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o| li]1.|Pharmacological tests of isolated fibers of skeletal muscle proved to be a means of clarifying the occurrence of certain genetic defects. li]2.|Muscle specimens from 74 subjects were investigated. Of these, 14 had recovered from an episode of malignant hyperthermia (MH), an often fatal complication of general anaesthesia which is known to occur on the basis of a genetic predisposition. The others were 25 relatives of MH patients, and 35 subjects unrelated to malignant hyperthermia. li]3.|The tests consisted in measuring the contracture tensions of isolated fibres of skeletal muscle when exposed to various concentrations of caffeine, once in the presence, once in the absence of the anaesthetic agent halothane. The method is described in detail. li]4.|Muscle specimens which in the presence of halothane required more than 1.3 millimolar concentration of caffeine to produce a tension increase of 1 gram were defined as controls. The 45 control data thus defined were normally distributed. Age, sex, type of muscle, and size of the specimen did not account for individual difference within this control population. The control group did not contain any MH patient who had developed rigidity during the attack. On the other hand, it did contain all but one of the specimens from MH-unrelated subjects. li]5.|The acceptance of the control data as a standard left a deviant group of 29 subjects. This group could be subdivided according to the caffeine-contracture in the absence of halothane.
All those MH patients who had displayed some rigidity during their attack were in this deviant group; they were characterized by high sensitivity to caffeine. The deviant group included two subjects who had suffered an MH episode without rigidity; they differed from all others by a high resistance to caffeine contracture and thereby seemed to represent a separate category of MH which could not be further analyzed during the studies reported here.
The deviant group contained 10 relatives of MH patients who differed in their caffeine response from the patients themselves. Hence there are at least three kinds of relatives of MH patients: those that are indistinguishable from patients, those that fall into the control group, and an intermediate group. One of the MH-unrelated subjects reacted like an intermediate, suggesting that this represents a defect which is not rare in the general population. li]6.|When these data were seen in the context of family groups, there was evidence of a recessively inherited predisposition to malignant hyperthermia. However, part of the data were also compatible with the repeatedly published evidence of dominant inheritance of this predisposition. Since multigenic inheritance appears to be excluded, the simplest genetic models which can reasonably account for the observations are either a two-gene case or the assumption of one gene locus with three alleles. Improvement of the test methods or an increase of the data base should allow a choice between genetic theories.
Résumé
o| li]1.|Il existe maintenant des tests pharmacologiques sur des fibres musculaires squelettiques permettant de mettre en évidence certaines anomalies génétiques. li]2.|Essentiellement, il s’agit de mesurer les tensions de contraction des fibres musculaires isolées lorsque celles-ci sont mises en présence de solution de caféine à des concentrations diverses avec ou sans halotane. li]3.|Dans ce travail, des spécimens musculaires provenant de 74 malades ont été étudiés. Parmi ces malades, 14 étaient des survivants ďun épisode ďhyperthermie maligne (HM). Vingt-cinq autres échantillons provenaient de parents de malades avec une histoire ďhyperthermie maligne. Les 35 autres provenaient de patients sans antécédents personnels ou familiaux ďhyperthermie maligne. li]4.|Des spécimens musculaires qui nécessitaient en présence ďhalotane plus de 1.3 millimoles de caféine pour produire une élévation de tension de 1 g ont été considérés comme spécimens témoins. Quarante-cinq des spécimens correspondaient à cette définition. Ľâge, le sexe et le type de muscle prélevé n’étaient sans aucune relation avec le résultat obtenu.
Aucun des spécimens venant de malades à antécédents personnels ďhyperthermie maligne avec rigidité musculaire ne s’est classé dans ce groupe; ďautre part, 34 des 35 sujets sans aucun antécédents ou parenté suspecte se sont classés dans ce groupe. li]5.|Si ľon accepte ce groupe témoin comme normal, nos résultats nous permettent ďidentifier un groupe de 29 sujets déviants que ľon peut subdiviser en sous-groupes selon la réaction à la caféine en ľabsence ďhalotane:
-Un premier sous-groupe caractérisé par sa grande sensibilité à la caféine, groupe où ľon retrouve tous les malades avec antécédents ďhyperthermie maligne accompagnée de rigidité.
-Un deuxième sous-groupe caractérisé par une grande résistance à la caféine, groupe qui inclut deux sujets avec antécédents ďhyperthermie maligne mais dont ľattaque ne s’était pas accompagnée de rigidité. Ce sous-groupe nous semble représenter une catégorie particulière qu’il fut impossible ďétudier plus avant dans ce travail.
-Dans le groupe déviant, on retrouve plusieurs sujets apparentés à des malades à antécédents positifs. Or, 10 de ces sujets présentent une réponse à la caféine différente de celle de leurs parents malades. Ainsi, il semble y avoir trois types de parents de malades positifs: les uns répondant exactement comme les malades, ďautres comme des gens normaux et un groupe intermédiaire.
Un des sujets sans antécédents ni parenté a présenté la réaction intermédiaire ce qui suggère la présence dans la population ďun défaut génétique qui ne serait pas très rare. li]6.|Lorsque ľon confronte ces résultats aux groupes familiaux, on perçoit la présence ďune prédisposition héréditaire de caractère récessif dans ľhyperthermie maligne. Cependant, une partie des résultats obtenus est également compatible avec les nombreux rapports soulignant la transmission à caractère dominant de cette pathologie.
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From The Departments of Pharmacology and Anaesthesia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto
W. Kalow, B. A. Britt & A. Richter
- W. Kalow
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- B. A. Britt
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The initial phase of this work was supported by Grant #MA-2441 from the Medical Research Council of Canada, the final phase by a Grant from the Muscular Dystrophy Association of Canada. Sustaining support was provided by the Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto.
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Kalow, W., Britt, B.A. & Richter, A. The caffeine test of isolated human muscle in relation to malignant hyperthermia.Canad. Anaesth. Soc. J.24, 678–694 (1977). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03006711
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