This chapter introduces the core concepts that underlie computers, unraveling their fundamental attributes and inner working mechanisms. The exploration of what a computer is highlights its essential attribute as a versatile and programmable machine capable of performing various tasks. The difference and interplay between digital and analog values unveil how computers use discrete binary values to represent and process information. From program to programming, hardware to software, composition to working mechanisms, this chapter provides learners with a comprehensive overview of the pivotal concepts that underpin the digital age. Learners will know how computer memory, processing units, and input/output units work together, and how logic gates, the elemental building blocks of digital circuits, are arranged to achieve complex operations. With a deep understanding of binary values, program, hardware, software, information representation, and logic foundations, learners will be empowered to navigate the world of computing with newfound clarity and appreciation.

Authors and Affiliations

1. Institute of Liberal Arts and Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan

   Wei Weng

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Correspondence toWei Weng.

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