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Botanice

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E Vicipaedia

(Redirectum deBotanica)

Hortus Botanicus Upsaliensis

Hortus Plantarum Lutetiae

Botanice,^[1] saepebotanica^[2]^[1] (exGraeco βοτάνη 'pascua, gramen, pabulum' < βόσκειν 'pasci, vesci'), velphytologia, antiquears herbaria, hodie aliquandoscientia plantarum etbiologia plantarum, est parsbiologiae etscientia vitae plantarum^[3] (Gordh et Headrick 2001:134; Liddell et Scott 1940; Online Etymology Dictionary 2012). Haec disciplina inlitteris a maioribus traditis studiumfungorum,algarum, etviruum comprehendit. Qui litteris rerum botanicarum studeat botanista appellatur.

Botanice latumdisciplinarum scientificarum spatium tractat, inter quasstructura,auctus,reproductio,metabolismus,progressus,phytopathologia, proprietateschemicae, etevolutionariae gregumtaxinomicorum coniunctiones. Botanice initium habuit cum primihomines plantasedules,medicinales,venenosas distinguere conati essent; quo facto, botanice facta est una ex veterrimisscientiae generibus. Hodie botanistae circa 400 000specierum organismorum vivorum student.

Initiumsystematum classificationis modo hodierno perRenascentiam saeculorum sexti decimi etseptimi decimi ortum est, cum botanistae conatus ad describendas plantas secundum principia scientifica primum facerent. Saeculisundevicensimo etvicensimo, maioresartes novas ad investigandas plantas evolutae sunt, inter quas ususmicroscopiorum, enumeratiochromosomatum, et explicatiophytochemiarum.Duobus recentissimis saeculi vicensimidecenniis,DNA ad accuratius describendas plantas adhiberi coepit.

Investigationes botanicae greges plantarum, evolutio,physiologia, structura, et systematica vehementius dicunt. Inter subdisciplinas botanicas suntagronomia,silvicultura,horticultura, etpalaeobotanica. Inter scientistas maximi momenti inhistoria botanica suntTheophrastus,Ibn al-Baitar,Carolus Linnaeus,Gregorius Ioannes Mendel, etNormannus Borlaug.

Historia

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Nova botanice

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Usitata botanistaeinstrumenta.

Historia botanices multasscripturas antiquas et classificationes plantarum in nonnullis novisculturis repertas comprehendit. Exempla novorum operum botanicorum in antiquislibris sacris Indicis,litteris Zoroastrianis, et antiquis operibusSinicis inventa sunt.

Botanice hodierna suum initium abhincsaeculorum plus quam viginti tres habuit, usque adTheophrastum (circa371–287 a.C.n.), discipulumAristotelis et patrem botanicum; qui multa botanices hodiernae principia excogitavit et descripsit (Greene 1909:140–142). Sua opera maiora,Historia Plantarum etDe Causis Plantarum, scientiae botanicae maxime proerant perantiquitatem etAevum Medium, et sic nonnulla saecula septendecim postquam scripta manebant (Bennett et Hammond 1902:30; Greene 1909:140–142). Etiam ex Graecia,Pedanius Dioscorides, mediosaeculo primo,librumDe Materia Medica scripsit,encyclopaediam involuminibus quinque demedicina herbali quae plus quam 1500annorum late legebatur (Mauseth 2003:532).

Inter mediaevalia mundiIslamici opera erantAgricultura NabataeaIbn Wahshiyya,Liber PlantarumAbū Ḥanīfa Dīnawarī (828–896), etClassificatio SolorumIbn Bassal.Saeculo tertio decimo ineunte, Abu al-Abbas al-Nabati etIbn al-Baitar (mortuus 1248) etiam opera de botanica conscripserunt (Dallal 2010:197; Levey 1973:116; Panaino 2002:93).

Nova botanice hodierna

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Classis cruciformiumHenrici Ioannis Nepomuceni de Crantz (1769).

Leonhart Fuchs (1501–1566),physicus Germanicus, fuit unus ex "tribus Germanis botanices patribus," cumOttone Brunfels (1489–1534) etHieronymo Bock (1498–1554), etiam Hieronymo Tragus appellato (National Museum of Wales 2007; Yaniv et Bachrach 2005:157).Valerius Cordus (1515–1544)Dispensatorium, perennem cuiusdam momentipharmacopoeiam, anno1546 protulit (Sprague 1939).Conradus Gesnerus (1516–1565) etNicolaus Culpeper (1616–1654) etiam herbalia de medicinalibus plantarum usibus ediderunt.Ulixes Aldrovandi (1522–1605) diu habebatur "paterhistoriae naturalis," notionis quae studium plantarum tum comprehendebat.Robertus Hooke, novummicroscopium adhibens,cellulas (nomen ab eo factum) inmateria exQuercu suber excisa anno1665, et mox in textura plantarum vivarum invenit (Waggoner 2001).

Excogitabantursaeculo duodevicensimo systemata classificationis quae clavium diagnosticorum similia sunt, ubitaxa paribus a priori digeruntur.Sequentia taxorum in clavibus saepe ad eorum gregesnaturales velphyleticos non spectavit (Scharf 2009:73–117). Ante saeculum undevicensimum, crescens novarum plantarum numerus exregionibus nove inventiscoloniisque Europaeis perorbem terrarum conditis Europam advenierant, et plantae magis atque magis investigari poterant. Libris botanicis illo tempore erant perpaucaepicturae (Scharf 2009:73–74).Carolus Linnaeus regnum plantarum in viginti quinqueclasses anno1754 secundumtaxinomiam divisit cui erant ordinariaespecierum animalium et plantarumbinomina. Ratione in duabus partibus usus est ubi primum nomengenus et alterum speciem repraesentaverunt (Capon 2005:220–223).Cryptogamia, una ex classificationibus Linnaeanis, omnes plantas quibus sunt partesreproductivae celatae (bryophyta,marchantiophyta,pteridophyta),algas,fungos comprehendit (Hoek, Mann, et Jahns 2005:9).

Auctaanatomiae,morphologiae, circulorumquevitae plantarumgnaritas inventionem promovitnaturales inter plantas coniunctiones plures esse quam systema sexuale Linnaeanum significavit.Adanson (1763),de Jussieu (1789), etCandolle (1819) ergo altera systemata naturalia proposuerunt, quae botanistae late secuti sunt. Notiones autemselectionis naturalis ut machinatioevolutionis postulaverunt utsystema Candolleanum immutaretur—quod vicissim studia coniunctionum evolutionariarum etclassificationum phylogeneticarum plantarum incitavit (Ereshefsky 1997:493–519; Gray et Sargent 1889:292–293).

Magnopere promota est botanice per divulgationemlibriGrundzuge der Wissenschaftlichen, primi operis late patentis "hodierni," aMatthaeo Iacobo Schleiden compositi, annoque1849 Anglice nominePrinciples of Scientific Botany iterum editi (Morton 1981:377).Carolus Ludovicus Willdenow coniunctionemdissipationis seminum etdistributionis geographicae, ingenium consociationum plantarum, effectumquehistoriae geologicae investigavit.Nucleus cellularum aRoberto Brown anno1831 inventus est (Harris 2000:76–81).

Botanice hodierna

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Generatur hodie multainformatio perplantas exemplares investigandas, sicutArabidopsis thaliana ; quae alacrisfamiliae Brassicacearum species fuit una ex plantis cuiusgenoma primum ordinatum est.Oryza, quia suumgenoma parvum communitasque investigatorum magna est, fit gravefrumenti-poacearum-monocotyledonum exemplar in ordinatione plantarum (Devos et Gale 2000).Brachypodium distachyon, aliagraminum species, est experimentalebiologiae geneticae,cellularis,molecularis intellegendae exemplar (University of California-Davis 2012). Genomata aliorumciborum qui incommercio momentum habent, inter quostriticum,zea,hordeum,secale,pennisetum, etglycine, nunc ordinantur. Ordinatio nonnullarum plantarum est difficilis quia eis sunt plus quamduae haploidae chromosomatum copiae—condiciopolyploidia appellata, in regno plantarum generalis.Chlamydomonas reinhardtii,alga viridis, est organismus exemplaris qui ad promovendamscientiam biologiae cellularis magni momenti est (Ben-Menahem 2009:5370).

Anno1998,Grex Phylogeniae Angiospermarum insigniterphylogeniam plantarum florentium protulit in explicatione sequentiarumDNA ex plurimis plantarum florentium familiis condita. Propter haec studia, multa aenigmata, sicut quae familiae primosangiospermarum ramos repraesentent, soluta sunt. Investigatio coniunctionum specierum plantarum botanistis rationisevolutionis in plantis melius intelligendae facultatem facit (Chase et al. 2003:399–436). Contra studium plantarum exemplarium et crescentem indiciorum DNA usum, taxinomistae in laborando et disputando persistunt de quomodo plantas in variataxa optime describi possunt (Capon 2005:233).

Subdisciplinae botanicae

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Agronomia, studium productionis messium
Anatomia plantarum, studium structuraecellularum ettexturarum
Botanices oeconomica, studium plantarum quibus sunt ususoeconomici
Bryologia, studiumbryophytorum,marchantiphytorum,anthocerophytorum
Cryptobotania, studium plantarum quae non esse plerumque putantur
Dendrologia, studium plantarumlignosarum,fruticum,arborum,lianarum
Ethnobotania, studium coniunctionumhominum et plantarum
Genetica plantarum, studiumhereditatis geneticae in plantis
Horticultura, studium plantarum cultarum
Lichenologia, studiumlichenum

Morphologia plantarum, studium structurae et circulorumvitae plantarum
Mycologia, studiumfungorum
Neurobiologia plantarum, studiummorum plantarum
Oecologia plantarum, studium partium incircumiectu a plantis actarum
Palaeobotania, studium plantarumfossilium
Palynologia, studiumpollinis etsporarum
Phycologia, studiumalgarum
Physiologia plantarum, studium rationum vitae plantarum
Phytochemia, studiumchemiae secundariae et rationum chemicarum plantarum
Phytopathologia, studiummorborum plantarum
Silvicultura, studium administrationissilvarum
Taxinomia plantarum, studium nominum et classificationis plantarum

Notae

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↑^1.0^1.1Siebenhaar, F.J. (1850).Terminologisches Wörterbuch der medicinischen Wissenschaften. (Zweite Auflage). Leipzig: Arnoldische Buchhandlung.
↑Sommerhoff, J.C. (1713).Lexicon pharmaceuticochymicum Latino-Germanicum et Gemanico-Latinum. Nürnberg: J.F. Rüdiger.
↑"Botanice est Scientia Naturalis, quae Vegetabilium cognitionem tradit."—Linnaeus,Philosophia Botanica (Stockholmiae, 1750), p. 1.

Bibiliographia

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Hibiscus.

Scientia popularis

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Attenborough, David (1995). The Private Life of Plants. Londinii: British Broadcasting Corporation (TV), Edbury Publishing—BBC Books (print). ISBN 0-563-37023-8
Bellamy, David (1972). Bellamy on Botany. Londinii: Edbury Publishing—BBC Books. ISBN 0-563-10666-2
Ben-Menahem, Ari (2009). Historical Encyclopedia of Natural and Mathematical Sciences. 1. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 3-540-68831-5
Capon, Brian (2005). Botany for Gardeners (2a ed.). Portlandiae Oregnoiae: Timber Publishing. ISBN 0-88192-655-8
Capon, Brian (2010). Botany for Gardeners (3a ed.). Portland, Oregioniae: Timber Publishing. ISBN 1-60469-095-X
Cohen, Joel E. (1996). How Many People Can the Earth Support?. Londinii: W. W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-31495-2
Dallal, Ahmad (2010). Islam, Science, and the Challenge of History. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-15911-0
Grene, Marjorie Glicksman; Depew, David J. (2004). The Philosophy of Biology: An Episodic History. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-64371-6
Halle, Francis (2002). In Praise of Plants. Portland, OR: Timber Publishing. ISBN 0-88192-550-0
Iyer, Meena (2009). Faith & Philosophy of Zoroastrianism. Delhi, India: Kalpaz Publications. ISBN 978-81-7835-724-9
King, John (1997). Reaching for the Sun: How Plants Work. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-58738-7
Morton, A. G. (1981). History of Botanical Science. Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-508380-7 (hardback), 0125083823 (paperback)
Pakenham, Thomas (1996). Meetings with Remarkable Trees. Londinii: Random House. ISBN 0-375-75268-4
Pakenham, Thomas (2002). Remarkable Trees of the World. Londinii: W. W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-04911-6
Pollan, Michael (2001). The Botany of Desire: A Plant's-eye View of the World. Novi Eboraci: Public Broadcasting System (TV), Random House (print). ISBN 0-375-50129-0
Thomas, Barry A. (1981). The Evolution of Plants and Flowers. Novi Eboraci: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-27271-5
Walker, David (1992). Energy, Plants and Man (2a ed.). Sheffield, Angliae: Oxygraphics Ltd. ISBN 1-870232-05-4
Yaniv, Zohara; Bachrach, Uriel (2005). Handbook of Medicinal Plants. Binghampton, Novi Eboraci: Haworth Press. ISBN 1-56022-994-2

Res academicae et scientificae

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Acharya, Deepak; Anshu, Shrivastava (2008). Indigenous Herbal Medicines: Tribal Formulations and Traditional Herbal Practices. Jaipur, India: Aavishkar Publishers. ISBN 81-7910-252-1
Bennett, Charles E.; Hammond, William A. (1902). The characters of Theophrastus – Introduction. Londinii: Longmans, Green, and Co.
Butz, Stephen D. (2007). Science of Earth Systems (2 ed.). Clifton Park Novi Eboraci: Delmar Cengage Learning. ISBN 1-4180-4122-X
Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (2004). "Only Six Kingdoms of Life" (PDF). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 271: 1251–1262
Crawford, R. M. M. (1988). Studies in Plant Survival: An Ecophysical Examination of Plant Distribution (Studies in Ecology). Oxoniae: Blackwell Science. ISBN 0-632-01475-X
Chapman, Jasmin; Horsfall, Peter; O'Brien, Pat; Murphy, Jan; MacDonald, Averil (2001). Science Web. Cheltenham, Angliae: Nelson Thornes. ISBN 0-17-438746-6
Chase, Mark W.; Bremer, Birgitta; Bremer, Kåre; Reveal, James L.; Soltis, Douglas E.; Soltis, Pamela S.; Stevens, Peter S. (2003). "An Update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group Classification for the Orders and Families of Flowering Plants: APG II" (PDF). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society (The Linnean Society of London) 141: 399–436
Copeland, Herbert Faulkner (1938). "The Kingdoms of Organisms". Quarterly Review of Biology 13: 383–420
Devos, Katrien M.; Gale, M. D. (Maio2000). "Genome Relationships: The Grass Model in Current Research". The Plant Cell (American Society of Plant Physiologists) 12 (5): 637–646
Ereshefsky, Marc (1997). "The Evolution of the Linnaean Hierarchy". Biology and Philosophy (Kluwer Academic Publishers) 12 (4)
Gordh, Gordon; Headrick, D. H. (2001). A Dictionary of Entomology. Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: CABI Publishing. ISBN 0-85199-291-9
Gray, Asa; Sargent, Charles (1889). Scientific Papers of Asa Gray: Selected by Charles Sprague Sargent. Bostoniae Massachusettae: Houghton Mifflin
Greene, Edward Lee (1909). Landmarks of botanical history: a study of certain epochs in the development of the science of botany: part 1, Prior to 1562 A.D.. Vasingtoniae: Smithsonian Institution
Harris, Henry (2000). The Birth of the Cell. Portu Novo Connecticutae: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-08295-9
Hoek, Christiaan; Mann, D. G.; Jahns, H. M. (2005). Algae: An Introduction to Phycology. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-30419-9
Levey, Martin (1973). Early Arabic Pharmacology: An Introduction Based on Ancient and Medieval Sources. Leiden: Brill Archive. ISBN 978-90-04-03796-0
Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1940). Botane (βοτάνη). Oxoniae: Clarendon Press via Perseus Digital Library, Tufts University
Mann, J. (1987). Secondary Metabolism, 2a ed.. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-855529-6
Matthews, R. E. F. (1992). Fundamentals of Plant Virology. Waltham, Massachusettae: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-480558-2
Mauseth, James D. (2003). Botany : An Introduction to Plant Biology (3a ed.). Sudbury, Massachusettae: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 0-7637-2134-4
Mauseth, James D. (2008). Botany : An Introduction to Plant Biology (4a ed.). Sudbury, Massachusettae: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 0-7637-5345-9
Panaino, Antonio (2002). Ideologies as Intercultural Phenomena: Proceedings of the Third Annual Symposium of the Assyrian and Babylonian Intellectual Heritage Project, Held in Chicago, USA, October 27–31,2000. Bononiae: Mimesis Edizioni. ISBN 978-88-8483-107-1
Raven, Peter H.; Curtis, Helena (1970). Biology of Plants (1st ed.). Novi Eboraci: Worth Publishers
Raven, Peter H.; Evert, Ray H. (1998). Biology of Plants (6th retractata ed.). Novi Eboraci: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 1-57259-041-6
Raven, Peter H.; Evert, Ray H.; Eichhorn, Susan E. (2005). Biology of Plants (7th ed.). Novi Eboraci: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-1007-2
Ridge, Irene (2002). Plants. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-925548-2
Scharf, Sara T. (2009). "Identification Keys, the “Natural Method,” and the Development of Plant Identification Manuals". Journal of the History of Biology 42 (1): 73–117
Scharlemann, J. P. W.; Laurance, W. F. (2008). "How Green are Biofuels?". Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science) 319
Sprague, T. A. (1939). "The Herbal of Valerius Cordus". The Journal of the Linnean Society of London (Linnean Society of London) LII (341)
Silyn-Roberts, Heather (2000). Writing for Science and Engineering: Papers, Presentation. Oxoniae: Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-7506-4636-5
Strange, Richard N. (2003). Introduction to Plant Pathology. West Sussex, Angliae: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-470-84973-8
Walter, Heinrich (1985). Vegetation of the Earth (3a retractata ed.). Novi Eboraci: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-13748-3
Willis, Kathy; McElwain, Jenny (2002). The Evolution of Plants. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-850065-3
Woese, C. R.; Balch, W. E.; Magrum, L. J.; Fox, G. E.; Wolfe, R. S. (Augusto1977). "An Ancient Divergence Among the Bacteria". Journal of Molecular Evolution 9 (4): 305–311
Woese, C.; Kandler, O.; Wheelis, M. (1990). "Towards a Natural System of Organisms: Proposal for the Domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 87 (12)

Botanice circumiectus

Crawley, Michael J. (1997). Plant Ecology (2a ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Ltd. ISBN 0-632-03639-7
Ennos, Roland; Sheffield, Elizabeth (2000). Plant Life. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Ltd. ISBN 0-86542-737-2
Everitt; Lonard; Little, C. R. (2007). Weeds in South Texas and Northern Mexico. Lubbock, Texiae: Texas Tech University Press. ISBN 0-89672-614-2
Richards, P. W. (1996). The Tropical Rainforest (2a ed.). Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-42194-2
Stace, Clive Anthony (1997). A New Flora of the British Isles (2a ed.). Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-58935-5

Physiologia plantarum

Bowsher, Caroline G.; Steer, M. W.; Tobin, A. K. (2008). Plant Biochemistry (2a ed.). Novi Eboraci: Garland Science, Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0-8153-4121-0
Buchanan, Bob B.; Gruissem, Wilhelm; Jones, Russell L. (2000). Biochemistry & Molecular Biology of Plants. West Sussex, Angliae: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-943088-39-9
Fitter, Alastair H.; Hay, Robert K. M. (2001). Environmental Physiology of Plants (3a ed.). Novi Eboraci: Harcourt Publishers, Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-257766-3
Lambers, Hans; Chapin III, Francis Stuart; Pons, Thijs Leendert (1998). Plant Physiological Ecology. Novi Eboraci: Springer Science. ISBN 0-387-98326-0
- Lambers, Hans; Chapin III, Francis Stuart; Pons, Thijs Leendert (2008). Plant Physiological Ecology (2a ed.). Novi Eboraci: Springer Science. ISBN 978-0-387-78340-6
Lawlor, David W. (2000). Photosynthesis (3a ed.). Novi Eboraci: Garland Science. ISBN 1-85996-157-6
Salisbury; Ross, Cleon W. (1992). Plant Physiology (4a ed.). Belmont, Californiae: Wadsworth Publishing. ISBN 0-534-15162-0
Taiz, Lincoln; Zeiger, Eduardo (1991). Plant Physiology. Redwood City, Californiae: Benjamin/Cummings Publishing. ISBN 0-8053-0245-X
Taiz, Lincoln; Zeiger, Eduardo (2002). Plant Physiology (3a ed.). Sunderland, Massachusettae: Sinauer Associates. ISBN 0-87893-823-0
Taiz, Lincoln; Zeiger, Eduardo (2006). Plant Physiology (4a ed.). Sunderland, Massachusettae: Sinauer Associates. ISBN 0-87893-856-7 .
Taiz, Lincoln; Zeiger, Eduardor (2010). Plant Physiology (5a ed.). Sunderland, Massachusettae: Sinauer Associates. ISBN 0-87893-866-4 .

Nexus externi

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