Movatterモバイル変換


[0]ホーム

URL:


Keyboard Shortcuts

Thread View

  • j: Next unread message
  • k: Previous unread message
  • j a: Jump to all threads
  • j l: Jump to MailingList overview
List overview
Download

Wikimedia-lMay 2010

wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org
  • 162 participants
  • 148 discussions
Start a nNew thread
This paper (first reference) is the result of a class project I was part ofalmost two years ago for CSCI 5417 Information Retrieval Systems. It buildson a class project I did in CSCI 5832 Natural Language Processing and whichI presented at Wikimania '07. The project was very late as we didn't sendthe final paper in until the day before new years. This technical report wasnever really announced that I recall so I thought it would be interesting tolook briefly at the results. The goal of this paper was to break articlesdown into surface features and latent features and then use those to studythe rating system being used, predict article quality and rank results in asearch engine. We used the [[random forests]] classifier which allowed us toanalyze the contribution of each feature to performance by looking directlyat the weights that were assigned. While the surface analysis was performedon the whole english wikipedia, the latent analysis was performed on thesimple english wikipedia (it is more expensive to compute). = Surfacefeatures = * Readability measures are the single best predictor of qualitythat I have found, as defined by the Wikipedia Editorial Team (WET). The[[Automated Readability Index]], [[Gunning Fog Index]] and [[Flesch-KincaidGrade Level]] were the strongest predictors, followed by length of articlehtml, number of paragraphs, [[Flesh Reading Ease]], [[Smog Grading]], numberof internal links, [[Laesbarhedsindex Readability Formula]], number of wordsand number of references. Weakly predictive were number of to be's, numberof sentences, [[Coleman-Liau Index]], number of templates, PageRank, numberof external links, number of relative links. Not predictive (overall - seethe end of section 2 for the per-rating score breakdown): Number of h2 orh3's, number of conjunctions, number of images*, average word length, numberof h4's, number of prepositions, number of pronouns, number of interlanguagelinks, average syllables per word, number of nominalizations, article age(based on page id), proportion of questions, average sentence length. :*Number of images was actually by far the single strongest predictor of anyclass, but only for Featured articles. Because it was so good at picking outfeatured articles and somewhat good at picking out A and G articles theclassifier was confused in so many cases that the overall contribution ofthis feature to classification performance is zero. :* Number of externallinks is strongly predictive of Featured articles. :* The B class is highlydistinctive. It has a strong "signature," with high predictive valueassigned to many features. The Featured class is also very distinctive. F, Band S (Stop/Stub) contain the most information. :* A is the least distinct class, not being very different from F or G. =Latent features = The algorithm used for latent analysis, which is ananalysis of the occurence of words in every document with respect to thelink structure of the encyclopedia ("concepts"), is [[Latent DirichletAllocation]]. This part of the analysis was done by CS PhD student PrafulMangalath. An example of what can be done with the result of this analysisis that you provide a word (a search query) such as "hippie". You can thenlook at the weight of every article for the word hippie. You can pick thearticle with the largest weight, and then look at its link network. You canpick out the articles that this article links to and/or which link to thisarticle that are also weighted strongly for the word hippie, while alsocontributing maximally to this articles "hippieness". We tried this query inour system (LDA), Google (site:en.wikipedia.org hippie), and the SimpleEnglish Wikipedia's Lucene search engine. The breakdown of articles occuringin the top ten search results for this word for those engines is: * LDAonly: [[Acid rock]], [[Aldeburgh Festival]], [[Anne Murray]], [[CarlRadle]], [[Harry Nilsson]], [[Jack Kerouac]], [[Phil Spector]], [[PlasticOno Band]], [[Rock and Roll]], [[Salvador Allende]], [[Smothers brothers]],[[Stanley Kubrick]]. * Google only: [[Glam Rock]], [[South Park]]. * Simpleonly: [[African Americans]], [[Charles Manson]], [[Counterculture]], [[Druguse]], [[Flower Power]], [[Nuclear weapons]], [[Phish]], [[Sexualliberation]], [[Summer of Love]] * LDA & Google & Simple: [[Hippie]],[[Human Be-in]], [[Students for a democratic society]], [[Woodstockfestival]] * LDA & Google: [[Psychedelic Pop]] * Google & Simple: [[Lysergicacid diethylamide]], [[Summer of Love]] ( See the paper for the articlesproduced for the keywords philosophy and economics ) = Discussion /Conclusion = * The results of the latent analysis are totally up to yourperception. But what is interesting is that the LDA features predict the WETratings of quality just as well as the surface level features. Both featuresets (surface and latent) both pull out all almost of the information thatthe rating system bears. * The rating system devised by the WET is notdistinctive. You can best tell the difference between, grouped together,Featured, A and Good articles vs B articles. Featured, A and Good articlesare also quite distinctive (Figure 1). Note that in this study we didn'tlook at Start's and Stubs, but in earlier paper we did. :* This isinteresting when compared to this recent entry on the YouTube blog. "FiveStars Dominate Ratings"http://youtube-global.blogspot.com/2009/09/five-stars-dominate-ratings.html…I think a sane, well researched (with actual subjects) rating systemiswell within the purview of the Usability Initiative. Helping people find andcreate good content is what Wikipedia is all about. Having a solid ratingsystem allows you to reorganized the user interface, the Wikipedianamespace, and the main namespace around good content and bad content asneeded. If you don't have a solid, information bearing rating system youdon't know what good content really is (really bad content is easy to spot).:* My Wikimania talk was all about gathering data from people about articlesand using that to train machines to automatically pick out good content. Youask people questions along dimensions that make sense to people, and givethe machine access to other surface features (such as a statistical measureof readability, or length) and latent features (such as can be derived fromdocument word occurence and encyclopedia link structure). I referenced page262 of Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance to give an example of thekind of qualitative features I would ask people. It really depends on whatfeatures end up bearing information, to be tested in "the lab". Each word isan example dimension of quality: We have "*unity, vividness, authority,economy, sensitivity, clarity, emphasis, flow, suspense, brilliance,precision, proportion, depth and so on.*" You then use surface and latentfeatures to predict these values for all articles. You can also say, when aperson rates this article as high on the x scale, they also mean that it hashas this much of these surface and these latent features.= References = - DeHoust, C., Mangalath, P., Mingus., B. (2008). *Improving search in Wikipedia through quality and concept discovery*. Technical Report.PDF<http://grey.colorado.edu/mediawiki/sites/mingus/images/6/68/DeHoustMangalat…> - Rassbach, L., Mingus., B, Blackford, T. (2007). *Exploring the feasibility of automatically rating online article quality*. Technical Report. PDF<http://grey.colorado.edu/mediawiki/sites/mingus/images/d/d3/RassbachPincock…>
3 2
0 0
Hoi,I have asked and received permission to forward to you all this mostexcellent bit of news.The linguist list, is a most excellent resource for people interested in thefield of linguistics. As I mentioned some time ago they have had a fundingdrive and in that funding drive they asked for a certain amount of money ina given amount of days and they would then have a project on Wikipedia tolearn what needs doing to get better coverage for the field of linguistics.What you will read in this mail that the total community of linguists areasked to cooperate. I am really thrilled as it will also get us morelinguists interested in what we do. My hope is that a fraction will beinterested in the languages that they care for and help it become morerelevant. As a member of the "language prevention committee", I love to getmore knowledgeable people involved in our smaller projects. If it means thatwe get more requests for more projects we will really feel embarrassed withall the new projects we will have to approve because of the quality of theIncubator content and the quality of the linguistic arguments why we shouldapprove yet another language :)NB Is this not a really clever way of raising money; give us this much inthis time frame and we will then do this as a bonus...Thanks, GerardM---------- Forwarded message ----------From: LINGUIST Network <linguist(a)linguistlist.org>Date: Jun 18, 2007 6:53 PMSubject: 18.1831, All: Call for Participation: Wikipedia VolunteersTo: LINGUIST(a)listserv.linguistlist.orgLINGUIST List: Vol-18-1831. Mon Jun 18 2007. ISSN: 1068 - 4875.Subject: 18.1831, All: Call for Participation: Wikipedia VolunteersModerators: Anthony Aristar, Eastern Michigan U <aristar(a)linguistlist.org> Helen Aristar-Dry, Eastern Michigan U <hdry(a)linguistlist.org>Reviews: Laura Welcher, Rosetta Project <reviews(a)linguistlist.org>Homepage:http://linguistlist.org/The LINGUIST List is funded by Eastern Michigan University,and donations from subscribers and publishers.Editor for this issue: Ann Sawyer <sawyer(a)linguistlist.org>================================================================To post to LINGUIST, use our convenient web form athttp://linguistlist.org/LL/posttolinguist.html===========================Directory==============================1)Date: 18-Jun-2007From: Hannah Morales < hannah(a)linguistlist.org >Subject: Wikipedia Volunteers-------------------------Message 1 ----------------------------------Date: Mon, 18 Jun 2007 12:49:35From: Hannah Morales < hannah(a)linguistlist.org >Subject: Wikipedia VolunteersDear subscribers,As you may recall, one of our Fund Drive 2007 campaigns was called the"Wikipedia Update Vote." We asked our viewers to consider earmarking theirdonations to organize an update project on linguistics entries in theEnglish-language Wikipedia. You can find more background information on thisat:http://linguistlist.org/donation/fund-drive2007/wikipedia/index.cfm.The speed with which we met our goal, thanks to the interest and generosityofour readers, was a sure sign that the linguistics community was enthusiasticabout the idea. Now that summer is upon us, and some of you may have a bitmoreleisure time, we are hoping that you will be able to help us get started ontheWikipedia project. The LINGUIST List's role in this project is a purelyorganizational one. We will:*Help, with your input, to identify major gaps in the Wikipedia materials orpages that need improvement;*Compile a list of linguistics pages that Wikipedia editors have identifiedas"in need of attention from an expert on the subject" or " does not cite anyreferences or sources," etc;*Send out periodical calls for volunteer contributors on specific topics orarticles;*Provide simple instructions on how to upload your entries into Wikipedia;*Keep track of our project Wikipedians;*Keep track of revisions and new entries;*Work with Wikimedia Foundation to publicize the linguistics community'sefforts.We hope you are as enthusiastic about this effort as we are. Just to help usallget started looking at Wikipedia more critically, and to easily identify anareaneeding improvement, we suggest that you take a look at the List ofLinguistspage at:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_linguists. MMany people are not listed there; others need to have more facts andinformationadded. If you would like to participate in this exciting update effort,pleaserespond by sending an email to LINGUIST Editor Hannah Morales athannah(a)linguistlist.org, suggesting what your role might be or whichlinguisticsentries you feel should be updated or added. Some linguists who saw ourcampaignon the Internet have already written us with specific suggestions, which wewillshare with you soon.This update project will take major time and effort on all our parts. Theendresult will be a much richer internet resource of information on the breadthanddepth of the field of linguistics. Our efforts should also stimulateprospectivestudents to consider studying linguistics and to educate a wider public onwhatwe do. Please consider participating.Sincerely,Hannah MoralesEditor, Wikipedia Update ProjectLinguistic Field(s): Not Applicable-----------------------------------------------------------LINGUIST List: Vol-18-1831
3 2
0 0
Hoi,There is a request for a Wikipedia in Ancient Greek. This request has so farbeen denied. A lot of words have been used about it. Many people maintaintheir positions and do not for whatever reason consider the arguments ofothers.In my opinion their are a few roadblocks. - Ancient Greek is an ancient language - the policy does not allow for it - Text in ancient Greek written today about contemporary subjects require the reconstruction of Ancient Greek. - it requires the use of existing words for concepts that did not exist at the time when the language was alive - neologisms will be needed to describe things that did not exist at the time when the language was alive - modern texts will not represent the language as it used to be - Constructed and by inference reconstructed languages are effectively not permittedWe can change the policy if there are sufficient arguments, when we agree ona need.When a text is written in reconstructed ancient Greek, and when it isclearly stated that it is NOT the ancient Greek of bygone days, it can beobvious that it is a great tool to learn skills to read and write ancientGreek but that it is in itself not Ancient Greek. Ancient Greek as alanguage is ancient. I have had a word with people who are involved in theworking group that deals with the ISO-639, I have had a word with someonefrom SIL and it is clear that a proposal for a code for "Ancient Greekreconstructed" will be considered for the ISO-639-3. For the ISO-639-6 acode is likely to be given because a clear use for this code can be given.We can apply for a code and as it has a use bigger then Wikipedia alone itclearly has merit.With modern texts clearly labelled as distinct from the original language,it will be obvious that innovations a writers needs for his writing arelegitimate.This leaves the fact that constructed and reconstructed languages are notpermitted because of the notion that mother tongue users are required. In myopinion, this has always been only a gesture to those people who are deadset against any and all constructed languages. In the policies there issomething vague "*it must have a reasonable degree of recognition asdetermined by discussion (this requirement is being discussed by the languagesubcommittee <http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Language_subcommittee>)."* Itis vague because even though the policy talks about a discussion, it iskilled off immediately by stating "The proposal has a sufficient number ofliving native speakers to form a viable community and audience." In myopinion, this discussion for criteria for the acceptance of constructed orreconstructed languages has not happened. Proposals for objective criteriahave been ignored.In essence, to be clear about it: - We can get a code for reconstructed languages. - We need to change the policy to allow for reconstructed and constructed languagesWe need to do both in order to move forward.The proposal for objective criteria for constructed and reconstructedlanguages is in a nutshell: - The language must have an ISO-639-3 code - We need full WMF localisation from the start - The language must be sufficiently expressive for writing a modern encyclopaedia - The Incubator project must have sufficiently large articles that demonstrate both the language and its ability to write about a wide range of topics - A sufficiently large group of editors must be part of the Incubator projectThanks, GerardM
9 17
0 0
-----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE-----Hash: SHA1Hello all!Next Thursday's office hours will feature Véronique Kessler, theFoundation's Chief Financial Officer. If you don't knowNaoko, you can get to know her at<http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/V%C3%A9ronique_Kessler>.Office hours on Thursday are from 2100 to 2200 UTC (3:00 PM - 4:00 PM PDT).If you do not have an IRC client, there are two ways you can come chatusing a web browser: First is using the Wikizine chat gateway at<http://chatwikizine.memebot.com/cgi-bin/cgiirc/irc.cgi>. Type anickname, selectirc.freenode.net from the top menu and#wikimedia-office from the following menu, then login to join.Also, you can access Freenode by going tohttp://webchat.freenode.net/,typing in the nickname of your choice and choosing wikimedia-office asthe channel. You may be prompted to click through a security warning.It should be all right.Please feel free to forward (and translate!) this email to any otherrelevant email lists you happen to be on. Also note, this isVeronique's first foray into IRC, so lets show her how welcoming we canbe! :-)- --Cary BassVolunteer Coordinator, Wikimedia FoundationSupport Free Knowledge:http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Donate-----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE-----Version: GnuPG v1.4.9 (GNU/Linux)Comment: Using GnuPG with Mozilla -http://enigmail.mozdev.org/iEYEARECAAYFAksDQcwACgkQyQg4JSymDYl+wACcCsTgIUtThC4agEUwC9533olx61cAn1titMJqMmNt4GESgoQ9U5sQMFM7=1DvA-----END PGP SIGNATURE-----
8 31
0 0

19 Jul '10
Dear All,Please note that the 2008 Form 990 which covers fiscal year July 1, 2008 through June 30, 2009 has been posted to the Wikimedia Foundation website at:http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/File:WMF_2008_2009_Form_990.pdfAlso posted are questions and answers which can be found at:http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Form_2008_Questions_and_AnswersOf course I am available to answer questions as well.Veronique
4 4
0 0
[Foundation-l] Strategic Planning Office Hours
by Philippe Beaudette 21 Jun '10

21 Jun '10
Hi everyone,The next strategic planning office hours are:Wednesday, 04:00-05:00 UTC, which is:-Tuesday (8-9pm PST)-Tuesday (11pm-12am EST)There has been a lot of tremendous work on the strategy wiki the pastfew months, and Task Forces are finishing up their work.Office hours will be a great opportunity to discuss the work that'shappened as well as the work to come.As always, you can access the chat by going tohttps://webchat.freenode.net and filling in a username and the channelname (#wikimedia-strategy). You may be prompted to click through asecurity warning. It's fine. More details at:http://strategy.wikimedia.org/wiki/IRC_office_hoursThanks! Hope to see many of you there.____________________Philippe BeaudetteFacilitator, Strategy ProjectWikimedia Foundationphilippe(a)wikimedia.orgmobile: 918 200-WIKI (9454)Imagine a world in which every human being can freely share inthe sum of all knowledge. Help us make it a reality!http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Donate
13 31
0 0
This is relevant to Wikivideoistas ... wasn't last year's conf theorigin of the "video on Wikipedia" campaign? Watch out, who knows whatthey'll come up with this year.---------- Forwarded message ----------From: Ben Moskowitz <benrito(a)gmail.com>Date: Mon, May 31, 2010 at 10:58 AMSubject: [Air-L] Open Video Conference proposals deadline: June 7thTo: air-l(a)listserv.aoir.orgHello all,I'm writing on behalf of the Open Video Alliance, in preparation forour Open Video Conference in New York City, October 1-2. OVC is ahigh-profile gathering of thought leaders in business, academia,technology, and non-profits to explore the future of the online videomedium.This year's OVC is particularly important, given new technology developments.If you are interested in the critical debates around online video,participatory culture, and the mass media generally, you may beinterested in participating. Details from last year's event areavailable athttp://openvideoalliance.org/open-video-conference/speakers09/.If you have an idea for a panel, workshop, or any other programming,please take the time to suggest it at:http://openvideoconference.org/proposalsWe will offer travel funding to a number of participants. The deadlineto propose a session is June 7th.Please feel free to pass the message along to friends are colleagueswho are interested in online video and the open web.Best wishes,Ben MoskowitzGeneral coordinator, Open Video Alliancehttp://openvideoalliance.orgContact: (714) 420-6471_______________________________________________The Air-L(a)listserv.aoir.org mailing listis provided by the Association of Internet Researchershttp://aoir.orgSubscribe, change options or unsubscribe at:http://listserv.aoir.org/listinfo.cgi/air-l-aoir.orgJoin the Association of Internet Researchers:http://www.aoir.org/-- * I use this address for lists; send personal messages to phoebe.ayers<at>gmail.com *
1 0
0 0

31 May '10
I see a number of issues holding professionals back from contributing:1) Some do not realize that it is possible to edit Wikipedia ( I hear thisat work when people ask me how I became an editor ). Maybe we shouldadvertise the fact that yes you too can edit Wikipedia.2) Many are just not interested. In medicine we have had issues withgetting physicians to do continuing medical education. Many just want to dotheir job and that is it. Contributing to Wikipedia is work. Howeverstudents are required to do work and I think this is one of the populationswhich would be easiest to attract. McGill University may have started aWikipedia club. Promoting these may be useful.3) A great deal of competition to Wikipedia has sprung up such asRadiopeadia ( which does not allow commercial use of images ), Medpedia (which only allow professionals to contribute ), and Wikidocs ( which hasmore technical content ). Each addressing some perceived drawback inWikipedia. None however has received the viewership of Wikipedia but ofcourse cuts into the pool of available volunteers. Medpedia has partneredwith a number of very respected Universities. I think we could learnsomething for each of these formats such as clarification around imagecopyright and that CC does not mean you lose the rights to it, greaterexposure of the professionals who already contribute, etc.4) Wikipedia has received negative press in professional publications. Weneed to address these negativities most of which are false. Currently anumber of us at WikiProject Med are writing a paper for publicationpromoting Wikipedia as a health care information resource. Other subjectareas should do the same.-- James HeilmanMD, CCFP-EM, B.Sc.
2 1
0 0
With respect, the work on the Sexual Content proposal as pretty muchthrown out all of Jimbo's work, and is proceeding from a directionmore consistent with the values of Commons. To say that " Jimmy isactively engaged in discussions with other Wikimedia editors aboutsexually-explicit materials on Wikimedia Commons." is highlymisleading: He has not been involved with this process since theattempted purge.Further:"and although the discussions over the past week have been unusuallyintense, we don’t consider them problematic. Discussion is howWikimedians work through policy development and policy interpretation:active argument and debate are normal for us — they are how we do ourwork. The Wikimedia Foundation is grateful for Jimmy’s involvement,and we’re glad he continues to be an important part of the Wikimediamovement."Actually, Jimbo was highly disruptive, editwarred to force artworks tobe included in the list of material to delete, threatened people, andno progress was or could be made until he left it to us volunteers.This is a rewrite of history.-Adam
1 0
0 0
Hoi,The creation of a wiki for SignWriting is a* very* exciting development. Inthe language committee we have indicated that technical issues are whatprevents a Wikipedia for sign languages at this time. The SignWriting wikiis effectively an incubator for the technology needed and for the languagesto write the minimum number of articles they need for acceptance as a newlanguage.Given all the technical issues, I am of the opinion that a requirement forlocalisation can be waved. Sign languages with SignWriting would introducethe writing in lanes ie top to bottom with characters moving slightly to theright or left.What I am looking for is agreement what technical issues need to be solvedbefore a sign language can become a Wikipedia. Compatible policies are notan issue. I am thinking of being able to include images in the text andhaving wiki links. What else is absolutely required before we can moveforward once there are sufficient articles ?Thanks, GerardM---------- Forwarded message ----------From: Valerie Sutton <sutton(a)signwriting.org>Date: 28 May 2010 21:04Subject: SignWriting Encyclopedia Projects...new SignWriting WikiTo: SLLING-L(a)listserv.valenciacc.eduHello SLLING List members -We are working towards the goal of providing written literature in signlanguages.We have started a new project. It was just posted on the web yesterday. Hereis the information:New Special FeaturePosted May 27, 2010Go to:SignWriting Sitehttp://www.SignWriting.org1. SignWriting Encyclopedia ProjectsWriting Encyclopedias in the Sign Languages of the Worldhttp://www.signwriting.org/encyclopedia2. SignWriting WikiWiki-style Articles written in Any Sign Languagehttp://www.signbank.org/wiki3. Blogs on the ASL WikipediaIncubating ASL for new Wikipediahttp://www.signwriting.org/blogs/#Meijssen4. SignWriting Image Server (SWIS)Display and edit SignWriting images with fast installationhttp://www.signbank.org/swisThe new SignWriting Wiki is open to anyone who wishes to add a category fortheir sign language, and start writing articles in SignWriting usingSignPuddle Online, and then transferring the articles from SignPuddle Onlineinto the SignWriting Wiki for viewing and reading by the general public.The SignWriting Wiki is the incubator, or the development site, hopefullyfor a future ASL Wikipedia (or Wikipedias in any sign language we hopesomeday).The SignWriting Wiki is the test area for our new software, the SignWritingMediaWiki Plugin, by Steve Slevinski.In the future, it will be possible to write the SignWriting articlesdirectly in the SignWriting Wiki, without having to transfer them fromSignPuddle Online...so there is ongoing software development behind thescenes to make this happen...But for right now, this is a big "first step" and I want to thank SteveSlevinski, Adam Frost (Deaf ASL editor who posted the first two articles inthe SignWriting Wiki in ASL) and Gerard Meijssen from the Language Committeeof the Wikimedia Foundation, for their hard work and encouragement...The first two articles added to the ASL SignWriting Wiki are based on theASL videos by Lucinda O'Grady Batch, of the history of Charles-Michel del'Épée and the history of Laurent Clerc. Both videos were first transcribedinto SignWriting by Charles Butler, and placed in SignPuddle Online, andthen Adam Frost transferred them into the SignWriting Wiki for people toread. You can read them at these links:ASL SignWriting Wikihttp://www.signbank.org/wiki/index.php?title=Category:ASLHistory of Charles-Michel de l'Épéehttp://www.signbank.org/wiki/index.php?title=Charles-Michel_de_l%27%C3%89p%…History of Laurent Clerchttp://www.signbank.org/wiki/index.php?title=Laurent_ClercAny feedback is much appreciated, so write anytime -Val ;-)Valerie SuttonSutton(a)SignWriting.orgSignWritingRead & Write Sign Languageshttp://www.SignWriting.orgSignPuddleCreate SignWriting Documents Onlinehttp://www.SignBank.org/signpuddleSignWriting WikiWiki-style Articles in Sign Languageshttp://www.signbank.org/wikiSignWriting ListTechnical Support: Ask questions...http://www.SignWriting.org/forums/swlistSignWriting Literature ProjectWriting Literature in Sign Languageshttp://www.SignWriting.org/literatureSignWriting Encyclopedia ProjectsWriting Encyclopedias in Sign Languageshttp://www.SignWriting.org/encyclopediaDeaf Action Committee For SignWritingCenter For Sutton Movement Writinga US educational nonprofit organizationPO Box 517, La Jolla, CA, 92038, USATel: 858-456-0098 Skype: valeriesutton
4 5
0 0
Results per page:

[8]ページ先頭

©2009-2026 Movatter.jp