Patung Auguste Rodin The Thinker èangghep mènangka simbol pamekkeran filsafat..
Filsafat,falsafah, otabâfilosofi (asal ḍârioca' Yunani φιλοσοφία,philosophia, artèna "trèsna ḍâ’ kalanḍhepphân"[1][2]) panèkametodologi sè akaji partanya'an umum bân dhâsar, contona partanya'an tentangeksistensi,panalaran,nilai-nilai luhur,akal budi, bânbhâsa.[3] Istilah panèka kamungkinan lu-ghâllunah ènyataaghi sarengPythagoras (570 SM– 495 SM).Metoḍe sè èghunaaghi è ḍâlem filsafat tamaso'atanya,diskusi kritikal,dialektik, bân presentasi sistematis.[4][5] Orèng sè ajhârèlmo filsafat èsebbhut "filsuf" otabâ "filosof", sabâtara sèttong hal sè ahubungan sareng konsep filsafat èsebbhut "filosofis", "filosofis", otabâ "filsafati".
Sacara sajhârâ, filsafat èngghi panèka mencakup ḍâri kabbhipangataowan.[6] molaè jhâman filsufYunani Kuno akadhiAristoteles kantos abad ka-19,filsafat alam ècangkopastronomi,kadokteran, bânfisika.[7] Contona, partanya'an filsafat klasik è antarana: "Ponapa bisakaangghuy ngataowèh sadhâjâna sèttong-sèttong bân abuktèaghi tong-sèttong ghâpanèka?[8][9][10]" "Ponapa sèpalèng nyata?" Para filsuf jhughân atanya'aghi partanya'an sè lebbi praktis bân konkret akadhi: "Apa bâḍâ cara sè palèng bhâgus kaangghuy oḍi'?" "Apa lebbi beccè'adhil otabâ ta' adhil (manabi orèng bisa lolos cè’ ghâmpangngah)?[11] " "ponapahmanossa anḍi'karep bebas?[12] Conto laènna,Prinsip-prinsip Matematika Filosofi AlamNewton è taon 1687 èklasifikasiaghi mènangka buku fisika. È abad ka-19, perkembangan penelitian universitas modern aghâbâyprofesionalisasi bân spesialisasi filsafat akademik bân èlmo laènna.[13][14] È jhâman modern, pan-bârâmpan panèlitian sè tradisional aropaaghibâgiyân ḍâri filsafat ampon dhâddhi ḍisiplin akademik sè èpèsa, è antaranapsikologi,sosiologi,linguistik, bânekonomi.
Filsafat alam ("fisika") panèka pangajhârân tentang dhunnya fisik (physis, sacara harfiah:alam);
Filsafat moral ("etika") panèka pangajhârân tentang kabecce'an, bhender bân sala, kaasrèyan, kaadhilân bân kabhâgusan (etos, sacara harfiah: kabiasaan);
Ennem aliran ortodoks sè umum ètemmuè è awwâlEra Umum bânKekaisaran Gupta.[40] Aliran Hindu panèka èkembhângaghi ḍâri "Hindu sintetis" pagabungan ortodoks brahmanikal bân elemen nir ortodoks ḍâriBuddhisme bân Jainisme mènangka cara kaangghuy nangghâpè tantangan nir ortodoks.[41] Pamèkkèran Hindu jhughân nyebbâraghi ḍâ’ tèmor kantosKarajaan Sriwijaya èInḍonèsia bânKekaisaran Khmer èKamboja.
Batu Matahari, Aztek, jhughân èkennal mènangka Batu Kalender Aztek, è Museum Antropologi Nasional, Kota Meksiko.
Filsafat orèng asli Amerika panèka filsafatorèng asli Amerika. Bâḍâ bânnya' macem kaparcajâ’ân bân tradisi è antarana budâjâ Amerika sè bhidhâ panèka. E antarana pan-bârâmpanorèng asli Amerika è Amèrika Serikat bâḍâ kaparcajâ’ân ḍâ' prinsip metafisik sè èsebbhut "Misteri Rajâ" (Siouan:Wakan Tanka, ḍâlembhâsa Algonquian:Gitche Manitou). Konsep laèn sè èkennal èngghi panèkaOrenda otabâ "kakowatan spiritual". Menorot Peter M. Whiteley, ghâbây orèng asli Amerika, "Pèkkèran èbjerri' tao sacara kritis sareng pangalaman transendental (mèmpè, pangabâsân bân salaènna) bân jhughân sareng akal."[47] Praktek ngaksès pangalaman transendental panèka èsebbhutShamanisme. Ciri laèn ḍâri pandangan dhunnya orèng asli Amerika panèka palangghengngan etika ḍâ’ kèbân bân tombuwân sè bhunten manossa.[47][48]
ÈMesoamerika,filsafat Aztec panèka tradisi intelektual sè èkembhângaghi sareng orèng sè èsebbhutTlamatini ('orèng sè tao sèttong-sèttong')[49] bân sè gagasanna èpèyara ḍâlem bhân-sabbhân kodeks Aztec. Pamangghi dhunnya Aztec ngemukakaaghi konsep energi universal otabâ kakowadhân universal sè èsebbhutOmeteotl sè bisa èterjemahaghi mènangka "Energi Kosmik ganda" bân nyarè cara kaangghuy oḍi' seimbang kalabân dhunnya "lècèk" sè terros aobâ. Teori Teotl bisa èkaton mènangka bhângonPanteisme.[50] Para filsuf Aztec èfokussaghi kaangghuy nyarè teorimetafisika, epistemologi, nilai, bân estetika. Etika Aztec èfokusaghi kaangghuy nyarèhtlamatiliztli (pangataowan, kaanḍhepphân) sè èdhâsaraghi ḍâri moderasi bân kaseimbangan ḍâlem sadhâjâ lalakon akadhi è ḍâlem oca' Nahua "kabhâghusân langkong sanget èkaparloh"[50]
Paradhâbhân Inca jhughân anḍi' kelas elit filsuf-cendikiawan (Amawtakuna), sè aghâdhui peran penting ḍâlem sistem pendidikan Inca mènangka ghuru aghâma, tradisi, sajjhârâ bân etika. Konsep poko' ḍâri pamèkkèran Andean panèkaYanantin bânMasintin sè alibataghi teori "salèng mongkorè komplementer" sè ngabâs polaritas (akadhi lalakè'/bâbinè', petteng/terrang) mènangka bâgiyân ḍâri kasakabbhiyân sè harmonis.[51]
Teori nilai (otabâaksiologi) panèka cabang otama filsafat sè abhâhas topik-topik è sekitar kabhâgusan, kaasrèyan bân kaadhilân. Teori-teori nilai tamaso' etika, estetika, filsafat politik, filsafat feminis, filsafat hokom, bân laènna.
Filsafat pendidikan nganalisis definisi bân èssèna pendidikan, bân jhughân tojjhuwân bân tantangan para pendidik.
Filsafat feminis ajhârbâ'aghi partanya'an è sekitar gender, seksualitas bân bhâdhân, è antarana sèpatfeminisme dhibi' mènangka gerakan sosial bân filosofis.
Bâḍâ filsuf sè aghâdhui spesialisasi ḍâlem sèttong otabâ lebbi periode sajhârâ. Sajhârâna filsafat èngghi panèka pangajhârân tentang periode tatanto, individu, otabâ aliran tatanto. Bidang panèka ghik akaè’an, namong ta' paḍâ sareng,filsafat sajhârâ (aspek teoritis jhâjhârbâ'ân, sè akaè’an sareng partanya'an akadhi sèpat bhuktè jhâjhârbâ'ân bân kamungkinan objektivitas).
TolèssannahHegelLectures on the Philosophy of History apangaro bânnya' filsuf kaangghuy napsèrraghi kabhenderrân ḍâlem hal sajhârâ, sè aghâbây pamangghi sè èsebbhuthistorisisme.
↑A.C. Grayling,Philosophy 1: A Guide through the Subject (Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 1: "The aim of philosophical inquiry is to gain insight into questions about knowledge, truth, reason, reality, meaning, mind, and value."
↑6,06,1"Philosophy". www.etymonline.com. Online Etymological Dictionary. Èarsip dâri vesi asli tangghâl 2017-01-28. Èakses tangghâl 2025-04-12.. The English word "philosophy" is first attested to c. 1300, meaning "knowledge, body of knowledge."
↑"Contemporary Skepticism | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy".www.iep.utm.edu. Èarsip dâri vesi asli tangghâl 2023-06-01. Èakses tangghâl 2025-04-12.
↑Kant, Immanuel (2012-05-21).Kant:Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals (edisi ke-2nd). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107401068.Ancient Greek philosophy was divided into three branches of knowledge: natural science, ethics, and logic.
↑Diane Collinson.Fifty Major Philosophers, A Reference Guide. hlm. 125.
↑Rutherford,The Cambridge Companion to Early Modern Philosophy, p. 1: "Most often this [period] has been associated with the achievements of a handful of great thinkers: the so-called 'rationalists' (Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz) and 'empiricists' (Locke, Berkeley, Hume), whose inquiries culminate in Kant's 'Critical philosophy.' These canonical figures have been celebrated for the depth and rigor of their treatments of perennial philosophical questions..."
↑Nadler,A Companion to Early Modern Philosophy, p. 2: "The study of early modern philosophy demands that we pay attention to a wide variety of questions and an expansive pantheon of thinkers: the traditional canonical figures (Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz, Locke, Berkeley, and Hume), to be sure, but also a large 'supporting cast'..."
↑Bruce Kuklick, "Seven Thinkers and How They Grew: Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz; Locke, Berkeley, Hume; Kant" in Rorty, Schneewind, and Skinner (eds.),Philosophy in History (Cambridge University Press, 1984), p. 125: "Literary, philosophical, and historical studies often rely on a notion of what iscanonical. In American philosophy scholars go from Jonathan Edwards to John Dewey; in American literature from James Fenimore Cooper to F. Scott Fitzgerald; in political theory from Plato to Hobbes and Locke […] The texts or authors who fill in the blanks from A to Z in these, and other intellectual traditions, constitute the canon, and there is an accompanying narrative that links text to text or author to author, a 'history of' American literature, economic thought, and so on. The most conventional of such histories are embodied in university courses and the textbooks that accompany them. This essay examines one such course, the History of Modern Philosophy, and the texts that helped to create it. If a philosopher in the United States were asked why the seven people in my title comprise Modern Philosophy, the initial response would be: they were the best, and there are historical and philosophical connections among them."
↑"Sanskrit ++ Einführung in die heilige Sprache Indiens".www.asien.net.Èarsip dâri vesi asli tangghâl 2017-04-14. Èakses tangghâl 2025-04-12.
↑John Bowker,Oxford Dictionary of World Religions, p. 259.
↑Wendy Doniger (2014).On Hinduism. Oxford University Press. hlm. 46. ISBN 978-0-19-936008-6. Èarsip dâri vesi asli tangghâl 2023-07-03. Èakses tangghâl 2025-04-12.
↑Students' Britannica India (2000), Volume 4, Encyclopædia Britannica, ISBN 978-0852297605, p. 316.
↑Hiltebeitel, Alf (2007), Hinduism. In: Joseph Kitagawa, "The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture", Routledge
↑Randall Collins (2009).he Sociology of Philosophies. Harvard University Press. hlm. 184–85. ISBN 978-0-674-02977-4.Èarsip dâri vesi asli tangghâl 2023-01-11. Èakses tangghâl 2025-04-12.
↑Ganeri, Jonardon; The Lost Age of Reason Philosophy In Early ModernIndia 1450–1700, Oxford U. press.
↑Garfield (Editor), Edelglass (Editor);The Oxford Handbook of World Philosophy, Chinese philosophy.
↑Ebrey, Patricia (2010).The Cambridge Illustrated History of China. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 42.
↑Bruce B. Janz, Philosophy in an African Place (2009), pp. 74–79, Plymouth, UK: Lexington Books.
↑47,047,1Whiteley; Native American philosophy,Èarsip dâri vesi asli tangghâl2016-03-15 neng Wayback Machine.
↑Pierotti, Raymond; Communities as both Ecological and Social entities in Native American thought, http://www.se.edu/nas/files/2013/03/5thNAScommunities.pdfÈarsip dâri vesi asli tangghâl 2016-04-04 di Wayback Machine.
↑"Use of "Tlamatini" inAztec Thought and Culture: A Study of the Ancient Nahuatl Mind – Miguel León Portilla". Google Books. Èakses tangghâl 2025-04-12.
↑Plantinga, Alvin (2014-01-01). Zalta, Edward N., ed.Religion and Science (edisi ke-Spring 2014).Èarsip dâri vesi asli tangghâl 2019-03-18. Èakses tangghâl 2025-04-12.
↑G & C. Merriam Co. (1913). Noah Porter, ed.Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (edisi ke-1913). G & C. Merriam Co. hlm. 501. Èarsip dâri vesi asli tangghâl 15 October 2013. Èakses tangghâl 2025-04-12.
↑Carnap, Rudolf (1953). ""Inductive Logic and Science"".Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.80 (3): 189–197. doi:10.2307/20023651. ISSN 0199-9818. JSTOR 20023651.
↑Wainwright, WJ.,The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Religion, Oxford Handbooks Online, 2004, p. 3. "The expression “philosophy of religion” did not come into general use until the nineteenth century, when it was employed to refer to the articulation and criticism of humanity's religious consciousness and its cultural expressions in thought, language, feeling, and practice."
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