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Marinomyxa Gen. Nov. Accommodates Gall-Forming Parasites of the Tropical to Subtropical Seagrass GenusHalophila and Constitutes a Novel Deep-Branching Lineage Within Phytomyxea (Rhizaria: Endomyxa)

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Abstract

Marine representatives of Phytomyxea (SAR: Rhizaria: Endomyxa), a peculiar class of obligate endobiotic parasites, are a greatly understudied ecological group of protists infecting many algal, diatom, and seagrass species. Very little is known about the actual diversity, ecology, and pathogenic potential of these organisms and their taxonomic treatment in many cases follows outdated morphotaxonomic concepts. Here we focused on resolving the phylogenetic relations of the phytomyxean parasites of the widespread seagrass genusHalophila. We report the first finding ofPlasmodiophora halophilae, the parasite of ovate-leafHalophila species, after more than 100 years since its original description in 1913. We provide additional information on its anatomy, morphology, distribution, and host range, together with a phylogenetic evidence that it is congeneric with the recently rediscovered species infecting the invasive seagrassHalophila stipulacea in the Mediterranean Sea. Despite the previously hypothesized affiliation of the latter toTetramyxa, our phylogenetic analyses of the 18S rRNA gene placeTetramyxa parasitica (a parasite of brackish water phanerogams and the type species of the genus) in the freshwater/terrestrial phytomyxean order Plasmodiophorida and reveal that phytomyxids associated withHalophila spp. form a separate deep-branching clade within the class proposed here asMarinomyxa gen. nov. We further argue thatM. marina infectingH. stipulacea is most likely a species-specific parasite and implies their comigration through the Suez Canal.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Dr. Yaacov Lipkin for devoting his time to discussions over the research presented here. Acknowledgments also go to James P. Braselton for his valuable tips and advices, Carl-Adam Haeggström for his help during the search forTetramyxa parasitica in Åland, Patrick Chavel for collecting infested specimens ofHalophila stipulacea in Eilat in March 2018 and Nguyen Xuan Vy for his help withHalophila species determination.

Funding

This study was supported by the Grant Agency of Charles University (GAUK 1308218) and constitutes a part of the long-term research projects of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Botany (RVO 67985939) and Charles University, Faculty of Science (MŠMT LO1417).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic

    Viktorie Kolátková

  2. Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic

    Ivan Čepička

  3. The Steinhardt Museum of Natural History and Israel National Center for Biodiversity Studies, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

    Razy Hoffman

  4. Department of Mycorrhizal Symbioses, Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czech Republic

    Martin Vohník

  5. Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic

    Martin Vohník

Authors
  1. Viktorie Kolátková
  2. Ivan Čepička
  3. Razy Hoffman
  4. Martin Vohník

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Correspondence toViktorie Kolátková.

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Kolátková, V., Čepička, I., Hoffman, R.et al.Marinomyxa Gen. Nov. Accommodates Gall-Forming Parasites of the Tropical to Subtropical Seagrass GenusHalophila and Constitutes a Novel Deep-Branching Lineage Within Phytomyxea (Rhizaria: Endomyxa).Microb Ecol81, 673–686 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-020-01615-5

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