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Fabricating tissues: Analysis of farming versus engineering strategies

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Abstract

Tissue Engineering has expanded rapidly towards target applications of tissue repair and regeneration, whilst generating surprisingly novel models to study tissue modelling. However, clinical success in producing effective engineered tissues such as bone, skin, cartilage, and tendon, have been rare and limited. Problems tend to focus on how to stimulate the replacement of initial scaffold with mechanically functional, native extracellular matrix (principally collagen). Typical approaches have been to develop perfused and mechanically active bioreactors, with the use of native collagen itself as the initial scaffold, though the idea remains that cells do the fabrication (i.e. a cultivation process). We have developed a new, engineering approach, in which the final collagen template is fabricatedwithout cell involvement. The first part of this biomimetic engineering involves a plastic compression of cellular native collagen gels to form dense, strong, collagenous neotissues (in minutes). Further steps can be used to orientate and increase collagen fibril diameter, again by non-cell dependent engineering. This allows operator control of cell or matrix density and material properties (influencing biological half life and fate). In addition, this (non-cultivation) approach can incorporate techniques to generate localised 3D structures and zones at a meso-scale. In conclusion, the use of biomimetic engineering based on native collagen, rather than cell-cultivation approaches for bulk matrix fabrication, produces huge benefits. These include speed of fabrication (minutes instead of weeks and months), possibility of fine control of composition and 3D nano-micro scale structure and biomimetic complexity.

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Author notes

  1. Showan N. Nazhat

    Present address: Department of Mining, Metals and Materials Engineering, McGill University, Wong Building, 3610 University St., H3A 2B2, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Tissue Repair and Engineering Centre, Institute of Orthopaedics, RNOH, University College London (UCL), Stanmore Campus, HA7 4LP, London, UK

    Umber Cheema, Burçak Alp, Farhad Foroughi, Nelomi Anandagoda, Vivek Mudera & Robert A. Brown

  2. Division of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, 256 Gray's Inn Rd., WC1X 8LD, London, UK

    Showan N. Nazhat

Authors
  1. Umber Cheema

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  2. Showan N. Nazhat

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  3. Burçak Alp

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  4. Farhad Foroughi

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  5. Nelomi Anandagoda

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  6. Vivek Mudera

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  7. Robert A. Brown

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Corresponding author

Correspondence toRobert A. Brown.

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