Table 8 Policy supply on the dimension “Democratisation of elections” by 22 relevant Western European populist parties

Democratisation of elections	Left-wing populists						M5S	Right-wing populists
Democratisation of elections	LINKE	LFI	Podemos	SF	SYRIZA	SP	M5S	AfD	ANEL	DF	FI/LN	FN	FPÖ	FRP	FvD	PS	PVV	SD	SVP	UK IP	VB
Proportional representation	X	X	X	X^a	X		X					X^b		XO^c		X				X
Personalise candidate choice								X	X					X
Lower voting age	X	X		X			X
Voting abroad			X	X					X	X
Voting rights for foreigners	X	X	X
Increase turnout		X^d	X^e											X^f
Avoid manipulation		X^g					X^h													Xⁱ
Direct election of head of state/government		O				X^j		X			X				X		X
Direct election of mayors															X^k	X
Other	X^l	X^m	Xⁿ

X: policy advocated by party, O: contrary to policy advocated by party, XO: both policy and contradictory policy advocated by party
^aPartial list system (one third of the parliament elected from party lists, the remainder from seven-seat constituencies) instead of STV, direct election of second chamber
^bProportional representation for all elections, with 5% threshold and majority bonus for elections to the National assembly
^cFremskrittspartiet’s policy is somewhat contradictory: a more proportional representation of the regions, but higher thresholds (allegedly in order to increase turnout)
^dCompulsory voting
^eFacilitate postal vote by prolonging electoral period from 2 to 4 weeks
^fApart from the higher thresholds (see annotation 3), Fremskrittspartiet also suggests e-voting to increase turnout
^gRestrict polls
^hEffectively punish vote acquisition with mafia help
ⁱRestrict postal votes only to those with a genuine need
^jThe Netherlands should become a republic in the long run
^kDirectly elected prime minister is also to be strengthened vis-à-vis his/her ministers
^lVoting rights for people with learning disabilities
^mDemocratise access to political offices by establishing a “republican leave of absence” for candidates
ⁿOpen primaries

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