• Action Against Hunger. (2023). World hunger facts.https://www.actionagainsthunger.org/the-hunger-crisis/world-hunger-facts/. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• Action for Sustainable Derivatives. (2021). About us.https://sustainablederivatives.org/about. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• Action for Sustainable Derivatives. (2022, November). Annual update on progress 2022: Driving action on derivatives.https://static1.squarespace.com/static/6166ce0aec25090d097ac817/t/637e62b274e61a222ed78eec/1669227245749/ASD+Annual+Update+on+Progress+2022.pdf. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• Action for Sustainable Derivatives website. (2021).https://sustainablederivatives.org/. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• American Security Project. (n.d.). Climate security is national security.https://www.americansecurityproject.org/climate-security/. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• Arewa, O. B. (2021).Disrupting Africa: Technology, law, and development. Cambridge University Press.

  Book  Google Scholar 

• Arimah, B. C. (n.d.). Slums as expressions of social exclusion: Explaining the prevalence of slums in African countries.https://www.oecd.org/dev/pgd/46837274.pdf. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• Bates, M. (2023, January 12). Interview with Alice Korngold.

  Google Scholar 

• Blaine, T. (2021, July 19). Climate change risks new violence conflict. How to respond? United States Institute of Peace.https://www.usip.org/publications/2021/07/climate-change-risks-new-violent-conflict-how-respond. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• BSR. (2023a). Business transformation for a just and sustainable world (“Transformation”).https://www.bsr.org/. Accessed 31 Jan 2023a.

• BSR. (2023b). Equity, inclusion, and justice: Driving social justice at an individual and systematic level (“EIJ”).https://www.bsr.org/en/focus/equity-inclusion-and-justice. Accessed 31 Jan 2023b.

• Burian, G. (2023, January 18). Interview with Alice Korngold.

  Google Scholar 

• Busby, J. W. (2007). Climate change and national security: An agenda for action. Council of Foreign Relations Press.https://www.cfr.org/report/climate-change-and-national-security. Accessed 28 Jan 2023.

• C40Cities. (2023a). What we do (“What”).https://www.c40.org/what-we-do/scaling-up-climate-action/energy-and-buildings/#:~:text=Buildings%20are%20responsible%20for%20more,part%20of%20all%20climate%20action. Accessed 31 Jan 2023a.

• C40Cities. (2023b). Who we are (“Who”).https://www.c40.org/about-c40/. Accessed 31 Jan 2023b.

• CDP. (2021). Putting a price on carbon: The state of internal carbon pricing by corporates globally.https://cdn.cdp.net/cdp-production/cms/reports/documents/000/005/651/original/CDP_Global_Carbon_Price_report_2021.pdf?1618938446. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• CDP. (2022, September). Missing the mark: 2022 analysis of global CDP temperature ratings.https://cdn.cdp.net/cdp-production/cms/reports/documents/000/006/544/original/Missing_the_Mark_-_CDP_temperature_ratings_analysis_2022.pdf?1662412411. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• CDP. (n.d.-a). CDP scores explained (“Explained”).https://www.cdp.net/en/scores/cdp-scores-explained. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• CDP. (n.d.-b). Search and view past CDP responses—Colgate-Palmolive (“Search”).https://www.cdp.net/en/responses?page=2&per_page=5&queries%5Bname%5D=colgate+palmolive&sort_by=project_year&sort_dir=desc. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• CDP website. (2023).https://www.cdp.net/en. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2022, May 31). Global WASH fast facts.https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/global/wash_statistics.html#:~:text=Find%20information%20on%20how%20safe,hygiene%20service%20levels%20are%20defined.&text=2%20billion%20people%20lack%20access,have%20basic%20drinking%20water%20service. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• CITES. (2022). Nineteenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties.https://cites.org/eng/cop19. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• City of Boston. (2023). Building emissions reduction and disclosure.https://www.boston.gov/departments/environment/building-emissions-reduction-and-disclosure. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• Colgate-Palmolive Company. (2022). Climate transition and net zero action plan.https://www.colgatepalmolive.com/content/dam/cp-sites/corporate/corporate/common/pdf/2022-climate-transition-net-zero-action-plan.pdf. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• Congressional Budget Office. (2022, December). Emissions of carbon dioxide in the transportation sector.https://www.cbo.gov/publication/58566. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• Convention on Biological Diversity. (2022, December 19). Press release—COP15: Nations adopt four goals, 23 targets for 2030 in landmark UN biodiversity agreement.https://www.cbd.int/article/cop15-cbd-press-release-final-19dec2022. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• Cornwall, W. (2021, July 20). Europe’s deadly floods leave scientists stunned. Science.https://www.science.org/content/article/europe-s-deadly-floods-leave-scientists-stunned. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• Dasgupta, S., Lall, S., & Wheeler, D. (2022, January 5). Cutting global carbon emissions: Where do cities stand? World Bank.https://blogs.worldbank.org/sustainablecities/cutting-global-carbon-emissions-where-do-cities-stand. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• Donnelly, L., Pugliesi, J., & Leitheiser, E. (2022, December 20). COP15: A historic deal to halt biodiversity loss by 2030. BSR.https://www.bsr.org/en/blog/cop15-a-historic-deal-to-halt-biodiversity-loss-by-2030. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• Earth Overshoot Day website. (2023).https://www.overshootday.org/. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• Eckstein, D., Kunzel, V., & Schafer, L. (2021). Global climate risk index 2021—who suffers the most from extreme weather events? Weather-related loss events in 2029 and 2000–2019. German Watch.https://www.germanwatch.org/sites/default/files/Global%20Climate%20Risk%20Index%202021_2.pdf. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• Economist. (2022, June 15). The construction industry remains horribly climate-unfriendly.https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2022/06/15/the-construction-industry-remains-horribly-climate-unfriendly. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• Einhorn, C. (2022, December 19). Nearly every country signs on to a sweeping deal to protect nature.New York Times.https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/19/climate/biodiversity-cop15-montreal-30x30.html. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• Enright, S., Oger, C., Pruzan-Jorgensen, P. M., & Farrag-Thibault, A. (2018, February 28). Private-sector collaboration for sustainable development. BSR.https://www.bsr.org/en/reports/private-sector-collaboration-for-sustainable-development. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• Equal Justice Initiative (EJI). (2018). Slavery in America: The Montgomery slave trade.https://eji.org/report/slavery-in-america/. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• Feeding America. (2023a). Hunger hits Black communities harder (“Black communities”).https://www.feedingamerica.org/hunger-in-america/black-communities. Accessed 31 Jan 2023a.

• Feeding America. (2023b). Hunger impacts Native American families and communities (“Native American communities”).https://www.feedingamerica.org/hunger-in-america/native-american. Accessed 31 Jan 2023b.

• Feeding America. (2023c). Latino communities experience hunger at a much higher rate (“Latino communities”).https://www.feedingamerica.org/hunger-in-america/latino-hunger-facts. Accessed 31 Jan 2023c.

• Feeding America website. (2023).https://www.feedingamerica.org/. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• Ford Foundation. (2023). Natural resources and climate change.https://www.fordfoundation.org/work/challenging-inequality/natural-resources-and-climate-change/. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• Friedman, T. (2013, May 18). Without water, revolution.New York Times.https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/19/opinion/sunday/friedman-without-water-revolution.html?pagewanted=1&_r=3&hpw%20(June%209,%202013). Accessed 28 Jan 2023.

• Higuero, I. (2023, January 9). SG’s reflections on CITES, COP19 outcomes. CITES.https://cites.org/eng/news/sg/reflection-on-cites-cop19-outcomes#:~:text=The%20record%2Dbreaking%20365%20decisions,and%20existence%20for%20future%20generations. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• Hill, A. C. (2022, October 4). The United States needs to prepare for more billion-dollar climate disasters like Hurricane Ian. Council of Foreign Relations.https://www.cfr.org/in-brief/us-hurricane-ian-billion-dollar-damage-climate-change-disaster. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• Holdorf, D. (2022, December 8). Accelerating business along the road to a nature-positive future (“Accelerating”).https://www.wbcsd.org/Overview/News-Insights/WBCSD-insights/Accelerating-business-along-the-road-to-a-nature-positive-future Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• Holdorf, D. (2023a). Closing reflections from Davos2023a (“Reflections”).https://www.linkedin.com/posts/diane-holdorf_davos2023a-cop28-activity-7022199254630723584-LdD1?utm_source=share&utm_medium=member_desktop. Accessed 31 Jan.

• Holdorf, D. (2023b, February 3). Email to Alice Korngold.

  Google Scholar 

• Integrated Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). (2018). Global warming of 1.5C.https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• Integrated Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). (2021). Climate change 2021: The physical science basis.https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). (2022). Climate change 2022: Impacts, adaption and vulnerability.https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• Intel. (n.d.-a). CTA: Driving the future of public transportation (“CTA”).https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/customer-spotlight/stories/chicago-transit-authority-customer-story.html. Accessed 31 Jan 2023a.

• Intel. (n.d.-b). Smart city solutions for safer, more resilient communities (“Resilient”).https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/internet-of-things/smart-cities.html. Accessed 31 Jan 2023b.

• Intel. (n.d.-c). Urban mobility and the future of smart transportation (“Smart”).https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/transportation/urban-mobility.html. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• International Energy Agency. (2022, November). World energy outlook 2022.https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/830fe099-5530-48f2-a7c1-11f35d510983/WorldEnergyOutlook2022.pdf. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• International Energy Agency. (2023, January). Energy technology perspectives 2023.https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-technology-perspectives-2023. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• International Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES). (2019, May 6). Media Release—Nature’s dangerous decline “unprecedented;” species extinction “accelerating”.https://ipbes.net/news/Media-Release-Global-Assessment. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• Joelson, T. (2023, January 13). Email to Alice Korngold.

  Google Scholar 

• Khan, S. (2022). C40: 2022 highlights. C40.https://www.c40.org/news/c40-2022-in-focus/. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• Korngold, A. (2014).A better world, inc.: How companies profit by solving global problems where governments cannot. Palgrave Macmillan.

  Google Scholar 

• Leke, A., & Signe, L. (2019, January 11).Spotlighting opportunities for business in Africa and strategies to succeed in the world’s next big growth market. Brookings.https://www.brookings.edu/research/spotlighting-opportunities-for-business-in-africa-and-strategies-to-succeed-in-the-worlds-next-big-growth-market/. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• Lombrana, L. M. (2021, July 7).Climate change linked to 5 million deaths a yar, new study shows. Bloomberg.https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-07-07/climate-change-linked-to-5-million-deaths-a-year-new-study-shows. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• Muir, J. (1911).My first summer in the Sierra. Houghton Mifflin.

  Google Scholar 

• NAACP. (2023). Environmental and climate justice.https://naacp.org/know-issues/environmental-climate-justice. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). (n.d.). The effects of climate change.https://climate.nasa.gov/effects/. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). (2023, January 12). 2022 was world’s 6th-warmest year on record.https://www.noaa.gov/news/2022-was-worlds-6th-warmest-year-on-record. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• New York City. (2023). Sustainable buildings: Local Law 97.https://www.nyc.gov/site/sustainablebuildings/ll97/local-law-97.page. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• Niranjan, A. (2021, May 20). Extreme weather forces people to flee homes.DW.https://www.dw.com/en/climate-refugees-migration-displacement/a-57585752. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• Oxfam. (2023). How does climate change affect poverty and inequality?https://www.oxfamamerica.org/explore/issues/climate-action/climate-change-and-inequality/. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• Population Matters. (2023). Resources and consumption.https://populationmatters.org/resources-consumption. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• Quinney, M. (2021, June 2021).New report shows why fighting climate change and nature loss must be interlinked. World Economic Forum.https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/06/new-report-shows-biodiversity-key-to-fighting-climate-change/. Accessed 1 Jun 2023.

• Quinson, T. (2022, September 28).Moody’s has a $1.9 trillion warning over biodiversity. Bloomberg.https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-09-28/moody-s-1-9-trillion-warning-over-biodiversity-green-insight#xj4y7vzkg?leadSource=uverify%20wall. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• Santos, R. (2023, February 2). Email to Alice Korngold.

  Google Scholar 

• Science Based Targets. (n.d.). Ambitious corporate climate action.https://sciencebasedtargets.org/. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• Scott, K., & Kusbiantoro, R. (2021, August 31).Creating opportunities for action: Advancing children’s rights in the palm oil industry. BSR.https://www.bsr.org/en/blog/opportunities-for-action-children-rights-in-the-palm-oil-industry. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• Sharma, S. (2023, January 12). Interview with Alice Korngold.

  Google Scholar 

• Shining Hope for Communities (SHOFCO). (2022). Shifting the development paradigm.https://www.shofco.org/new-system-change1-3/. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• Slaughter, A.-M. (2013, February). Preface. In C. E. Werrell & F. Femia (Eds.),The Arab spring and climate change (pp 1–6). Center for American Progress.https://www.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/ClimateChangeArabSpring.pdf

• State of Washington, Department of Ecology. (n.d.). Climate Commitment Act.https://ecology.wa.gov/Air-Climate/Climate-Commitment-Act. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• Statistica. (2022, August 5). Share of urban population living in slums in 2020, by region.https://www.statista.com/statistics/684694/percentage-of-world-urban-population-in-slums-by-region/. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• STOXX. (n.d.). Global climate change leaders index.https://www.stoxx.com/document/Bookmarks/CurrentFactsheets/SXCCLEG.pdf. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• Suarez-Orozco, M. (Ed.). (2019).Humanitarianism and mass migration: Confronting the world crisis. University of California Press.

  Google Scholar 

• Tew, S. (2023, January 15). Interview with Alice Korngold.

  Google Scholar 

• The Nature Conservancy. (n.d.). Mission.https://www.nature.org/en-us/about-us/who-we-are/. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• The White House. (2023). Clean energy economy: A guidebook to the Inflation Reduction Act’s investments in clean energy and climate action, version 2.https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Inflation-Reduction-Act-Guidebook.pdf. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• Tracy, A. (2023, January 26). Interview with Alice Korngold.

  Google Scholar 

• Trane Technologies. (2022, March 28). Sustainability in action: Mater Dei Hospital in Malta.https://blog.tranetechnologies.com/en/home/solutions-innovation/mater-dei-hospital-in-malta.html. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• Trane Technologies. (2023). Corporate governance committees and charters.https://www.tranetechnologies.com/en/index/company/corporate-governance/corporate-governance-committees.html. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• Trane website. (2022).https://www.trane.com/index.html. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• United Nations. (2022). The sustainable development goals report 2022 (“SDG Report”).https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2022/. Accessed 26 Jan 2023.

• United Nations. (n.d.). Convention on Biological Diversity, key international instrument for sustainable development (“Convention”).https://www.un.org/en/observances/biological-diversity-day/convention#:~:text=The%20Convention%20on%20Biological%20Diversity,been%20ratified%20by%20196%20nations. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• United Nations, Climate Action. (n.d.). Loss and damage: A moral imperative to act [interview with A Thomas].https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/adelle-thomas-loss-and-damage. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• United Nations, Climate Change. (n.d.). The Paris agreement (“Paris”).https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• United Nations Human Settlements Program (UN-HABITAT). (2020). World cities report 2022: Envisaging the future of cities.https://unhabitat.org/sites/default/files/2022/06/wcr_2022.pdf. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• United Nations Population Fund. (2022). Urbanization.https://www.unfpa.org/urbanization#:~:text=The%20world%20is%20undergoing%20the,swell%20to%20about%205%20billion. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs. (n.d.). The 17 goals (“SDGs”).https://sdgs.un.org/goals. Accessed 26 Jan 2023.

• United Nations, Environment Programme. (2022a, November 22). COP27 ends with announcement of historic loss and damage fund (“COP27”).https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/cop27-ends-announcement-historic-loss-and-damage-fund. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• United Nations, Environment Programme. (2022b, October 27). Emissions gap report 2022b—The closing window: Climate crisis calls for rapid transformation of societies (“Emissions”).https://www.unep.org/resources/emissions-gap-report-2022b. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• United Nations, Environment Programme. (n.d.). Facts about the climate emergency.https://www.unep.org/facts-about-climate-emergency. Accessed 31 Jan 2023c.

• United Nations, Food and Agriculture Organization. (2021). The state of food security and nutrition in the world 2021: The world is at a critical juncture.https://www.fao.org/state-of-food-security-nutrition/2021/en/. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• United Nations, Global Compact. (n.d.). Business ambition for 1.5C.https://www.unglobalcompact.org/take-action/events/climate-action-summit-2019/business-ambition. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• United Nations, Human Rights. (2022, July 12). Climate change exacerbates violence against women and girls.https://www.ohchr.org/en/stories/2022/07/climate-change-exacerbates-violence-against-women-and-girls. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• Werrell, C. E., & Femia, F. (Eds.). (2013, February). The Arab spring and climate change. Center for American Progress.https://www.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/ClimateChangeArabSpring.pdf. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• Weston, P., & Greenfield, P. (2022, December 17). The US touts support for biodiversity—But at COP15, it remains on the sideline.The Guardian.https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/dec/17/cop15-us-biodiversity-cbd. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• World Bank. (2022, October 6). Urban development: Overview.https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/urbandevelopment/overview#:~:text=Today%2C%20some%2056%25%20of%20the,people%20will%20live%20in%20cities. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• World Bank Group. (2020). Reversals of fortune.https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/34496/9781464816024.pdf. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• World Bank Group. (2021). The economic case for nature: A global Earth-economy model to assess development policy pathways.https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/35882/A-Global-Earth-Economy-Model-to-Assess-Development-Policy-Pathways.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• World Economic Forum. (2022, May 24). One more reason to act fast on climate: Economics.https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/05/one-more-reason-for-rapid-climate-action-economics/. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• World Economic Forum. (2023, January). The global risks report 2023.https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Global_Risks_Report_2023.pdf. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• World Food Programme. (n.d.). Conflict and peace.https://www.wfp.org/conflict-and-peace. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• World Health Organization (WHO). (2021, July 1). Billions of people will lack access to safe water, sanitation and hygiene in 2030 unless progress quadruples—Warn WHO, UNICEF.https://www.who.int/news/item/01-07-2021-billions-of-people-will-lack-access-to-safe-water-sanitation-and-hygiene-in-2030-unless-progress-quadruples-warn-who-unicef. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• World Meteorological Organization. (2022a). Environment (“Environment”).https://public.wmo.int/en/our-mandate/focus-areas/environment. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• World Meteorological Organization. (2022b). United in science (“Science”) 2022b.https://library.wmo.int/doc_num.php?explnum_id=11308. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• Worldometer. (2023). World population.https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/#growthrate. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• WWF. (n.d.). 8 things to know about palm oil.https://www.wwf.org.uk/updates/8-things-know-about-palm-oil. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• WWF. (2020). Knowledge hub.https://wwf.panda.org/discover/knowledge_hub/all_publications/living_planet_report_timeline/lpr_2012/demands_on_our_planet/overshoot/. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

• WWF. (2022, November). Our climate’s secret ally: Uncovering the story of nature in the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report.https://wwfint.awsassets.panda.org/downloads/wwf_our_climates_secret_ally_uncovering_the_story_of_nature_in_the_ipcc_ar6.pdf. Accessed 31 Jan 2023.

Download references