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Tutorial: Get started with ASP.NET Core SignalR

  • 2023-11-16
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In this article

Note

This isn't the latest version of this article. For the current release, see the.NET 9 version of this article.

Warning

This version of ASP.NET Core is no longer supported. For more information, see the.NET and .NET Core Support Policy. For the current release, see the.NET 9 version of this article.

Important

This information relates to a pre-release product that may be substantially modified before it's commercially released. Microsoft makes no warranties, express or implied, with respect to the information provided here.

For the current release, see the.NET 9 version of this article.

This tutorial teaches the basics of building a real-time app using SignalR. You learn how to:

  • Create a web project.
  • Add the SignalR client library.
  • Create a SignalR hub.
  • Configure the project to use SignalR.
  • Add code that sends messages from any client to all connected clients.

At the end, you'll have a working chat app:

SignalR sample app

Prerequisites

Create a web app project

Start Visual Studio 2022 and selectCreate a new project.

Create a new project from the start window

In theCreate a new project dialog, selectASP.NET Core Web App (Razor Pages), and then selectNext.

Create an ASP.NET Core Web App

In theConfigure your new project dialog, enterSignalRChat forProject name. It's important to name the projectSignalRChat, including matching the capitalization, so the namespaces match the code in the tutorial.

SelectNext.

In theAdditional information dialog, select.NET 8.0 (Long Term Support) and then selectCreate.

Additional information

Add the SignalR client library

The SignalR server library is included in the ASP.NET Core shared framework. The JavaScript client library isn't automatically included in the project. For this tutorial, use Library Manager (LibMan) to get the client library fromunpkg.unpkgis a fast, global content delivery network for everything onnpm.

InSolution Explorer, right-click the project, and selectAdd >Client-Side Library.

In theAdd Client-Side Library dialog:

  • Selectunpkg forProvider
  • Enter@microsoft/signalr@latest forLibrary.
  • SelectChoose specific files, expand thedist/browser folder, and selectsignalr.js andsignalr.min.js.
  • SetTarget Location towwwroot/js/signalr/.
  • SelectInstall.

Add Client-Side Library dialog - select library

LibMan creates awwwroot/js/signalr folder and copies the selected files to it.

Create a SignalR hub

Ahub is a class that serves as a high-level pipeline that handles client-server communication.

In the SignalRChat project folder, create aHubs folder.

In theHubs folder, create theChatHub class with the following code:

using Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR;namespace SignalRChat.Hubs{    public class ChatHub : Hub    {        public async Task SendMessage(string user, string message)        {            await Clients.All.SendAsync("ReceiveMessage", user, message);        }    }}

TheChatHub class inherits from the SignalRHub class. TheHub class manages connections, groups, and messaging.

TheSendMessage method can be called by a connected client to send a message to all clients. JavaScript client code that calls the method is shown later in the tutorial. SignalR code is asynchronous to provide maximum scalability.

Configure SignalR

The SignalR server must be configured to pass SignalR requests to SignalR. Add the following highlighted code to theProgram.cs file.

using SignalRChat.Hubs;var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);// Add services to the container.builder.Services.AddRazorPages();builder.Services.AddSignalR();var app = builder.Build();// Configure the HTTP request pipeline.if (!app.Environment.IsDevelopment()){    app.UseExceptionHandler("/Error");    // The default HSTS value is 30 days. You may want to change this for production scenarios, see https://aka.ms/aspnetcore-hsts.    app.UseHsts();}app.UseHttpsRedirection();app.UseStaticFiles();app.UseRouting();app.UseAuthorization();app.MapRazorPages();app.MapHub<ChatHub>("/chatHub");app.Run();

The preceding highlighted code adds SignalR to the ASP.NET Core dependency injection and routing systems.

Add SignalR client code

Replace the content inPages/Index.cshtml with the following code:

@page<div>    <div>        <div>User</div>        <div><input type="text" /></div>    </div>    <div>        <div>Message</div>        <div><input type="text" /></div>    </div>    <div>        <div>            <input type="button" value="Send Message" />        </div>    </div>    <div>        <div>            <hr />        </div>    </div>    <div>        <div>            <ul></ul>        </div>    </div></div><script src="~/js/signalr/dist/browser/signalr.js"></script><script src="~/js/chat.js"></script>

The preceding markup:

  • Creates text boxes and a submit button.
  • Creates a list withid="messagesList" for displaying messages that are received from the SignalR hub.
  • Includes script references to SignalR and thechat.js app code is created in the next step.

In thewwwroot/js folder, create achat.js file with the following code:

"use strict";var connection = new signalR.HubConnectionBuilder().withUrl("/chatHub").build();//Disable the send button until connection is established.document.getElementById("sendButton").disabled = true;connection.on("ReceiveMessage", function (user, message) {    var li = document.createElement("li");    document.getElementById("messagesList").appendChild(li);    // We can assign user-supplied strings to an element's textContent because it    // is not interpreted as markup. If you're assigning in any other way, you     // should be aware of possible script injection concerns.    li.textContent = `${user} says ${message}`;});connection.start().then(function () {    document.getElementById("sendButton").disabled = false;}).catch(function (err) {    return console.error(err.toString());});document.getElementById("sendButton").addEventListener("click", function (event) {    var user = document.getElementById("userInput").value;    var message = document.getElementById("messageInput").value;    connection.invoke("SendMessage", user, message).catch(function (err) {        return console.error(err.toString());    });    event.preventDefault();});

The preceding #"tablist">

  • Visual Studio
  • Visual Studio Code

    • SelectCtrl+F5 to run the app without debugging.

    Copy the URL from the address bar, open another browser instance or tab, and paste the URL in the address bar.

    Choose either browser, enter a name and message, and select theSend Message button.

    The name and message are displayed on both pages instantly.

    Completed SignalR sample app

    Tip

    If the app doesn't work, open the browser developer tools (F12) and go to the console. Look for possible errors related to HTML and JavaScript code. For example, ifsignalr.js was put in a different folder than directed, the reference to that file won't work resulting in a 404 error in the console.signalr.js not found errorIf anERR_SPDY_INADEQUATE_TRANSPORT_SECURITY error has occurred in Chrome, run the following commands to update the development certificate:

    dotnet dev-certs https --cleandotnet dev-certs https --trust

    Publish to Azure

    For information on deploying to Azure, seeQuickstart: Deploy an ASP.NET web app. For more information on Azure SignalR Service, seeWhat is Azure SignalR Service?.

    Next steps

    This tutorial teaches the basics of building a real-time app using SignalR. You learn how to:

    • Create a web project.
    • Add the SignalR client library.
    • Create a SignalR hub.
    • Configure the project to use SignalR.
    • Add code that sends messages from any client to all connected clients.

    At the end, you'll have a working chat app:

    SignalR sample app

    Prerequisites

    Create a web app project

    Start Visual Studio 2022 and selectCreate a new project.

    Create a new project from the start window

    In theCreate a new project dialog, selectASP.NET Core Web App, and then selectNext.

    Create an ASP.NET Core Web App

    In theConfigure your new project dialog, enterSignalRChat forProject name. It's important to name the projectSignalRChat, including matching the capitalization, so the namespaces match the code in the tutorial.

    SelectNext.

    In theAdditional information dialog, select.NET 7.0 (Standard Term Support) and then selectCreate.

    Additional information

    Add the SignalR client library

    The SignalR server library is included in the ASP.NET Core shared framework. The JavaScript client library isn't automatically included in the project. For this tutorial, use Library Manager (LibMan) to get the client library fromunpkg.unpkgis a fast, global content delivery network for everything onnpm.

    InSolution Explorer, right-click the project, and selectAdd >Client-Side Library.

    In theAdd Client-Side Library dialog:

    • Selectunpkg forProvider
    • Enter@microsoft/signalr@latest forLibrary.
    • SelectChoose specific files, expand thedist/browser folder, and selectsignalr.js andsignalr.min.js.
    • SetTarget Location towwwroot/js/signalr/.
    • SelectInstall.

    Add Client-Side Library dialog - select library

    LibMan creates awwwroot/js/signalr folder and copies the selected files to it.

    Create a SignalR hub

    Ahub is a class that serves as a high-level pipeline that handles client-server communication.

    In the SignalRChat project folder, create aHubs folder.

    In theHubs folder, create theChatHub class with the following code:

    using Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR;namespace SignalRChat.Hubs{    public class ChatHub : Hub    {        public async Task SendMessage(string user, string message)        {            await Clients.All.SendAsync("ReceiveMessage", user, message);        }    }}

    TheChatHub class inherits from the SignalRHub class. TheHub class manages connections, groups, and messaging.

    TheSendMessage method can be called by a connected client to send a message to all clients. JavaScript client code that calls the method is shown later in the tutorial. SignalR code is asynchronous to provide maximum scalability.

    Configure SignalR

    The SignalR server must be configured to pass SignalR requests to SignalR. Add the following highlighted code to theProgram.cs file.

    using SignalRChat.Hubs;var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);// Add services to the container.builder.Services.AddRazorPages();builder.Services.AddSignalR();var app = builder.Build();// Configure the HTTP request pipeline.if (!app.Environment.IsDevelopment()){    app.UseExceptionHandler("/Error");    // The default HSTS value is 30 days. You may want to change this for production scenarios, see https://aka.ms/aspnetcore-hsts.    app.UseHsts();}app.UseHttpsRedirection();app.UseStaticFiles();app.UseRouting();app.UseAuthorization();app.MapRazorPages();app.MapHub<ChatHub>("/chatHub");app.Run();

    The preceding highlighted code adds SignalR to the ASP.NET Core dependency injection and routing systems.

    Add SignalR client code

    Replace the content inPages/Index.cshtml with the following code:

    @page<div>    <div>        <div>User</div>        <div><input type="text" /></div>    </div>    <div>        <div>Message</div>        <div><input type="text" /></div>    </div>    <div>        <div>            <input type="button" value="Send Message" />        </div>    </div>    <div>        <div>            <hr />        </div>    </div>    <div>        <div>            <ul></ul>        </div>    </div></div><script src="~/js/signalr/dist/browser/signalr.js"></script><script src="~/js/chat.js"></script>

    The preceding markup:

    • Creates text boxes and a submit button.
    • Creates a list withid="messagesList" for displaying messages that are received from the SignalR hub.
    • Includes script references to SignalR and thechat.js app code is created in the next step.

    In thewwwroot/js folder, create achat.js file with the following code:

    "use strict";var connection = new signalR.HubConnectionBuilder().withUrl("/chatHub").build();//Disable the send button until connection is established.document.getElementById("sendButton").disabled = true;connection.on("ReceiveMessage", function (user, message) {    var li = document.createElement("li");    document.getElementById("messagesList").appendChild(li);    // We can assign user-supplied strings to an element's textContent because it    // is not interpreted as markup. If you're assigning in any other way, you     // should be aware of possible script injection concerns.    li.textContent = `${user} says ${message}`;});connection.start().then(function () {    document.getElementById("sendButton").disabled = false;}).catch(function (err) {    return console.error(err.toString());});document.getElementById("sendButton").addEventListener("click", function (event) {    var user = document.getElementById("userInput").value;    var message = document.getElementById("messageInput").value;    connection.invoke("SendMessage", user, message).catch(function (err) {        return console.error(err.toString());    });    event.preventDefault();});

    The preceding #"tablist">

  • Visual Studio
  • Visual Studio Code
  • Visual Studio for Mac

    • SelectCtrl+F5 to run the app without debugging.

    Copy the URL from the address bar, open another browser instance or tab, and paste the URL in the address bar.

    Choose either browser, enter a name and message, and select theSend Message button.

    The name and message are displayed on both pages instantly.

    Completed SignalR sample app

    Tip

    If the app doesn't work, open the browser developer tools (F12) and go to the console. Look for possible errors related to HTML and JavaScript code. For example, ifsignalr.js was put in a different folder than directed, the reference to that file won't work resulting in a 404 error in the console.signalr.js not found errorIf anERR_SPDY_INADEQUATE_TRANSPORT_SECURITY error has occurred in Chrome, run the following commands to update the development certificate:

    dotnet dev-certs https --cleandotnet dev-certs https --trust

    Publish to Azure

    For information on deploying to Azure, seeQuickstart: Deploy an ASP.NET web app. For more information on Azure SignalR Service, seeWhat is Azure SignalR Service?.

    Next steps

    This tutorial teaches the basics of building a real-time app using SignalR. You learn how to:

    • Create a web project.
    • Add the SignalR client library.
    • Create a SignalR hub.
    • Configure the project to use SignalR.
    • Add code that sends messages from any client to all connected clients.

    At the end, you'll have a working chat app:

    SignalR sample app

    Prerequisites

    Create a web app project

    Start Visual Studio 2022 and selectCreate a new project.

    Create a new project from the start window

    In theCreate a new project dialog, selectASP.NET Core Web App, and then selectNext.

    Create an ASP.NET Core Web App

    In theConfigure your new project dialog, enterSignalRChat forProject name. It's important to name the projectSignalRChat, including matching the capitalization, so the namespaces match the code in the tutorial.

    SelectNext.

    In theAdditional information dialog, select.NET 6.0 (Long-term support) and then selectCreate.

    Additional information

    Add the SignalR client library

    The SignalR server library is included in the ASP.NET Core shared framework. The JavaScript client library isn't automatically included in the project. For this tutorial, use Library Manager (LibMan) to get the client library fromunpkg.unpkgis a fast, global content delivery network for everything onnpm.

    InSolution Explorer, right-click the project, and selectAdd >Client-Side Library.

    In theAdd Client-Side Library dialog:

    • Selectunpkg forProvider
    • Enter@microsoft/signalr@latest forLibrary.
    • SelectChoose specific files, expand thedist/browser folder, and selectsignalr.js andsignalr.min.js.
    • SetTarget Location towwwroot/js/signalr/.
    • SelectInstall.

    Add Client-Side Library dialog - select library

    LibMan creates awwwroot/js/signalr folder and copies the selected files to it.

    Create a SignalR hub

    Ahub is a class that serves as a high-level pipeline that handles client-server communication.

    In the SignalRChat project folder, create aHubs folder.

    In theHubs folder, create theChatHub class with the following code:

    using Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR;namespace SignalRChat.Hubs{    public class ChatHub : Hub    {        public async Task SendMessage(string user, string message)        {            await Clients.All.SendAsync("ReceiveMessage", user, message);        }    }}

    TheChatHub class inherits from the SignalRHub class. TheHub class manages connections, groups, and messaging.

    TheSendMessage method can be called by a connected client to send a message to all clients. JavaScript client code that calls the method is shown later in the tutorial. SignalR code is asynchronous to provide maximum scalability.

    Configure SignalR

    The SignalR server must be configured to pass SignalR requests to SignalR. Add the following highlighted code to theProgram.cs file.

    using SignalRChat.Hubs;var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);builder.Services.AddRazorPages();builder.Services.AddSignalR();var app = builder.Build();if (!app.Environment.IsDevelopment()){    app.UseExceptionHandler("/Error");    app.UseHsts();}app.UseHttpsRedirection();app.UseStaticFiles();app.UseRouting();app.UseAuthorization();app.MapRazorPages();app.MapHub<ChatHub>("/chatHub");app.Run();

    The preceding highlighted code adds SignalR to the ASP.NET Core dependency injection and routing systems.

    Add SignalR client code

    Replace the content inPages/Index.cshtml with the following code:

    @page    <div>        <div>            <div>User</div>            <div><input type="text" /></div>        </div>        <div>            <div>Message</div>            <div><input type="text" /></div>        </div>        <div>            <div>                <input type="button" value="Send Message" />            </div>        </div>        <div>            <div>                <hr />            </div>        </div>        <div>            <div>                <ul></ul>            </div>        </div>    </div><script src="~/js/signalr/dist/browser/signalr.js"></script><script src="~/js/chat.js"></script>

    The preceding markup:

    • Creates text boxes and a submit button.
    • Creates a list withid="messagesList" for displaying messages that are received from the SignalR hub.
    • Includes script references to SignalR and thechat.js app code is created in the next step.

    In thewwwroot/js folder, create achat.js file with the following code:

    "use strict";var connection = new signalR.HubConnectionBuilder().withUrl("/chatHub").build();//Disable the send button until connection is established.document.getElementById("sendButton").disabled = true;connection.on("ReceiveMessage", function (user, message) {    var li = document.createElement("li");    document.getElementById("messagesList").appendChild(li);    // We can assign user-supplied strings to an element's textContent because it    // is not interpreted as markup. If you're assigning in any other way, you     // should be aware of possible script injection concerns.    li.textContent = `${user} says ${message}`;});connection.start().then(function () {    document.getElementById("sendButton").disabled = false;}).catch(function (err) {    return console.error(err.toString());});document.getElementById("sendButton").addEventListener("click", function (event) {    var user = document.getElementById("userInput").value;    var message = document.getElementById("messageInput").value;    connection.invoke("SendMessage", user, message).catch(function (err) {        return console.error(err.toString());    });    event.preventDefault();});

    The preceding #"tablist">

  • Visual Studio
  • Visual Studio Code
  • Visual Studio for Mac

    • Press CTRL+F5 to run the app without debugging.

    Copy the URL from the address bar, open another browser instance or tab, and paste the URL in the address bar.

    Choose either browser, enter a name and message, and select theSend Message button.

    The name and message are displayed on both pages instantly.

    SignalR sample app

    Tip

    If the app doesn't work, open the browser developer tools (F12) and go to the console. Look for possible errors related to HTML and JavaScript code. For example, ifsignalr.js was put in a different folder than directed, the reference to that file won't work resulting in a 404 error in the console.signalr.js not found errorIf anERR_SPDY_INADEQUATE_TRANSPORT_SECURITY error has occurred in Chrome, run the following commands to update the development certificate:

    dotnet dev-certs https --cleandotnet dev-certs https --trust

    Publish to Azure

    For information on deploying to Azure, seeQuickstart: Deploy an ASP.NET web app. For more information on Azure SignalR Service, seeWhat is Azure SignalR Service?.

    Next steps

    This tutorial teaches the basics of building a real-time app using SignalR. You learn how to:

    • Create a web project.
    • Add the SignalR client library.
    • Create a SignalR hub.
    • Configure the project to use SignalR.
    • Add code that sends messages from any client to all connected clients.

    At the end, you'll have a working chat app:

    SignalR sample app

    Prerequisites

    Create a web app project

    • From the menu, selectFile > New Project.
    • In theCreate a new project dialog, selectASP.NET Core Web Application, and then selectNext.
    • In theConfigure your new project dialog, name the projectSignalRChat, and then selectCreate.
    • In theCreate a new ASP.NET Core web Application dialog, select.NET Core andASP.NET Core 3.1.
    • SelectWeb Application to create a project that uses Razor Pages, and then selectCreate.

    New Project dialog in Visual Studio

    Add the SignalR client library

    The SignalR server library is included in the ASP.NET Core 3.1 shared framework. The JavaScript client library isn't automatically included in the project. For this tutorial, you use Library Manager (LibMan) to get the client library fromunpkg. unpkg is a content delivery network (CDN) that can deliver anything found in npm, the Node.js package manager.

    • InSolution Explorer, right-click the project, and selectAdd >Client-Side Library.
    • In theAdd Client-Side Library dialog, forProvider selectunpkg.
    • ForLibrary, enter@microsoft/signalr@latest.
    • SelectChoose specific files, expand thedist/browser folder, and selectsignalr.js andsignalr.min.js.
    • SetTarget Location towwwroot/js/signalr/
    • SelectInstall

    Add Client-Side Library dialog - select library

    LibMan creates awwwroot/js/signalr folder and copies the selected files to it.

    Create a SignalR hub

    Ahub is a class that serves as a high-level pipeline that handles client-server communication.

    • In the SignalRChat project folder, create aHubs folder.
    • In theHubs folder, create aChatHub.cs file with the following code:
    using Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR;using System.Threading.Tasks;namespace SignalRChat.Hubs{    public class ChatHub : Hub    {        public async Task SendMessage(string user, string message)        {            await Clients.All.SendAsync("ReceiveMessage", user, message);        }    }}

    TheChatHub class inherits from the SignalRHub class. TheHub class manages connections, groups, and messaging.

    TheSendMessage method can be called by a connected client to send a message to all clients. JavaScript client code that calls the method is shown later in the tutorial. SignalR code is asynchronous to provide maximum scalability.

    Configure SignalR

    The SignalR server must be configured to pass SignalR requests to SignalR.

    • Add the following highlighted code to theStartup.cs file.

      using System;using System.Collections.Generic;using System.Linq;using System.Threading.Tasks;using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Builder;using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Hosting;using Microsoft.AspNetCore.HttpsPolicy;using Microsoft.Extensions.Configuration;using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection;using Microsoft.Extensions.Hosting;using SignalRChat.Hubs;namespace SignalRChat{    public class Startup    {        public Startup(IConfiguration configuration)        {            Configuration = configuration;        }        public IConfiguration Configuration { get; }        // This method gets called by the runtime. Use this method to add services to the container.        public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)        {            services.AddRazorPages();            services.AddSignalR();        }        // This method gets called by the runtime. Use this method to configure the HTTP request pipeline.        public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app, IWebHostEnvironment env)        {            if (env.IsDevelopment())            {                app.UseDeveloperExceptionPage();            }            else            {                app.UseExceptionHandler("/Error");                // The default HSTS value is 30 days. You may want to change this for production scenarios, see https://aka.ms/aspnetcore-hsts.                app.UseHsts();            }            app.UseHttpsRedirection();            app.UseStaticFiles();            app.UseRouting();            app.UseAuthorization();            app.UseEndpoints(endpoints =>            {                endpoints.MapRazorPages();                endpoints.MapHub<ChatHub>("/chatHub");            });        }    }}

      These changes add SignalR to the ASP.NET Core dependency injection and routing systems.

    Add SignalR client code

    • Replace the content inPages/Index.cshtml with the following code:

      @page    <div>        <div>            <div>User</div>            <div><input type="text" /></div>        </div>        <div>            <div>Message</div>            <div><input type="text" /></div>        </div>        <div>            <div>                <input type="button" value="Send Message" />            </div>        </div>        <div>            <div>                <hr />            </div>        </div>        <div>            <div>                <ul></ul>            </div>        </div>    </div><script src="~/js/signalr/dist/browser/signalr.js"></script><script src="~/js/chat.js"></script>

      The preceding code:

      • Creates text boxes for name and message text, and a submit button.
      • Creates a list withid="messagesList" for displaying messages that are received from the SignalR hub.
      • Includes script references to SignalR and thechat.js application code that you create in the next step.

    • In thewwwroot/js folder, create achat.js file with the following code:

      "use strict";var connection = new signalR.HubConnectionBuilder().withUrl("/chatHub").build();//Disable send button until connection is establisheddocument.getElementById("sendButton").disabled = true;connection.on("ReceiveMessage", function (user, message) {    var li = document.createElement("li");    document.getElementById("messagesList").appendChild(li);    // We can assign user-supplied strings to an element's textContent because it    // is not interpreted as markup. If you're assigning in any other way, you     // should be aware of possible script injection concerns.    li.textContent = `${user} says ${message}`;});connection.start().then(function () {    document.getElementById("sendButton").disabled = false;}).catch(function (err) {    return console.error(err.toString());});document.getElementById("sendButton").addEventListener("click", function (event) {    var user = document.getElementById("userInput").value;    var message = document.getElementById("messageInput").value;    connection.invoke("SendMessage", user, message).catch(function (err) {        return console.error(err.toString());    });    event.preventDefault();});

      The preceding code:

      • Creates and starts a connection.
      • Adds to the submit button a handler that sends messages to the hub.
      • Adds to the connection object a handler that receives messages from the hub and adds them to the list.

    Run the app

    • PressCTRL+F5 to run the app without debugging.
    • Copy the URL from the address bar, open another browser instance or tab, and paste the URL in the address bar.
    • Choose either browser, enter a name and message, and select theSend Message button.The name and message are displayed on both pages instantly.

    SignalR sample app

    Tip

    • If the app doesn't work, open your browser developer tools (F12) and go to the console. You might see errors related to your HTML and JavaScript code. For example, suppose you putsignalr.js in a different folder than directed. In that case the reference to that file won't work and you'll see a 404 error in the console.signalr.js not found error

    • If you get the error ERR_SPDY_INADEQUATE_TRANSPORT_SECURITY in Chrome, run these commands to update your development certificate:

      dotnet dev-certs https --cleandotnet dev-certs https --trust

    Publish to Azure

    For information on deploying to Azure, seeQuickstart: Deploy an ASP.NET web app.

    Next steps

    Collaborate with us on GitHub
    The source for this content can be found on GitHub, where you can also create and review issues and pull requests. For more information, seeour contributor guide.

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