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Changes in extreme high-temperature tolerance and activities of antioxidant enzymes of sacred lotus seeds

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Abstract

Sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. ‘Tielian’) seed is long-lived and extremely tolerant of high temperature. Water content of lotus and maize seeds was 0.103 and 0.129 g H2O [g DW]−1, respectively. Water content, germination percentage and fresh weight of seedlings produced by surviving seeds gradually decreased with increasing treatment time at 100°C. Germination percentage of maize (Zea mays L. ‘Huangbaogu’) seeds was zero after they were treated at 100°Cfor 15 min and that of lotus seeds was 13.5% following the treatment at 100°C for 24 h. The time in which 50% of lotus and maize seeds were killed by 100°C was about 14.5 h and 6 min, respectively. With increasing treatment time at 100°C, relative electrolyte leakage of lotus axes increased significantly, and total chlorophyll content of lotus axes markedly decreased. When treatment time at 100°C was less than 12 h, subcellular structure of lotus hypocotyls remained fully intact. When treatment time at 100°C was more than 12 h, plasmolysis gradually occurred, endoplasmic reticulum became unclear, nuclei and nucleoli broke down, most of mitochondria swelled, lipid granules accumulated at the cell periphery, and organelles and plasmolemma collapsed. Malondialdehyde (MDA) content of lotus axes and cotyledons decreased during 0 −12 h of the treatment at 100°C and then increased. By contrast, the MDA content of maize embryos and endosperms increased during 5–10 min of the treatment at 100°C and then decreased slightly. For lotus seeds: (1) activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione reductase (GR) of axes and cotyledons and of catalase (CAT) of axes increased during the early phase of treatment at 100°C and then decreased; and (2) activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) of axes and cotyledons and of CAT of cotyledons gradually decreased with increasing treatment time at 100°C. For maize seeds: (1) activities of SOD and DHAR of embryos and endosperms and of GR of embryos increased during the early phase of the treatment at 100°C and then decreased; and (2) activities of APX and CAT of embryos and endosperms and of GR of endosperms rapidly decreased with increasing treatment time at 100°C. With decrease in seed germination, activities of SOD, APX, CAT, GR and DHAR of axes and cotyledons of lotus seeds decreased slowly, and those of embryos and endosperms of maize seeds decreased rapidly.

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Abbreviations

APX:

ascorbate peroxidase

AsA:

ascorbic acid

BSA:

bovine serum albumin

CAT:

catalase

DHA:

dehydroascorbic acid

DTT:

dithiothreitol

DW:

dry weight

EDTA:

ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid

g g−1:

g H2O (g DW)−

GR:

glutathione reductase

GSH:

reduced glutathione

GSSG:

oxidized glutathione

HSF:

heat shock transcription factor

HSP:

heat shock protein

MDA:

malondialdehyde

NADPH:

reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

NBT:

nitroblue tetrazolium

·O−2:

superoxide radicle

POD:

peroxidase

PVPP:

polyvinylpolypyrrolidone

RH:

relative humidity

ROS:

reactive oxygen species

SOD:

superoxide dismutase

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China

    HongYan Cheng & SongQuan Song

  2. College of Landscape and Gardening, Yunnan Agriculture University, Kunming, 650201, China

    YanFen Ding

Authors
  1. YanFen Ding

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  2. HongYan Cheng

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  3. SongQuan Song

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Corresponding author

Correspondence toSongQuan Song.

Additional information

These authors contributed equally to this work

Supported by the Knowledge Innovation Program (KIP) Pilot Project (Grant No. KZCX2-YW-414) and the Botanical Garden and Systematic Biology Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. KSCX2-YW-Z-058)

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Ding, Y., Cheng, H. & Song, S. Changes in extreme high-temperature tolerance and activities of antioxidant enzymes of sacred lotus seeds.SCI CHINA SER C51, 842–853 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11427-008-0107-8

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