterrno to[ELOOP]. O_NONBLOCK When opening a FIFO with O_RDONLY or O_WRONLY set: * If O_NONBLOCK is set, anopen() for reading-only shall return without delay. Anopen() for writing-only shall return an error if no process currently has the file open for reading. * If O_NONBLOCK is clear, anopen() for reading- only shall block the calling thread until a thread opens the file for writing. Anopen() for writing-only shall block the calling thread until a thread opens the file for reading. When opening a block special or character special file that supports non-blocking opens: * If O_NONBLOCK is set, theopen() function shall return without blocking for the device to be ready or available. Subsequent behavior of the device is device-specific. * If O_NONBLOCK is clear, theopen() function shall block the calling thread until the device is ready or available before returning. Otherwise, the O_NONBLOCK flag shall not cause an error, but it is unspecified whether the file status flags will include the O_NONBLOCK flag. O_RSYNC Read I/O operations on the file descriptor shall complete at the same level of integrity as specified by the O_DSYNC and O_SYNC flags. If both O_DSYNC and O_RSYNC are set inoflag, all I/O operations on the file descriptor shall complete as defined by synchronized I/O data integrity completion. If both O_SYNC and O_RSYNC are set in flags, all I/O operations on the file descriptor shall complete as defined by synchronized I/O file integrity completion. O_SYNC Write I/O operations on the file descriptor shall complete as defined by synchronized I/O file integrity completion. The O_SYNC flag shall be supported for regular files, even if the Synchronized Input and Output option is not supported. O_TRUNC If the file exists and is a regular file, and the file is successfully opened O_RDWR or O_WRONLY, its length shall be truncated to 0, and the mode and owner shall be unchanged. It shall have no effect on FIFO special files or terminal device files. Its effect on other file types is implementation- defined. The result of using O_TRUNC without either O_RDWR or O_WRONLY is undefined. O_TTY_INIT Ifpath identifies a terminal device other than a pseudo-terminal, the device is not already open in any process, and either O_TTY_INIT is set inoflag or O_TTY_INIT has the value zero,open() shall set any non-standardtermiosstructure terminal parameters to a state that provides conforming behavior; see the Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2017,Section 11.2,Parameters that Can beSet. It is unspecified whether O_TTY_INIT has any effect if the device is already open in any process. Ifpath identifies the slave side of a pseudo- terminal that is not already open in any process,open() shall set any non-standardtermiosstructure terminal parameters to a state that provides conforming behavior, regardless of whether O_TTY_INIT is set. Ifpath does not identify a terminal device, O_TTY_INIT shall be ignored. If O_CREAT and O_DIRECTORY are set and the requested access mode is neither O_WRONLY nor O_RDWR, the result is unspecified. If O_CREAT is set and the file did not previously exist, upon successful completion,open() shall mark for update the last data access, last data modification, and last file status change timestamps of the file and the last data modification and last file status change timestamps of the parent directory. If O_TRUNC is set and the file did previously exist, upon successful completion,open() shall mark for update the last data modification and last file status change timestamps of the file. If both the O_SYNC and O_DSYNC flags are set, the effect is as if only the O_SYNC flag was set. Ifpath refers to a STREAMS file,oflag may be constructed from O_NONBLOCK OR'ed with either O_RDONLY, O_WRONLY, or O_RDWR. Other flag values are not applicable to STREAMS devices and shall have no effect on them. The value O_NONBLOCK affects the operation of STREAMS drivers and certain functions applied to file descriptors associated with STREAMS files. For STREAMS drivers, the implementation of O_NONBLOCK is device-specific. The application shall ensure that it specifies the O_TTY_INIT flag on the first open of a terminal device since system boot or since the device was closed by the process that last had it open. The application need not specify the O_TTY_INIT flag when opening pseudo-terminals. Ifpath names the master side of a pseudo- terminal device, then it is unspecified whetheropen() locks the slave side so that it cannot be opened. Conforming applications shall callunlockpt() before opening the slave side. The largest value that can be represented correctly in an object of typeoff_tshall be established as the offset maximum in the open file description. Theopenat() function shall be equivalent to theopen() function except in the case wherepath specifies a relative path. In this case the file to be opened is determined relative to the directory associated with the file descriptorfd instead of the current working directory. If the access mode of the open file description associated with the file descriptor is not O_SEARCH, the function shall check whether directory searches are permitted using the current permissions of the directory underlying the file descriptor. If the access mode is O_SEARCH, the function shall not perform the check. Theoflag parameter and the optional fourth parameter correspond exactly to the parameters ofopen(). Ifopenat() is passed the special value AT_FDCWD in thefd parameter, the current working directory shall be used and the behavior shall be identical to a call toopen().
Upon successful completion, these functions shall open the file and return a non-negative integer representing the file descriptor. Otherwise, these functions shall return -1 and seterrno to indicate the error. If -1 is returned, no files shall be created or modified.
These functions shall fail if:EACCESSearch permission is denied on a component of the path prefix, or the file exists and the permissions specified byoflag are denied, or the file does not exist and write permission is denied for the parent directory of the file to be created, or O_TRUNC is specified and write permission is denied.EEXISTO_CREAT and O_EXCL are set, and the named file exists.EINTRA signal was caught duringopen().EINVALThe implementation does not support synchronized I/O for this file.EIOThepath argument names a STREAMS file and a hangup or error occurred during theopen().EISDIRThe named file is a directory andoflag includes O_WRONLY or O_RDWR, or includes O_CREAT without O_DIRECTORY.ELOOPA loop exists in symbolic links encountered during resolution of thepath argument, or O_NOFOLLOW was specified and thepath argument names a symbolic link.EMFILEAll file descriptors available to the process are currently open.ENAMETOOLONG The length of a component of a pathname is longer than {NAME_MAX}.ENFILEThe maximum allowable number of files is currently open in the system.ENOENTO_CREAT is not set and a component ofpath does not name an existing file, or O_CREAT is set and a component of the path prefix ofpath does not name an existing file, orpath points to an empty string.ENOENTorENOTDIR O_CREAT is set, and thepath argument contains at least one non-<slash> character and ends with one or more trailing <slash> characters. Ifpath without the trailing <slash> characters would name an existing file, an[ENOENT]error shall not occur.ENOSRThepath argument names a STREAMS-based file and the system is unable to allocate a STREAM.ENOSPCThe directory or file system that would contain the new file cannot be expanded, the file does not exist, and O_CREAT is specified.ENOTDIR A component of the path prefix names an existing file that is neither a directory nor a symbolic link to a directory; or O_CREAT and O_EXCL are not specified, thepath argument contains at least one non-<slash> character and ends with one or more trailing <slash> characters, and the last pathname component names an existing file that is neither a directory nor a symbolic link to a directory; or O_DIRECTORY was specified and thepath argument resolves to a non-directory file.ENXIOO_NONBLOCK is set, the named file is a FIFO, O_WRONLY is set, and no process has the file open for reading.ENXIOThe named file is a character special or block special file, and the device associated with this special file does not exist.EOVERFLOW The named file is a regular file and the size of the file cannot be represented correctly in an object of typeoff_t.EROFSThe named file resides on a read-only file system and either O_WRONLY, O_RDWR, O_CREAT (if the file does not exist), or O_TRUNC is set in theoflag argument. Theopenat() function shall fail if:EACCESThe access mode of the open file description associated withfd is not O_SEARCH and the permissions of the directory underlyingfd do not permit directory searches.EBADFThepath argument does not specify an absolute path and thefd argument is neither AT_FDCWD nor a valid file descriptor open for reading or searching.ENOTDIR Thepath argument is not an absolute path andfd is a file descriptor associated with a non-directory file. These functions may fail if:EAGAINThepath argument names the slave side of a pseudo-terminal device that is locked.EINVALThe value of theoflag argument is not valid.ELOOPMore than {SYMLOOP_MAX} symbolic links were encountered during resolution of thepath argument.ENAMETOOLONG The length of a pathname exceeds {PATH_MAX}, or pathname resolution of a symbolic link produced an intermediate result with a length that exceeds {PATH_MAX}.ENOMEMThepath argument names a STREAMS file and the system is unable to allocate resources.EOPNOTSUPP Thepath argument names a socket.ETXTBSY The file is a pure procedure (shared text) file that is being executed andoflag is O_WRONLY or O_RDWR.The following sections are informative.Opening a File for Writing by the Owner The following example opens the file/tmp/file, either by creating it (if it does not already exist), or by truncating its length to 0 (if it does exist). In the former case, if the call creates a new file, the access permission bits in the file mode of the file are set to permit reading and writing by the owner, and to permit reading only by group members and others. If the call toopen() is successful, the file is opened for writing. #include <fcntl.h> ... int fd; mode_t mode = S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR | S_IRGRP | S_IROTH; char *pathname = "/tmp/file"; ... fd = open(pathname, O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC, mode); ...Opening a File Using an Existence Check The following example uses theopen() function to try to create theLOCKFILEfile and open it for writing. Since theopen() function specifies the O_EXCL flag, the call fails if the file already exists. In that case, the program assumes that someone else is updating the password file and exits. #include <fcntl.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #define LOCKFILE "/etc/ptmp" ... int pfd; /* Integer for file descriptor returned by open() call. */ ... if ((pfd = open(LOCKFILE, O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_EXCL, S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR | S_IRGRP | S_IROTH)) == -1) { fprintf(stderr, "Cannot open /etc/ptmp. Try again later.\n"); exit(1); } ...Opening a File for Writing The following example opens a file for writing, creating the file if it does not already exist. If the file does exist, the system truncates the file to zero bytes. #include <fcntl.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #define LOCKFILE "/etc/ptmp" ... int pfd; char pathname[PATH_MAX+1]; ... if ((pfd = open(pathname, O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC, S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR | S_IRGRP | S_IROTH)) == -1) { perror("Cannot open output file\n"); exit(1); } ...POSIX.1‐2008 does not require that terminal parameters be automatically set to any state on first open, nor that they be reset after the last close. It is possible for a non-conforming application to leave a terminal device in a state where the next process to use that device finds it in a non-conforming state, but has no way of determining this. To ensure that the device is set to a conforming initial state, applications which perform a first open of a terminal (other than a pseudo-terminal) should do so using the O_TTY_INIT flag to set the parameters associated with the terminal to a conforming state. Except as specified in this volume of POSIX.1‐2017, the flags allowed inoflag are not mutually-exclusive and any number of them may be used simultaneously. Not all combinations of flags make sense. For example, using O_SEARCH | O_CREAT will successfully open a pre-existing directory for searching, but if there is no existing file by that name, then it is unspecified whether a regular file will be created. Likewise, if a non-directory file descriptor is successfully returned, it is unspecified whether that descriptor will have execute permissions as if by O_EXEC (note that it is unspecified whether O_EXEC and O_SEARCH have the same value).
Some implementations permit opening FIFOs with O_RDWR. Since FIFOs could be implemented in other ways, and since two file descriptors can be used to the same effect, this possibility is left as undefined. Seegetgroups(3p) about the group of a newly created file. The use ofopen() to create a regular file is preferable to the use ofcreat(), because the latter is redundant and included only for historical reasons. The use of the O_TRUNC flag on FIFOs and directories (pipes cannot beopen()-ed) must be permissible without unexpected side-effects (for example,creat() on a FIFO must not remove data). Since terminal special files might have type-ahead data stored in the buffer, O_TRUNC should not affect their content, particularly if a program that normally opens a regular file should open the current controlling terminal instead. Other file types, particularly implementation-defined ones, are left implementation-defined. POSIX.1‐2008 permits[EACCES]to be returned for conditions other than those explicitly listed. The O_NOCTTY flag was added to allow applications to avoid unintentionally acquiring a controlling terminal as a side-effect of opening a terminal file. This volume of POSIX.1‐2017 does not specify how a controlling terminal is acquired, but it allows an implementation to provide this onopen() if the O_NOCTTY flag is not set and other conditions specified in the Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2017,Chapter 11,General Terminal Interface are met. In historical implementations the value of O_RDONLY is zero. Because of that, it is not possible to detect the presence of O_RDONLY and another option. Future implementations should encode O_RDONLY and O_WRONLY as bit flags so that: O_RDONLY | O_WRONLY == O_RDWR O_EXEC and O_SEARCH are specified as two of the five file access modes. Since O_EXEC does not apply to directories, and O_SEARCH only applies to directories, their values need not be distinct. Since O_RDONLY has historically had the value zero, implementations are not able to distinguish between O_SEARCH and O_SEARCH | O_RDONLY, and similarly for O_EXEC. In general, theopen() function follows the symbolic link ifpath names a symbolic link. However, theopen() function, when called with O_CREAT and O_EXCL, is required to fail with[EEXIST]ifpath names an existing symbolic link, even if the symbolic link refers to a nonexistent file. This behavior is required so that privileged applications can create a new file in a known location without the possibility that a symbolic link might cause the file to be created in a different location. For example, a privileged application that must create a file with a predictable name in a user-writable directory, such as the user's home directory, could be compromised if the user creates a symbolic link with that name that refers to a nonexistent file in a system directory. If the user can influence the contents of a file, the user could compromise the system by creating a new system configuration or spool file that would then be interpreted by the system. The test for a symbolic link which refers to a nonexisting file must be atomic with the creation of a new file. In addition, theopen() function refuses to open non-directories if the O_DIRECTORY flag is set. This avoids race conditions whereby a user might compromise the system by substituting a hard link to a sensitive file (e.g., a device or a FIFO) while a privileged application is running, where opening a file even for read access might have undesirable side-effects. In addition, theopen() function does not follow symbolic links if the O_NOFOLLOW flag is set. This avoids race conditions whereby a user might compromise the system by substituting a symbolic link to a sensitive file (e.g., a device) while a privileged application is running, where opening a file even for read access might have undesirable side-effects. The POSIX.1‐1990 standard required that the group ID of a newly created file be set to the group ID of its parent directory or to the effective group ID of the creating process. FIPS 151‐2 required that implementations provide a way to have the group ID be set to the group ID of the containing directory, but did not prohibit implementations also supporting a way to set the group ID to the effective group ID of the creating process. Conforming applications should not assume which group ID will be used. If it matters, an application can usechown() to set the group ID after the file is created, or determine under what conditions the implementation will set the desired group ID. The purpose of theopenat() function is to enable opening files in directories other than the current working directory without exposure to race conditions. Any part of the path of a file could be changed in parallel to a call toopen(), resulting in unspecified behavior. By opening a file descriptor for the target directory and using theopenat() function it can be guaranteed that the opened file is located relative to the desired directory. Some implementations use theopenat() function for other purposes as well. In some cases, if theoflag parameter has the O_XATTR bit set, the returned file descriptor provides access to extended attributes. This functionality is not standardized here.
None.
chmod(3p),close(3p),creat(3p),dirfd(3p),dup(3p),exec(1p),fcntl(3p),fdopendir(3p),link(3p),lseek(3p),mkdtemp(3p),mknod(3p),read(3p),symlink(3p),umask(3p),unlockpt(3p),write(3p) The Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2017,Chapter 11,GeneralTerminal Interface,fcntl.h(0p),sys_stat.h(0p),sys_types.h(0p)
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form from IEEE Std 1003.1-2017, Standard for Information Technology -- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 7, 2018 Edition, Copyright (C) 2018 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online athttp://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html . Any typographical or formatting errors that appear in this page are most likely to have been introduced during the conversion of the source files to man page format. To report such errors, seehttps://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/reporting_bugs.html .IEEE/The Open Group 2017OPEN(3P)Pages that refer to this page:fcntl.h(0p), stropts.h(0p), cp(1p), sh(1p), aio_fsync(3p), chmod(3p), close(3p), creat(3p), dbm_clearerr(3p), dirfd(3p), dup(3p), exec(3p), fchmod(3p), fcntl(3p), fdatasync(3p), fdopen(3p), fdopendir(3p), freopen(3p), fstatvfs(3p), ftruncate(3p), getrlimit(3p), grantpt(3p), ioctl(3p), lockf(3p), lseek(3p), mkdtemp(3p), mknod(3p), openat(3p), posix_fallocate(3p), posix_openpt(3p), posix_spawn(3p), posix_spawn_file_actions_addclose(3p), ptsname(3p), read(3p), symlink(3p), tempnam(3p), tmpnam(3p), truncate(3p), umask(3p), unlockpt(3p), write(3p)
HTML rendering created 2025-09-06 byMichael Kerrisk, author ofThe Linux Programming Interface. For details of in-depthLinux/UNIX system programming training courses that I teach, lookhere. Hosting byjambit GmbH. | |