• Allen MF (1991) The ecology of mycorrhizae. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

• Brown JH, Kodric-Brown A (1977) Turnover rates in insular biogeography: effect of immigration on extinction. Ecology 58:445–449

  Google Scholar 

• Bruns TD (1995) Thoughts on the processes that maintain local species diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi. Plant Soil 170:63–73

  CAS  Google Scholar 

• Chapin FS III, Walker BH, Hobbs RJ, Hooper DU, Lawton JH, Sala OE, Tilman D (1997) Biotic control over the functioning of ecosystems. Science 277:500–504

  CAS  Google Scholar 

• Coleman DC, Crossley DA Jr (1996) Fundamentals of soil ecology. Academic Press, San Diego

• Didden WAM (1990) Involvement of Enchytraeidae (Oligochaeta) in soil structure evolution in agricultural fields. Biol Fertil Soils 9:152–158

  Google Scholar 

• Dighton J, Thomas ED, Latter PM (1987) Interactions between tree roots, mycorrhizas, a saprotrophic fungus and the decomposition of organic substrates in a microcosm. Biol Fertil Soils 4:145–150

  Google Scholar 

• Dighton J, Jones HE, Robinson CH, Beckett J (1997) The role of abiotic factors, cultivation practices and soil fauna in the dispersal of genetically modified microorganisms in soils. Appl Soil Ecol 5:109–131

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Doube BM, Stephens PM, Davoren CW, Ryder MH (1994) Interactions between earthworms, beneficial soil microorganisms and root pathogens. Appl Soil Ecol 1:3–10

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Dromph K (2001) Dispersal of entomopathogenic fungi by collembolans. Soil Biol Biochem 33:2047–2051

  Article CAS  Google Scholar 

• Gange AC (1993) Translocation of mycorrhizal fungi by earthworms during early succession. Soil Biol Biochem 25:1021–1026

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Gilbert F, Gonzalez A, Evans-Freke I (1998) Corridors maintain species richness in the fragmented landscapes of a microecosystem. Proc R Soc Lond B 265:577–582

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Gonzalez A, Lawton JH, Gilbert FS, Blackburn TM, Evans-Freke I (1998) Metapopulation dynamics, abundance, and distribution in a microecosystem. Science 281:2045–2047

  Article CAS PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Haimi J, Siira-Pietikäinen A (2003) Activity and role of the enchytraeid worm Cognettia sphagnetorum (Vejd.) (Oligochaeta: Enchytraeidae) in organic and mineral forest soil. Pedobiologia 47:303–310

  Google Scholar 

• Haimi J, Fritze H, Moilanen P (2000) Responses of soil decomposer animals to wood-ash fertilisation and burning in a coniferous forest stand. For Ecol Manage 129:53–61

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Hedlund K, Augustsson A (1995) Effects of enchytraeid grazing on fungal growth and respiration. Soil Biol Biochem 27:905–909

  Google Scholar 

• Heijden MGA van der , Klironomos JN, Ursic M, Moutoglis P, Streitwolf-Engel R, Boller T, Wiemken A, Sanders IR (1998) Mycorrhizal fungal diversity determines plant biodiversity, ecosystem variability and productivity. Nature 396:69–72

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Heuer H, Krsek M, Baker P, Smalla K, Wellington EMH (1997) Analysis of actinomycete communities by specific amplification of genes encoding 16S rRNA and gel-electrophoretic separation in denaturing gradients. Appl Environ Microbiol 63:3233–3241

  CAS PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Huhta V (1984) Response of Cognettia sphagnetorum (Enchytraeidae) to manipulation of pH and nutrient status in coniferous forest soil. Pedobiologia 27:245–260

  Google Scholar 

• Kaye JP, Hart SC (1997) Competition for nitrogen between plants and soil microorganisms. Trends Ecol Evol 12:139–143

  Google Scholar 

• Klironomos JN, Moutoglis P (1999) Colonization of nonmycorrhizal plants by mycorrhizal neighbours as influenced by the collembolan, Folsomia candida. Biol Fertil Soils 29:277–281

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Laakso J, Setälä H (1999) Sensitivity of primary production to changes in the architecture of belowground food webs. Oikos 87:57–64

  Google Scholar 

• Lipson D, Näsholm T (2001) The unexpected versatility of plants: organic nitrogen use and availability in terrestrial ecosystems. Oecologia 128:305–316

  Article  Google Scholar 

• MacDonald DW, Johnson DDP (2001) Dispersal in theory and practice: consequences for conservation biology. In: Clobert J, Danchin E, Dhondt AA, Nichols JD (eds) Dispersal. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 358–372

• Mahmood S, Finlay RD, Erland S, Wallander H (2001) Solubilisation and colonisation of wood ash by ectomycorrhizal fungi isolated from a wood ash fertilised spruce forest. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 35:151–161

  Article CAS PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Martin A, Marinissen JCY (1993) Biological and physico-chemical processes in excrements of soil animals. Geoderma 56:331–347

  CAS  Google Scholar 

• O’Connor FB (1962) The extraction of Enchytraeidae from soil. In: Murphy PW (ed) Progress in soil zoology. Butterworths, London, pp 279–285

• Pennanen T, Fritze H, Vanhala P, Kiikkilä O, Neuvonen S, Bååth E (1998) Structure of a microbial community in soil after prolonged addition of low levels of simulated acid rain. Appl Environ Microbiol 64:2173–2180

  Google Scholar 

• Pennanen T, Paavolainen L, Hantula J (2001) Rapid PCR-based method for the direct analysis of fungal communities in complex environmental samples. Soil Biol Biochem 32:697–699

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Perkiömäki J, Fritze H (2002) Short and long-term effects of wood ash on the boreal forest humus microbial community. Soil Biol Biochem 34:1343–1353

  Article  Google Scholar 

• Richards BN (1987) The microbiology of terrestrial ecosystems. Longman UK, Singapore

• Setälä H (2000) Reciprocal interactions between Scots pine and soil food web structure in the presence and absence of ectomycorrhiza. Oecologia 125:109–118

  Google Scholar 

• Setälä H, Tyynismaa M, Martikainen E, Huhta V (1991) Mineralization of C, N and P in relation to decomposer community structure in coniferous forest soil. Pedobiologia 35:285–296

  Google Scholar 

• Shearer CA (1995) Fungal competition. Can J Bot 73 (Suppl 1):S1259–S1264

  Google Scholar 

• Siira-Pietikäinen A, Haimi J, Fritze H (2003) Organisms, decomposition, and growth of pine seedlings in boreal forest soil affected by sod cutting and trenching. Biol Fertil Soils 37:163–174

  Google Scholar 

• SPSS (2000) SPSS for Windows, release 10.1. SPSS, Chicago, Ill.

• Stotzky G (1997) Soil as an environment for microbial life. In: Van Elsas JD, Trevors JT, Wellington EMH (eds) Modern soil microbiology. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 1–20

• Sulkava P, Huhta V, Laakso J (1996) Impact of soil faunal structure on decomposition and N-mineralisation in relation to temperature and moisture in forest soil. Pedobiologia 40:505–513

  Google Scholar 

• Vainio EJ, Hantula J (2000) Direct analysis of wood-inhabiting fungi using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of amplified ribosomal DNA. Mycol Res 104:927–936

  Google Scholar 

• Visser S (1988) Role of the soil invertebrates in determining the composition of soil microbial communities. In: Fitter AH, Atkinson D, Read DJ, Usher MB (eds) Ecological interactions in soil: plants, microbes and animals. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford, pp 297–317

• Williams RG, Whipps JM, Cooke RC (1998) Role of soil mesofauna in dispersal of Coniothyrium minitans: transmission to sclerotia of Sclerotia sclerotionum. Soil Biol Biochem 30:1929–1935

  Article CAS  Google Scholar 

• Zar JH (1999) Biostatistical analysis, 4th edn. Prentice Hall, New Jersey

Download references