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Memories of the blows: severe soft-tissue injuries in caudal vertebrae ofPanochthus Burmeister (Xenarthra, Glyptodontidae)

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Abstract

Bone pathologies have great potential to provide information on the palaeobiology of fossil organisms. Some were likely related to inter/intraspecific fighting behaviors. Among the iconic and conspicuous Late Pleistocene armored mammals,Panochthus Burmeister, 1866 is notable for being one of the largest, most abundant, and diversified genera. A particular feature ofPanochthus species is the presence of a caudal armor including a solid bony structure known as a caudal tube that would have played an important role in intra/interspecific contests. In this contribution, we report and describe a caudal vertebra ofPanochthus that shows strong evidence of pathologies that may be related to the performance of strong tail movements that could correspond to offensive/defensive behaviors. The specimen (MFA-G-PV 1740) was recovered from Late Pleistocene deposits (MIS 5–3 cycles) cropping out in the cliffs of Northern Salado River, Santa Fe Province, Argentina. Based on morphological and radiological features, the lesions observed are related to a traumatic lesion that would have affected the ligamentum flavum and probably the articular capsule of the postzygapophysis, generating a severe enthesopathy and related septic arthritis. The involvement of this ligament in particular is crucial because it connects adjacent vertebral laminae and restricts mobility, offering resistance to extreme vertebral flexion and protecting the remaining vertebral structures when confronted with large forces. Although it is challenging to determine the exact way in which this species performed fighting tail movements, the joints with the greatest range of movement correspond to the most anterior caudal vertebrae. This also implies that any strong impact would have directly affected these vertebrae and associated soft tissues, including ligaments. Based on this evidence, we consider that the pathology described here represents strong evidence to support the idea of an active use of the caudal tube inPanochthus.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to Andrés Pautasso, Leonardo Leiva and Carla Marty of Museo Provincial de Ciencias Naturales "Florentino Ameghino", Santa Fé; Viviana Buide del Museo de Ciencias Naturales “Carlos Ameghino”, Mercedes, Buenos Aires and to Susana Bargo and María Eugenia Arnaudo of Museo de La Plata, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Buenos Aires, for allowing access to material under their care. Thanks are also due to Carolina Repetto (Hospital Escuela Veterinario, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste) for the X-rays analysis; César García Esponda for providing bibliography, Bruno Martin Giordano for providing bibliography and commentary on tail soft tissues in domestic mammals, and Agustin Schwindt Conrado for providing photographs ofPanochthus caudal vertebrae. The comments and suggestions of the JME editors, Drs. F. Perini and D. Croft, and the anonymous reviewers, greatly improved the original manuscript.

Funding

This research was partially funded by PICT-2018–01237 (Agencia I + D + i).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratorio de Evolución de Vertebrados y Ambientes Cenozoicos, Centro de Ecología Aplicada del Litoral (CECOAL-CONICET), Ruta 5, Km. 2.5, Corrientes Capital, Corrientes, CP 3400, Argentina

    Carlos A. Luna, Daniel Barasoain & Alfredo E. Zurita

  2. Laboratorio de Paleontología de Vertebrados, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Transferencia Tecnológica a La Producción (CONICET-UADER-Prov. ER), España 149, E3105BWA, Diamante, Entre Ríos, Argentina

    Raúl I. Vezzosi

  3. Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Entre Ríos, Ruta Nacional N◦ 11 Km 10,5, E3100XAD Oro Verde, Entre Ríos, Argentina

    Raúl I. Vezzosi

  4. Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas (UNJu-CONICET), San Salvador de Jujuy, Av. Bolivia 1239, Y4600GNE, Jujuy, Argentina

    Marcos D. Ercoli

  5. Laboratorio de Paleontología de Vertebrados, Instituto de Geología y Minería, Universidad Nacional de Jujuy, Av. Bolivia 1661, Y4600GNE, Jujuy, San Salvador de Jujuy, Argentina

    Marcos D. Ercoli

  6. Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA

    Roy R. Pool

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  1. Carlos A. Luna

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  5. Alfredo E. Zurita

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Contributions

Carlos A. Luna: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Visualization and Writing – Original Draft Preparation. Daniel Barasoain and Raúl I. Vezzosi: Investigation, Writing – Original Draft Preparation. Marcos D. Ercoli: Investigation, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation. Alfredo E. Zurita and Roy R. Pool: Writing – Review and Editing. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence toCarlos A. Luna.

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Luna, C.A., Barasoain, D., Vezzosi, R.I.et al. Memories of the blows: severe soft-tissue injuries in caudal vertebrae ofPanochthus Burmeister (Xenarthra, Glyptodontidae).J Mammal Evol31, 29 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10914-024-09729-0

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