Aiuto:AFI/Arab

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This is thepronunciation key forIPA transcriptions of Arab on Wikipedia.

It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Arab in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishingconsensus on thetalk page first.

Per na ntroduzion sun co liejer i simboi AFI, cëlaHelp:IPA. Per la desfrënzia danter[ ],/ / y⟨ ⟩, cëlaIPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

Scurtedes

Wikipedia key to pronunciation of ArabTemplate:SHORTDESC:Wikipedia key to pronunciation of Arab

The chart below explains how Wikipedia representsModern Standard Arabic pronunciations with theInternational Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). Wikipedia also has specific charts forEgyptian Arabic,Hejazi Arabic,Lebanese Arabic, andTunisian Arabic. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see {{IPA-ar}}, {{IPAc-ar}} andWikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

Wikipedia transcriptions for Arabic may be either more general and abstract (phonemic), using only the symbols in the IPA column, or more detailed and precise (phonetic), using the symbols explained in the notes.

SeeArabic phonology for a more thorough discussion of the sounds of Modern Standard Arabic, andvarieties of Arabic for regional variation.

IPA	English approximation	Arabic letter/symbol	Usual romanization	Letter name
A–B
a^{[lower-alpha 1]}	cat inBritish English, only approx. inAmerican English	َ	a, á, e	فَتْحَة (fatḥah)
aː^{[lower-alpha 2]}	No exact, longerfar	ـَا(ى at word end)	ā, â, aa, a	أَلِف (ʾalif) الف مقصورة (ʾalif maqṣūrah)
aj^{[lower-alpha 3]}	/a/+/j/,my	ْـَي	ay, ai, ey, ei	يَاء (yāʾ)
aw^{[lower-alpha 4]}	/a/+/w/,noun	ْـَو	aw, au	وَاو (wāw)
b	bee	ب	b	بَاء (bāʾ)
D
d	dash	د	d	دَال (dāl)
dˤ^{[lower-alpha 5]}	emphatic andpharyngealized/d/, no equivalent	ض	ḍ, dh	ضَاد (ḍād)
dʒ	jam	ج^{[lower-alpha 6]}	j, ǧ, dj, g	جِيم (jīm)
ð	these	ذ	dh, ḏ	ذَال (dhāl)
ðˤ^{[lower-alpha 5]}^{[lower-alpha 7]}	emphatic and pharyngealizedTemplate:IPAblink	ظ	ẓ	ظَاء (ẓāʾ)
F–H
f	father	ف	f	فَاء (fāʾ)
h	hi	ه	h	هَاء (hāʾ)
ħ	hello, butpharyngeal	ح	ḥ	حَاء (ḥāʾ)
I–K
i^{[lower-alpha 8]}	miss	ِ	i, e	كَسْرَة (kasrah)
iː^{[lower-alpha 9]}	machine	ـِي	ī, ee, i	يَاء (yāʾ)
j	yes	ي	y	يَاء (yāʾ)
k	skin	ك	k	كَاف (kāf)
L–N
l	lease (Received Pronunciation)	ل	l	لَام (lām)
ɫ^{[lower-alpha 10]}	tool	ل	l	لَام (lām)
m	me	م	m	مِيم (mīm)
n	no	ن	n	نُون (nūn)
q	likecat, but further down to theuvula (uvular).	ق	q, g, '	قَاف (qāf)
r	"tapped" or "trilled" r; Spanishperro	ر	r	رَاء (rāʾ)
s	see	س	s	سِين (sīn)
sˤ^{[lower-alpha 5]}	emphatic and pharyngealized/s/, no equivalent	ص	ṣ	صَاد (ṣād)
ʃ	she	ش	sh, š, ch	شِين (shīn)
T–W
t	stick	ت (sometimesة)	t	تَاء (tāʾ) تاء مربوطة (tāʾ marbūṭah)
tˤ^{[lower-alpha 5]}	emphatic and pharyngealized/t/, no equivalent	ط	ṭ	طَاء (ṭāʾ)
θ	think	ث	th, ṯ	ثَاء (thāʾ)
u^{[lower-alpha 11]}	cook	ُ	u, o, ou	ضَمَّة (ḍammah)
uː^{[lower-alpha 12]}	boot	ـُو	ū, oo, ou, u	وَاو (wāw)
w	we	و	w	وَاو (wāw)
X–Z
x	Scotsloch, Spanishjota, GermanBach	خ	kh, ḫ, ḵ	خَاء (khāʾ)
ɣ	Spanishfuego	غ	gh, ġ, ḡ	غَيْن (ghayn)
z	zoo	ز	z	زَاي (zāy)
Other
ʔ	The pause inuh-oh!; Cockneybutter;glottal stop	ء	ʾ ’'	هَمْزة (hamzah)
ʕ	no equivalent (voiced pharyngeal fricative or voiced creaky-voiced pharyngeal approximant)	ع	ʿ ‘'`	عَيْن (ʿayn)
θ	see underT—W
ˈ	[ˈkiːwi]كِيوِي ('kiwi')	Means that the following syllable is stressed:/ˈʕarabiː/عربي ('Arab').
ː	[kiːs]كِيس ('sack')	Means that the preceding vowel is long
[ˈdˤɑħ.ħæ]ضَحّى ('[he] sacrificed'), [mʊˈdær.rɪsæ]مُدَرِّسَة ('teacher [f.]'), [ræs.ˈsæːmæ]رَسَّامَة ('paintress'), [kæð.ˈðæːb]كَذَّاب ('liar [m.]')		A geminated consonant never belongs to one syllable and is often broken with astress.

Notes

[mudé |muda l codesc]

↑Allophones of/a/ includeTemplate:IPAblink before or adjacent to emphatic consonants andTemplate:IPAblink,Template:IPAblink; andTemplate:IPAblink elsewhere (Al-Ani 2008, p. 595, 600;Thelwall & Sa'adeddin 1999, p. 52–53;Kaye 1997, p. 193, 197).
↑Allophones of/aː/ includeTemplate:IPAblink before or adjacent to emphatic consonants andTemplate:IPAblink,Template:IPAblink; andTemplate:IPAblink elsewhere (Al-Ani 2008, p. 595, 600;Thelwall & Sa'adeddin 1999, p. 52–53;Kaye 1997, p. 193, 197).
↑In colloquial pronunciation,/aj/ may be realized asTemplate:IPAblink~Template:IPAblink~[ej] (Al-Ani 2008, p. 595;Kaye 1997, p. 198).
↑In colloquial pronunciation,/aw/ may be realized asTemplate:IPAblink~Template:IPAblink~[ow] may occur (Al-Ani 2008, p. 595;Kaye 1997, p. 198).
↑^5,0^5,1^5,2^5,3Emphatic consonants may be eitherpharyngealized orvelarized and are accompanied withlabialization (Al-Ani 2008, p. 599;Kaye 1997, p. 193–194).
↑The letterج representsTemplate:IPAblink in Egypt andTemplate:IPAblink in the Levant and the Maghreb (Al-Ani 2008, p. 598;Gairdner 1925, p. 23).
↑The letterظ represents eitherTemplate:IPAblink orTemplate:IPAblink, depending on the speaker's dialect (Al-Ani 2008, p. 601).
↑Allophones of/i/ includeTemplate:IPAblink~Template:IPAblink before or adjacent to emphatic consonants andTemplate:IPAblink,Template:IPAblink,Template:IPAblink,Template:IPAblink (Al-Ani 2008, p. 595, 600;Thelwall & Sa'adeddin 1999, p. 52–53;Kaye 1997, p. 193, 197); they are distinct phonemes in loan words./ɪ/ completely becomes/e/ in some other particular dialects.
↑Allophones of/iː/ includeTemplate:IPAblink~Template:IPAblink before or adjacent to emphatic consonants andTemplate:IPAblink,Template:IPAblink,Template:IPAblink,Template:IPAblink (Al-Ani 2008, p. 595, 600;Thelwall & Sa'adeddin 1999, p. 52–53;Kaye 1997, p. 193, 197).
↑[ɫ] occurs only in the wordAllah:[ɑɫˈɫɑh] (Al-Ani 2008, p. 600;Kaye 1997, p. 196;Kaye 2009, p. 564).
↑Allophones of/u/ includeTemplate:IPAblink~Template:IPAblink~Template:IPAblink before or adjacent to emphatic consonants andTemplate:IPAblink,Template:IPAblink,Template:IPAblink,Template:IPAblink (Al-Ani 2008, p. 595, 600;Thelwall & Sa'adeddin 1999, p. 52–53;Kaye 1997, p. 193, 197); they are distinct phonemes in loan words./u/ completely becomes/o/ in some other particular dialects.
↑Allophones of/uː/ includeTemplate:IPAblink~Template:IPAblink~Template:IPAblink before or adjacent to emphatic consonants andTemplate:IPAblink,Template:IPAblink,Template:IPAblink,Template:IPAblink (Al-Ani 2008, p. 595, 600;Thelwall & Sa'adeddin 1999, p. 52–53;Kaye 1997, p. 193, 197).

References

[mudé |muda l codesc]

Al-Ani, Salman H. (2008). "Phonetics".Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics. Vol. III. Brill. pp. 593–603.ISBN 978-90-04-14973-1.
Gairdner, W. H. T. (1925).The Phonetics of Arabic. Oxford University Press.
Kaye, Alan S. (1997). "Arabic phonology".Phonologies of Asia and Africa. Vol. I. pp. 187–204.
Kaye, Alan S. (2009). "Arabic". In Comrie, Bernard (ed.).The World's Major Languages(PDF) (2nd ed.). Abingdon, Oxfordshire: Routledge. pp. 560–577.ISBN 978-0-415-35339-7.
Ladefoged, Peter;Maddieson, Ian (1996).The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell.ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
Mitchell, T. F. (1990).Pronouncing Arabic. Vol. I. Oxford: Clarendon Press.ISBN 0-19-815151-9.
Thelwall, Robin; Sa'adeddin, M. Akram (1999). "Arabic".Handbook of the International Phonetic Association. Cambridge University Press. pp. 51–54.

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