VerbumSanscriticumyoga multas significationes habet,[8] et de radice Sanscriticayuj 'moderari, coniungere, copulare' deducitur.[9] Communia verba conversa sunt 'iungere, copulare, unio, coniunctio', et 'via'.[10][11] Fortasse etiam, verbumyoga deyujir samadhau 'contemplatio, absorptio' deducitur.[12]
Extra Indiam, vocabulumyoga usitate cumHatha Yoga et eiusasanis (statibus) consociatur, vel speciem exercitationis significat. Qui yogam faciat vel philosophiam yogae ad altum artis gradum sequaturyogi autyogini appellatur.[13]
Modi ad altos sensuum status in meditatione experiendos a memoriisshramanicis etUpanishadicis evoluti sunt.[17] Dum in primis scripturis Brahminicis absunt certa meditationis indicia,meditatio sine forma fortasse in memoria Brahminica orta est, secundum similitudines claras sententiarum Upanishadicarum decosmologia et propositorum demeditatione duorum magistrorumBuddhae, ut in primis scripturis Buddhistis dictum est.[18] Licet etiam alia interpretationes.[19]
Calces vel proposita vel fines yogae sunt variae et ab salutem emendatam adMoksham perfectam transiunt.[20] Intra Iainismum etmonistasAdvaitae VedantaeSivaismique scholas, calx yogae videtur in Moksha, liberatione ex omni dolore quotidiano et circulo ortusmortisque (Samsara), cum sit cognitio eiusdem SupremiBrahmani. InMahabharata, calx yogae varie descripta est: ut mundumBrahmae intrare, utBrahman ipsum, vel ut BrahmanAtmanve omnes res permanans percipere.[21] IntrabhaktiVaishnavismi scholas,bhakti 'ministerium adSvayam bhagavan ipsum datum' fieri potest ultima rationis yoganae calx, ubi propositum est aeterná cumVishnu coniunctione frui.[22]
↑"ars Indica quae yoga appellatur" (Helfer, inMorgan).
↑De usibus verbi litterisPāli, vide Thomas William, Rhys Davids, et William Stede,Pali-English dictionary (editio retractata a Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1993, p. 558),liber apud books.google.com.
↑Tattvarthasutra [6.1]; vide librum conversum a Manu Doshi (Ahmedabad: Shrut Ratnakar, 2007), p. 102.
↑"[Verbo]iogae suntquinque significationes principales: 1) yoga as a disciplined method for attaining a goal; 2) yoga as techniques of controlling the body and the mind; 3) yoga as a name of one of the schools or systems of philosophy (darśana); 4) yoga in connection with other words, such ashatha-, mantra-, and laya-, referring to traditions specialising in particular techniques of yoga; 5) yoga as the goal of yoga practice" (Jacobsen 2005:4). Monier-Williams iogam comprehendit in "the second of the two Sāṃkhya systems," et "mental abstraction practised as a system (as taught by Patañjali and called the Yoga philosophy)" in suisyogae definitionibus.
↑Pandit Usharbudh Arya,The Philosophy of Hatha Yoga (Himalayan Institute Press, 1985, 2nd ed.; Sri Swami Rama,The Royal Path: Practical Lessons on Yoga (Himalayan Institute Press, 2008, nova editio; Patanjali,How to know god: The yoga aphorisms of Patanjali, conversus a Swami Prabhavananda et Christopher Isherwood (Vedanta Press, 1996, nova editio.
↑Pro indice 38 verbi significationum, vide Apte, p. 788.
↑Pro 'coniungere, copulare, unio, iunctio', vide Apte, p. 788.
↑Pro 'modus, "modus, ratio, via', vide Apte, p. 788, definitionem 5.
↑Proyoga deductum ex radiceyujir samadhau contrayujir yoge, vide Maehle, p. 141.
↑"Yogi, One who practices yoga" (American Heritage Dictionary). "Yogi, A follower of the yoga philosophy; an ascetic" (Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary).
Karel Werner scribit: "Archeological discoveries allow us therefore to speculate with some justification that a wide range of Yoga activities was already known to the people of pre-Aryan India."Werner, Karel (1998). Yoga and Indian Philosophy. Motilal Banarsidass Publ.. p. 103. ISBN9788120816091.
Heinrich Zimmer unum signum describit "sicut yogi sessum."Zimmer, Heinrich (1972). Myths and Symbols in Indian Art and Civilization. Princeton University Press, ed. nova. p. 168. ISBN978-0691017785
Thomas McEvilley scribit: "The six mysterious Indus Valley seal images...all without exception show figures in a position known in hatha yoga asmulabhandasana or possibly the closely relatedutkatasana orbaddha konasana"McEvilley, Thomas (2002). The shape of ancient thought. Allworth Communications. pp. 219–220. ISBN9781581152036
Gavin Flood disputat unum ex signis, "signum Pashupati" appellatum. Flood, pp. 28–29.
Geoffrey Samuel, de signo Pashupati, putat nos "non revera scire quomodo figura explanetur, nec quod is aut ea significat."Samuel, Geoffrey (2008). The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Cambridge University Press. p. 4. ISBN9780521695343.
↑"Characterized by an emphasis on bhakti, its goal is to escape from the cycle of birth and death in order to enjoy the presence of Vishnu." ("Vaishnavism,"Britannica Concise).
Jacobsen, Knut A., ed.2005.Theory and Practice of Yoga: Essays in Honour of Gerald James Larson. Studies in the History of Religions, 110. Brill Academic Publishers.ISBN 90-04-14757-8.
Marshall, John.1931.Mohenjodaro and the Indus Civilization: Being an Official Account of Archaeological Excavations at Mohenjodaro Carried Out by the Government of India between the Years 1922–27. Dellii: Indological Book House.
Michaels, Axel.2004.Hinduism: Past and Present. Princetoniae: Princeton University Press.ISBN 0-691-08953-1.
Zimmer, Heinrich.1951.Philosophies of India. Bollingen Series, edited by Joseph Campbell, 26. Novi Eboraci: Princeton University Press.ISBN 0-691-01758-1.
