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Advancement of biorefinery-derived platform chemicals from macroalgae: a perspective for bioethanol and lactic acid

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Abstract

The extensive growth of energy and plastic demand has raised concerns over the depletion of fossil fuels. Moreover, the environmental conundrums worldwide integrated with global warming and improper plastic waste management have led to the development of sustainable and environmentally friendly biofuel (bioethanol) and biopolymer (lactic acid, LA) derived from biomass for fossil fuels replacement and biodegradable plastic production, respectively. However, the high production cost of bioethanol and LA had limited its industrial-scale production. This paper has comprehensively reviewed the potential and development of third-generation feedstock for bioethanol and LA production, including significant technological barriers to be overcome for potential commercialization purposes. Then, an insight into the state-of-the-art hydrolysis and fermentation technologies using macroalgae as feedstock is also deliberated in detail. Lastly, the sustainability aspect and perspective of macroalgae biomass are evaluated economically and environmentally using a developed cascading system associated with techno-economic analysis and life cycle assessment, which represent the highlights of this review paper. Furthermore, this review provides a conceivable picture of macroalgae-based bioethanol and lactic acid biorefinery and future research directions that can be served as an important guideline for scientists, policymakers, and industrial players.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge Curtin University Malaysia for supporting this research through the Curtin Malaysia Postgraduate Research Scheme (CMPRS).

Funding

Financial supports were given by the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS/1/2019/TK02/CURTIN/03/2 and FRGS/1/2018/TK10/CURTIN/03/2) from the Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE), Malaysia.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University Malaysia, CDT 250, 98009, Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia

    Kevin Tian Xiang Tong, Inn Shi Tan & Henry Chee Yew Foo

  2. Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia

    Man Kee Lam

  3. HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia

    Man Kee Lam

  4. Department of Chemical Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia

    Steven Lim

  5. Centre of Photonics and Advanced Materials Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia

    Steven Lim

  6. School of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, 14300, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia

    Keat Teong Lee

Authors
  1. Kevin Tian Xiang Tong
  2. Inn Shi Tan
  3. Henry Chee Yew Foo
  4. Man Kee Lam
  5. Steven Lim
  6. Keat Teong Lee

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Correspondence toInn Shi Tan.

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Highlights

• 3G bioethanol and lactic acid were prepared by different techniques.

• High carbohydrate content offers a potential pathway for bioproduct generation.

• Combined acid and enzymatic hydrolysis offer a high yield of reducing sugars.

• Proving fast production rate of 3G bioproducts for high cell density culture

• Cascading biorefinery resolves the production, economic, and environmental issues.

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Tong, K.T.X., Tan, I.S., Foo, H.C.Y.et al. Advancement of biorefinery-derived platform chemicals from macroalgae: a perspective for bioethanol and lactic acid.Biomass Conv. Bioref.14, 1443–1479 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-02561-7

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