Movatterモバイル変換


[0]ホーム

URL:


Skip to main content

Advertisement

Springer Nature Link
Log in

The Mental Health Response to Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom: History and Recommendations for Change

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Abstract

Never in any previous conflict has as much attention been paid to the psychological effects of engaging in warfare than is now occurring. Current emphasis on the psychological sequelae of combat is related, in part, to their relative predominance vis-à-vis physical injuries but also reflects, as Wessely (British Journal of Psychiatry 186: 459–466, 2005) observed, a societal discomfort with acceptance of risk.

Over five times the number of veterans wounded in OIF/OEF conflicts are now either seeking care for long-term sequelae of blast or psychological injury or deemed in need of such care.

Symptoms of disorders common among servicemembers and veterans are frustratingly difficult to predict, the severity of an initial psychological injury does not necessarily predict severity of expressed symptoms, and responses cannot be reliably tieda priori to any particular intervention. Added to this complexity is the system of perverse incentives constructed to validate and treat those who suffer unseen injuries of war—the VA Disability Rating system. If the United States is to adopt “lessons learned” from recent experiences with the psychological effects of combat, six broad areas require attention to ensure optimum readiness in the future.

This is a preview of subscription content,log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
¥17,985 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
JPY 3498
Price includes VAT (Japan)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
JPY 5719
Price includes VAT (Japan)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
JPY 7149
Price includes VAT (Japan)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide -see info
Hardcover Book
JPY 15729
Price includes VAT (Japan)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide -see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Acosta, J., Becker, A., Cerully, J. L., Fisher, M. P., Martin, L. T., Vardavas, R., et al. (2014).Mental health stigma in the military. Santa Monica, CA: RAND.http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR426.html.

    Google Scholar 

  • Afifi, T. O., Taillieu, T., Zamorski, M. A., Turner, S., Chung, K., & Sareen, J. (2016). Association of child abuse exposure with suicidal ideation, suicide plans, and suicide attempts in military personnel and the general population in Canada.JAMA Psychiatry.https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.2732. published online 27 January 2016.

  • Averill, L. A., Eubanks Fleming, C. J., Holens, P. L., & Larsen, S. E. (2015). Research on PTSD prevalence in OEF/OIF veterans: Expanding definition of demographic variables.European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 12.https://doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v6.27322. eCollection 2015.

  • Barry, C. L., Goldman, H. H., & Huskamp, H. A. (2016). Federal parity in the evolving mental health and addiction care landscape.Health Affairs, 35, 1009–1016.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blanco, C., Xu, Y., Brady, K., Pérez-Fuentes, G., Okuda, M., & Wang, S. (2013). Comorbidity of posttraumatic stress disorder with alcohol dependence among US adults: Results from National Epidemiological Survey on alcohol and related conditions.Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 132, 630–638.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.04.016. Epub 2013 May 20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blosnik, J. R., Gordon, A. J., & Fine, M. J. (2015). Associations of sexual and gender minority status with health indicators….Annals of Epidemiology.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2015.06.001. Jun 19. pii: S1047-2797(15)00222-7.

  • Brookings Institution, Saban Center for Mideast Studies (2010).Iraq Index. Retrieved February 3, 2015, fromhttp://www.brookings.edu/iraqindex

  • Brown, N. B., & Bruce, S. E. (2016). Stigma, career worry, and mental illness symptomatology: Factors influencing treatment-seeking for operation enduring freedom and operation Iraqi freedom soldiers and veterans.Psychological Trauma, 8, 276–283.https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000082.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, R. A., Marshall, G. N., Breslau, J., Farris, C., Osilla, K. C., Pincus, H. A., et al. (2015).Access to behavioral healthcare for geographically remote service members and dependents in the US. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burbiel, J. C. (2015). Primary prevention of posttraumatic stress disorder: Drugs and implications.Military Medical Research, 2, 24.https://doi.org/10.1186/240779-0053-2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Charity Watch. (2014).Huge amounts of donations squandered by “F” rated charity before settlement is reached. Retrieved September 24, 2014, fromhttps://www.charitywatch.org/charitywatch-feature/146.

  • Defense Health Board. (2015).Combat trauma lessons learned from military operations of 2001–2013. Falls Church, VA: Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs. Retrieved fromhttp://www.dtic.mil/get-tr-doc/pdf?AD=AD1027320.

    Google Scholar 

  • Defense Manpower Data Center (2016).Defense Casualty Analysis System updated as of 6 February 2016. Retrieved February 8, 2016, fromhttps://www.dmdc.osd.mil/dcas/pages/casualties_oif.xhtml

  • dePalma, R. G. (2015). Combat TBI: History, epidemiology, and injury modes. In F. H. Kobeissy (Ed.),Brain Neurotrauma: Molecular, neuropsychological, and rehabilitation aspects (pp. 5–14). Boca Raton (FL): Taylor & Francis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duckworth, A. L., Peterson, C., Matthews, M. D., & Kelly, D. R. (2007). Grit: Perseverance and passion for long-term goals.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 1087–1101.https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.92.6.1087.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fang, R., Markandaya, M., DuBose, J. J., Cancio, L. C., Shackelford, S., & Blackbourne, L. H. (2015). Early in-theatre management of combat related traumatic brain injury: A prospective, observational study to identify opportunities for performance improvement.Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, 79(4 Suppl. 2), S181–S187.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garber, B. G., Rusu, C., & Zamorski, M. A. (2014). Deployment-related mild traumatic brain injury, mental health problems, and post-concussive symptoms in Canadian Armed Forces personnel.BMC Psychiatry, 14, 325.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-014-0325-5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haller M., Angkaw, A.C., Hendricks, B. A., & Norman, S. B. (2015). Does reintegration stress contribute to suicidal ideation among returning veterans seeking PTSD treatment?Journal of Suicidology and Life Threatening Behavior. doi: 10/1111/sltb.12181, published online 3 Aug 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  • Health Resources and Services Administration (2016).County and county-equivalent listing—mental health. Retrieved January 19, 2017, fromhttps://datawarehouse.hrsa.gov/tools/analyzers/hpsafind.aspx

  • Hoge, C. W., Ivany, C. G., Brusher, E. A., Brown, M. D., Shero, J. C. Adler AB, et al. (2015). Transformation of mental health care for US soldiers and families during the Iraq and Afghanistan wars: Where science and politics intersect.American Journal of Psychiatry in Advance. doi: 10/1176/appi.ajp2015.15040553.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howlett, J. R., & Stein, M. B. (2016). Post-traumatic stress disorder. In D. Laskowitz & G. Grant (Eds.),Translational research in traumatic brain injury (pp. 339–352). Boca Raton (FL): Taylor & Francis. Retrieved fromhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK326723/?report=printable.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hurtado, S., Simon-Arndt, C. M., McAnany, J., & Crain, J. A. (2015). Acceptability of mental health stigma-reduction training and initial effects on awareness among military personnel.SpringerPlus, 4, 606.https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-015-1402-z.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Institute of Medicine. (2014).Treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder in military and veteran populations: Final assessment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, R., Andrews, G., Colpe, L., Hiripi, E., Mroczek, D. K., SLT, N., et al. (2002). Short screening scales to monitor population prevalences and trends in non-specific psychological distress.Psychological Medicine, 32, 959–976.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kulesza, M., Pedersen, E., Corrigan, P., & Marshall, G. (2015). Help-seeking stigma and mental health treatment seeking among young adult veterans.Military Behavioral Health, 3, 230–239.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lambert, M. J., & Barley, D. E. (2001). Research summary on the therapeutic relationship and psychotherapy outcome.Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 38, 357–361.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maguen, S., Madden, E., Cohen, B. E., Bertenthal, D., Neylan, T. C., & Seal, K. H. (2015). Suicide risk in Iraq and Afghanistan veterans with mental health problems in VA care.Journal of Psychiatric Research, 68, 120–124.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2015.06.013.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marmar, C. R., Schlenger, W., Henn-Haase, C., Qian, M., Purchia, E., Li, M., et al. (2015). Course of posttraumatic stress disorder 40 years after the Vietnam war.JAMA Psychiatry, 72, 875–881.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, N. W., Davenport, N. D., Sponheim, S. R., & Anderson, C. R. (2015). Blast-related mild traumatic brain injury: Neuropsychological evaluation and findings. In F. H. Kobeissy (Ed.),Brain Neurotrauma: Molecular, neuropsychological, and rehabilitation aspects (pp. 451–470). Boca Raton (FL): Taylor & Francis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patton, C. L., McNally, M. R., & Fremouw, W. J. (2015). Military versus civilian murder-suicide.Journal of Interpersonal Violence.https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260515593299.

  • Priest, D. & Hull, A. (2007). Soldiers face neglect, frustration at Army’s top medical facility. Washington Post, Sunday, February 18, 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reger, M. A., Smolenski, D. J., Skopp, N. A., Metzger-Abamukang, M. J., Kang, H. K., Bullman, T. A., et al. (2015). Risk of suicide among US military service members following operation enduring freedom or operation Iraqi freedom deployment and separation from the US military.JAMA Psychiatry., 72, 561–569.https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.3195.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sammons, M. T., & Batten, S. V. (2008). Psychological services for returning veterans and their families: Evolving conceptualizations of the sequelae of warzone experiences.Journal of Clinical Psychology: In Session, 64, 921–928.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sayer, N. A., Spoont, M., Murdock, M., Parker, L. E., Hintz, S., & Rosenheck, R. (2011). A qualitative study of U.S. veterans’ reasons for seeking Department of Veterans Affairs disability benefits for posttraumatic stress disorder.Journal of Traumatic Stress, 24, 699–707.https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20693.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, T. L., Balsam, K. F., Cochran, B. N., Lehavot, K., & Gold, S. D. (2013). VA healthcare utilization among sexual minority veterans.Psychological Services, 10, 223–232.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tanielian, T., Farris, C., Epley, C., Farmer, C. M., Robinson, E., Engel, C. C., et al. (2014).Ready to serve: Community-based provider capacity to deliver culturally competent, quality mental health care to veterans and their families. Santa Monica: RAND Corporation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanielian, T. L., & Jaycox, L. (Eds.). (2008).Invisible wounds of war: Psychological and cognitive injuries, their consequences, and services to assist recovery (Vol. 720). RAND Corporation. Retrieved fromhttp://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=DHfiWi2AcdAC&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=Tanielian+Invisible+Wounds+of+War+Psychological+and+Cognitive+Injuries,+Their+Consequences,+and+Services+to+Assist+Recovery&ots=QGc6R8Q64g&sig=g6OH4HZswOvNapFVez9EtIlohQA.

  • Tsai, J., & Rosenheck, R. A. (2013). Examination of veterans affairs disability compensation as a disincentive for employment in a population-based sample of veterans under age 65.Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 23, 504–512.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10926-013-9419-z.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ursano, R. J., Colpe, L. J., Heeringa, S. G., Kessler, R. C., Schoenbaum, M., Stein, M. B., et al. (2014). The Army study to assess risk and resilience in servicemembers (Army STARRS).Psychiatry, 77, 107–119.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walker, W. C., Cifu, D. X., Hudak, A. M., Goldberg, G., Kunz, R. D., & Sima, A. P. (2015). Structured interview for mild traumatic braing injury after military blast: Inter-rater agreement and development of diagnostic algorithm.Journal of Neurotrauma, 32, 464–473.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wessely, S. (2005). Risk, psychiatry, and the military.British Journal of Psychiatry, 186, 459–466.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wisco, B. E., Marx, B. P., Wolf, E. J., Miller, M. W., Southwick, S. M., & Pietrzak, R. H. (2014). Posttraumatic stress disorder in the US veteran population: Results from the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study.Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 75, 1338–1346.https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.14m09328.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Register of Health Services Psychologists, Washington, DC, USA

    Morgan T. Sammons Ph.D., A.B.P.P

  2. Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA

    David S. Riggs Ph.D.

Authors
  1. Morgan T. Sammons Ph.D., A.B.P.P
  2. David S. Riggs Ph.D.

Corresponding author

Correspondence toMorgan T. Sammons Ph.D., A.B.P.P.

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Military Family Research Institute College of Health and Human Sciences Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA

    Linda Hughes-Kirchubel

  2. Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Military Family Research Institute, College of Health and Human Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA

    Shelley MacDermid Wadsworth

  3. Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

    David S. Riggs

Rights and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Sammons, M.T., Riggs, D.S. (2018). The Mental Health Response to Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom: History and Recommendations for Change. In: Hughes-Kirchubel, L., Wadsworth, S., Riggs, D. (eds) A Battle Plan for Supporting Military Families. Risk and Resilience in Military and Veteran Families. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68984-5_10

Download citation

Publish with us

Access this chapter

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
¥17,985 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
JPY 3498
Price includes VAT (Japan)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
JPY 5719
Price includes VAT (Japan)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
JPY 7149
Price includes VAT (Japan)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide -see info
Hardcover Book
JPY 15729
Price includes VAT (Japan)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide -see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only


[8]ページ先頭

©2009-2025 Movatter.jp