Abstract
Red algae genusLaurencia is an interesting alga with the ability to produce halogenated secondary metabolites that exhibits ecological and pharmaceutical potential. In nature,Laurencia is selectively grazed by sea hares (Aplysia dactylomela). In this study,Laurencia populations in three islands (Mantanani, Sulug, and Dinawan Islands) in the coastal waters of North Borneo were investigated and their chemical relationship with sea hare determined. Four species ofLaurencia were found to grow abundantly in these waters,Laurencia snackeyi,Laurencia majuscula,Laurencia nangii, andLaurencia similis. Sea hares,Aplysia dactylomela, found grazing onLaurencia were collected and their chemical composition determined. A total of 20 halogenated metabolites were isolated and identified via spectroscopic data. Isolated compounds could be grouped into syndrean (5), chamigrane (6), non-chamigrane sesquiterpene (3), cuparane (1), bromoindole (2), and C15 acetogenin (acetylene type) (3). Sea hares from Mantanani, Sulug, and Dinawan Islands contained a total of 9, 10, and 10 compounds, respectively. In addition, 12-acetoxypalisadin B (1), which was isolated from sea hares of Sulug Island is a first record of its existence in nature.
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Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge the Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation of Universiti Malaysia Sabah for the facilities and the Sabah Parks for specimen collection permit in the Marine Protected Area. This research was partially funded by International Foundation for Science (IFS) and Organization for the Prevention of Chemical Weapons (OCPW).
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Laboratory of Natural Products Chemistry, Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88400, UMS Road, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
Kishneth Palaniveloo & Charles Santhanaraju Vairappan
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Correspondence toCharles Santhanaraju Vairappan.
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Palaniveloo, K., Vairappan, C.S. Chemical relationship between red algae genusLaurencia and sea hare (Aplysia dactylomela Rang) in the North Borneo Island.J Appl Phycol26, 1199–1205 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-013-0127-z
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