Abstract
Arboreal supports impose a set of locomotor challenges not typically encountered in other terrestrial ecosystems. Because all arboreal animals must negotiate this common set of physical challenges in an environment where clumsy mistakes can lead to tragedy (or at least to the increased energetic burden of having to fight gravity to regain a lost position), it is of little surprise that we see widespread convergence of locomotor morphology and behavior among arboreal amphibians, lizards, and mammals. In this chapter I consider the biomechanical challenges imposed by moving on narrow and compliant arboreal supports, and survey existing data on how arboreal amphibians, lizards, and mammals have arrived at morphological and behavioral solutions to these problems. I focus on the biomechanical problems of negotiating narrow and compliant supports given that these challenges are, to some degree, uniquely characteristic of the arboreal environment.
Narrow supports potentially compromise locomotor performance in two ways: (1) by increasing the probability that the animal may tangentially slip from the support and, (2) by challenging mediolateral (i.e., transverse/rolling plane) stability. Compliant supports, by contrast, have the potential to reduce locomotor performance by absorbing some of the mechanical energy that the animal could use to accelerate and redirect its center of mass, and then unpredictably returning this energy at random times and in random directions (at least with respect to the animal’s desired movement dynamics). Widespread morphological solutions to the biomechanical problems of moving on narrow and compliant supports include small body size, appendicular joints with enhanced mobility, grasping extremities, and long tails. Convergent behavioral solutions for increasing stability on precarious arboreal supports include reducing speed, increased limb joint flexion, the use of “compliant” gait kinematics marked by elongated limb contact durations (i.e., duty factors), a switch to gaits that facilitate more continuous contact with the substrate (and fewer ballistic aerial phases), and a decrease overall limb stiffness typically accomplished via exaggerated limb joint excursions during the stance phase. Future research on arboreal locomotion in tetrapods should focus on integrating quantitative laboratory data on locomotor kinematics and kinetics with holistic ecological data on substrate use and support morphology gleaned in the field. Such integrated datasets will be critical for furthering our understanding of how locomotor anatomy and behavior are shaped by the rigors of the natural arboreal environment.
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Jesse W. Young
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Vincent L. Bels
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Anthony P. Russell
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Young, J.W. (2023). Convergence of Arboreal Locomotor Specialization: Morphological and Behavioral Solutions for Movement on Narrow and Compliant Supports. In: Bels, V.L., Russell, A.P. (eds) Convergent Evolution. Fascinating Life Sciences. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11441-0_11
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