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Review: Groundwater management and groundwater/surface-water interaction in the context of South African water policy

Revue: Gestion de l’eau souterraine et interaction eau souterraine/eau de surface dans le contexte de la politique sud-africaine de l′eau

Revisión: Gestión de agua subterránea e interacción agua subterránea/agua superficial en el contexto de la política del agua de Sudáfrica

Revisão: Gestão da água subterrânea e da interacção água subterrânea/água superficial no contexto da política Sul-Africana para a água

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Abstract

Groundwater/surface-water interaction is receiving increasing focus in Africa due to its importance to ecologic systems and sustainability. In South Africa’s 1998 National Water Act (NWA), water-use licenses, including groundwater, are granted only after defining the Reserve, the amount of water needed to supply basic human needs and preserve some ecological integrity. Accurate quantification of groundwater contributions to ecosystems for successful implementation of the NWA proves challenging; many of South Africa’s aquifers are in heterogeneous and anisotropic fractured-rock settings. This paper reviews the current conceptualizations and investigative approaches regarding groundwater/surface-water interactions in the context of South African policies. Some selected pitfall experiences are emphasized. The most common approach in South Africa is estimation of average annual fluxes at the scale of fourth-order catchments (∼500 km2) with baseflow separation techniques and then subtracting the groundwater discharge rate from the recharge rate. This approach might be a good start, but it ignores spatial and temporal variability, potentially missing local impacts associated with production-well placement. As South Africa’s NWA has already been emulated in many countries including Zambia, Zimbabwe and Kenya, the successes and failures of the South African experience dealing with the groundwater/surface-water interaction will be analyzed to guide future policy directions.

Résumé

L’interaction eau souterraine/eau de surface est un centre d’intérêt croissant en Afrique étant donné son importance pour les systèmes écologiques et leur pérennité. Dans le National Water Act sud-africain de 1998 (NWA), des autorisations d’utilisation de l’eau, incluant l’eau souterraine, sont accordées seulement après évaluation de la Réserve, de la quantité d’eau requise pour satisfaire les besoins humains essentiels et préserver une certaine intégrité écologique. Une évaluation précise des contributions de l’eau souterraine aux écosystèmes pour la mise en œuvre du NWA s’avère être un défi; beaucoup d’aquifères d’Afrique du Sud sont dans des encaissants rocheux fracturés hétérogènes et anisotropes. Cet article passe en revue les concepts et approches actuels des interactions eau souterraine/eau de surface dans le contexte des politiques d’Afrique du Sud. Certaines expériences piège sélectionnées sont mises en évidence. L’approche la plus commune en Afrique du Sud est l’estimation des flux annuels moyens à l’échelle des bassins versants du quatrième ordre (∼500 km2) avec des techniques de séparation du débit de base, puis de soustraction des taux de décharge et de recharge. Cette approche pourrait être un bon début, mais elle ignore la variabilité spatiale et temporelle, éludant potentiellement les impacts locaux associés à la localisation des puits de production. Comme le NWA d’Afrique du Sud a déjà fait des émules dans de nombreux pays dont la Zambie, le Zimbabwe et le Kenya, les succès et les échecs de l’expérience sud-africaine concernant l’interaction eau souterraine/eau de surface seront analysés pour guider les orientations de la politique future.

Resumen

La interacción agua subterránea/agua superficial está recibiendo una creciente atención en África debido a su importancia en los sistema ecológicos y su sustentabilidad. En Sudáfrica, según la Ley Nacional de Agua (NWA) de 1998, las licencias de uso del agua, incluidas las aguas subterráneas, sólo se conceden después de definir la Reserva, que es la cantidad de agua necesaria para abastecer las necesidades humanas básicas y para preservar la integridad ecológica. La cuantificación precisa de la contribución del agua subterránea a los ecosistemas para la implementación exitosa de la NWA resulta difícil, ya que muchos de los acuíferos de Sudáfrica presentan la configuración heterogénea y anisotrópica en rocas fracturadas. En este documento se realiza un revisión de los conceptos y enfoques actuales de la investigación de la interacción aguas subterráneas/aguas superficiales en el contexto de las políticas de Sudáfrica. Se destacan algunas experiencias seleccionadas con las dificultades encontradas. El enfoque más común en Sudáfrica es la estimación de los flujos anuales promedio en cuencas de drenaje de cuarto orden (∼500 km2) utilizando las técnicas de separación del flujo de base y luego restando la tasa de descarga del agua subterránea a la tasa de recarga. Este enfoque podría ser un buen comienzo, pero no tiene en cuenta la variabilidad espacial y temporal, faltando los impactos locales asociados a la ubicación de los pozos de producción. Como la NWA de Sudáfrica ha sido emulada en muchos países, incluyendo Zambia, Zimbabwe, Kenia, los éxitos y fracasos de la experiencia de Sudáfrica sobre la interacción aguas subterráneas/aguas superficiales deberán ser analizados para guiar las futuras orientaciones políticas.

Resumo

A interacção água subterrânea/água superficial recebe cada vez maior atenção em África, devido à sua importância para os sistemas ecológicos e para a sustentabilidade. Na África do Sul, no Acto Nacional da Água (NWA) de 1998, as licenças de uso da água, incluindo a água subterrânea, são garantidas apenas depois de definidas as Reservas, a quantidade de água necessária para suprimir as necessidades humanas básicas e a preservação de alguma integridade ecológica. A quantificação acurada das contribuições da água subterrânea para os ecossistemas para uma aplicação com sucesso da implementação do NWA provou-se ser desafiadora; muitos dos aquíferos situam-se em meios heterogéneos e anisotrópicos, em rochas fracturadas. Este documento revê a conceptualização corrente e os processos de investigação que têm sido aplicados às interacções águas subterrâneas/águas superficiais no contexto das políticas Sul-Africanas. Algumas experiências seleccionadas são enfatizadas. A aproximação mais comum na Áfria do Sul é a estimação dos fluxos anuais médios à escala da bacia de quarta ordem (∼500 km2), utilizando técnicas de separação do fluxo de base e subtraindo então a descarga subterrânea da taxa de recarga. Esta aproximação pode ser um bom começo, mas ignora a variabilidade espacial e temporal, negligenciando potencialmente os impactes locais associados à exploração de campos de captações. Como o NWA Sul-Africano já foi emulado por muitos outros países, incluindo a Zâmbia, o Zimbabué e o Quénia, os sucessos e insucessos da experiência Sul-Africana ao lidar com as interacções águas subterrâneas/águas superficiais serão analisadas, para guiar as direcções políticas futuras.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the Fulbright US Scholar Program within the US Department of State and the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs for providing the opportunity for the extended collaboration of the authors. Partial support by VLIR (the Flemish Interuniversity Council and NUFU (the Norwegian Programme for Development, Research and Education) projects granted to the UNESCO Chair in Hydrogeology is sincerely acknowledged. Thanks also to Naomi Levy for her valuable editing.

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  1. Department of Geology and Environmental Earth Science, Miami University, 114 Shideler Hall, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA

    Jonathan Levy

  2. Department of Earth Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, 7535, Republic of South Africa

    Yongxin Xu

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  1. Jonathan Levy
  2. Yongxin Xu

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Correspondence toJonathan Levy.

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Levy, J., Xu, Y. Review: Groundwater management and groundwater/surface-water interaction in the context of South African water policy.Hydrogeol J20, 205–226 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-011-0776-4

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