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فرما:حَوالہٕ

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وِکیٖپیٖڈیا پؠٹھٕ، اَکھ آزاد اِنسایکلوپیٖڈیا

    Template documentation[view][edit][history][purge]
    WarningThis template is used onmany pages and changes may be widely noticed. Test changes in the template's/sandbox or/testcases subpages, or in your ownuser subpage. Consider discussing changes on thetalk page before implementing them.
    • This page gives technical details for the{{Reflist}} template. For a full overview of this template in use, seeHelp:Footnotes.

    فرما:Template redirectفرما:Transwiki guide

    یہِ فرما چھُلُوا اِستِمال کَران:
    CSSThis template usesTemplateStyles:

    Thiscitation template provides formatting and organizational features forfootnotes. It encapsulates the‎<references/> tag used by theفرما:Cite.php MediaWiki extension to show the list of references as defined by‎<ref> tags. It adds support for sizing the column width, groups andفرما:Ldr.

    Parameters

    There are norequired parameters; if none are supplied, a single-column list will be generated if there are fewer than 10 references in the list. If you have more than 10 references, it will use columns of 30em wide if your device allows this.

    Optional parameters are:

    • Unnamed parameter (must be the first one if used): the minimum width for each column of references, typically inems. Syntax (for example)|30em with no space (i.e. not|30 em). Note that this replacescolwidth—see§ Obsolete parameters.
    • refs: used withفرما:Ldr.
    • group: identifies by name the subset of references to be rendered; the value should correspond to that used inline, e.g.,{{Reflist|group=groupname}} renders all references withgroupname as the group name (‎<refgroup="groupname">). There are five pre-defined group names that style the list differently. See§ Grouped references below.
    • liststyle: specifies the style used when the reference list is rendered. The default is a numbered list. When set, it will override the style set by the|group= parameter, without affecting group functionality. See§ List styles below.

    Usage

    Using only footnote-style references
    وِکی کوڈظٲہِریَتھ
    Lorem ipsum.<ref>Source name, access date, etc.</ref>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.<ref>Source name, access date, etc.</ref>==References=={{Reflist}}

    Lorem ipsum.[1]Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.[2]

    References
    1. ↑Source name, access date, etc.
    2. ↑Source name, access date, etc.
    Using only bibliographical style references (no direct references from the text)
    وِکی کوڈظٲہِریَتھ
    Lorem ipsum. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.==References=={{Refbegin}}* reference 1* reference 2{{Refend}}

    Lorem ipsum. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.

    References

    فرما:Refbegin

    • reference 1
    • reference 2

    فرما:Refend

    Using both footnote-style and bibliography-style references
    وِکی کوڈظٲہِریَتھ
    Lorem ipsum.<ref>Source name, access date, etc.</ref>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.<ref>Source name, access date, etc.</ref>==References=={{Reflist}}{{Refbegin}}* reference 1* reference 2{{Refend}}

    Lorem ipsum.[1]Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.[2]

    References
    1. ↑Source name, access date, etc.
    2. ↑Source name, access date, etc.

    فرما:Refbegin

    • reference 1
    • reference 2

    فرما:Refend

    Columns

    {{Reflist|30em}} (for example) instructs the browser to create as many columns as possible (of width at least 30 em, in this example) given the width of the display window. (Units supported are em, ex, in, cm, mm, pt, pc, px, but em is almost always used.) There must not be a space between the number and the unit. Percent is not supported.

    Choose a width appropriate to the typical width of the references:

    Example

    15em wide columns (vary width of display window to see change in number of columns)
    وِکی کوڈظٲہِریَتھ
    Lorem ipsum.<ref>Source name, access date, etc.</ref>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.<ref>Source name, access date, etc.</ref>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.<ref>Source name, access date, etc.</ref>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.<ref>Source name, access date, etc.</ref>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.<ref>Source name, access date, etc.</ref>==References=={{Reflist|15em}}

    Lorem ipsum.[1]Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.[2]Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.[3]Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.[4]Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.[5]

    References
    1. ↑Source name, access date, etc.
    2. ↑Source name, access date, etc.
    3. ↑Source name, access date, etc.
    4. ↑Source name, access date, etc.
    5. ↑Source name, access date, etc.

    The syntax{{Reflist|2}} (for example), which specifies two columns of equal widthregardless of the available display width, is deprecated. When you use 1 the template gives you a single column while 2 will pretend you specified 30em. When using higher column counts, it will pretend you specified 25em.

    List-defined references

    مزیٖد وٕچھو:WP:LDR

    A list of references may be defined within{{Reflist}} using the|refs= parameter, just like including named‎<refname="...">...‎</ref> elements inside the‎<references>...‎</references> container.

    Example

    وِکی کوڈظٲہِریَتھ
    This is reference 1.<ref name="refname1" />This is reference 2.<ref name="refname2" />==References=={{Reflist|refs=<ref name="refname1">content1</ref><ref name="refname2">content2</ref>}}

    This is reference 1.[decimal 1]This is reference 2.[decimal 2]

    References
    1. ↑content1
    2. ↑content2

    Grouped references

    مزیٖد وٕچھو:WP:REFGROUP

    References can be grouped into separate sections (for explanatory notes, table references, and the like) viagroup=:

    ‎<refgroup="groupname">

    wheregroupname is (for example)notes orsources. The group name need not be enclosed in quotes; this differs from the footnote marker where quotes are required if the group name includes a space.

    Each group used in the article must have a matching reference list:

    {{Reflist|group=groupname}}

    Predefined groups

    مزیٖد وٕچھو:H:PREGROUP

    There are predefined group names that automatically set the labels in the footnote markers and the reference list to other styles. Thus, setting{{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}} will set the group tolower-alpha and will style the reference list with lower alpha characters. The matching footnote marker can be formed by‎<refgroup="lower-alpha">...‎</ref>. This is made easier by a series of templates to set the group/label styles for the footnote marker and the reference list:مَدَتھ:Footnotes

    List styles

    For technical details, seeHelp:Cite link labels.

    As noted in§ Predefined groups, there are predefined groups that automatically add list styling. Using the listed templates is more convenient than using|liststyle=.

    Reference lists are by default numbered lists. By using the|liststyle= parameter, you can control how the list is rendered. For example, using|liststyle=upper-roman will result in references being labeled withRoman numerals instead of decimal numbers. The parameter accepts any valid CSS value defined forlist-style-type as shown below.فرما:CSS list-style-type values

    It is possible to use|liststyle= so that the labels for the footnote marker and the reference list marker differ. This should be used with care as it can be confusing to readers. For example:

    وِکی کوڈظٲہِریَتھ
    <ref group="note">Reference</ref>{{Reflist|group=note|liststyle=lower-alpha}}

    [note 1]

    1. ↑Reference

    Interaction with images

    فرما:Reflist hideIn the unusual case of an image being placed to the left of a reference list, layout problems may occur on some browsers. This can be prevented by using the columns feature.

    Technical details

    Font size

    The font size should reduce to 90% for almost all browsers, but may appear to show at 100% for very old browsers, such as early versions of Internet Explorer.[general 1] As of December 21, 2010, the standard‎<references/> tag has the same font styling. The smaller font may be disabled throughفرما:Myprefs.

    Browser support for columns

    فرما:CSS3 multiple column layout

    Multiple columns are generated by usingCSS. Almost all browsers should support the multi-column property and will show multiple columns with{{Reflist}}.[general 2][general 3][general 4]

    These browserssupport CSS columns:

    These browsers donot support CSS columns:

    • MicrosoftMSHTML-based browsers including Internet Explorer up to version 9[general 5]
    • Very oldOpera through to version 11

    Widows and orphans

    The use of columns can result inwidows and orphans, where a citation at the bottom of a column may be split to the top of the next column.MediaWiki:Common.css includes CSS rules to prevent list items from breaking between columns. Widows may still show in extreme circumstances, such as a reference list formatted in columns where only a single reference is defined.

    وِکی کوڈظٲہِریَتھ
    Lorem ipsum.<ref>Source name, access date, etc.</ref>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.==References=={{Reflist|10em}}

    Lorem ipsum.[1]Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.

    References
    1. ↑Source name, access date, etc.

    Customizing the view

    By editing your CSS, the personal appearance of the reference list can be customized. FromPreferences, select the Appearance tab, then on the selected skin select Custom CSS. After editing and saving, follow the instructions at the top of the page to purge. SeeWikipedia:Skin#Customisation (advanced users) for more help.

    Font size

    The font size for all reference lists defaults to 90% of the standard size. To change it, add:

    ol.references,.mw-parser-outputdiv.reflist,.mw-parser-outputdiv.refbegin{font-size:90%;}

    Change 90% to the desired size.

    Columns

    To disable columns, add:

    .references-column-width{column-width:auto!important;}

    Column dividers

    To add dividers (rules) between columns, add:

    .references-column-width{column-rule:1pxsolid#aaa;}

    You can alter the appearance of the dividers by changing the values.

    Perennial suggestions

    Collapsing and scrolling

    There have been a number of requests to add functionality for a collapsible orscrolling reference list. These requests have not been fulfilled due to issues with readability, accessibility, and printing. The applicable guidelines are at. Links between the inline cite and the reference list do not work when the reference list is enclosed in a collapsed box.

    To display the reference list in a scrollbox or collapsed per user, seeHelp:Reference display customization.

    For discussion on previous attempts to do this with a template, see the discussions forScrollref andRefbox.

    Including the section title

    There have been suggestions to include section header markup such as==References==. This is inadvisable because:

    Obsolete parameters

    These parameters are no longer in use:

    • colwidth: Same as specifying a column-width for the first unnamed parameter. Replaced by width as unnamed first parameter.

    Articles using unsupported parameters are tracked inCategory:Pages using reflist with unknown parameters (0).

    Template data

    This is theTemplateData for this template used byTemplateWizard,VisualEditor and other tools.See a monthly parameter usage report forTemplate:حَوالہٕ in articlesbased on its TemplateData.

    TemplateData for حَوالہٕ

    This template displays the list of footnotes at the end of an article and provides additional formatting and organizing options. After hitting "Apply changes" and turning back to VE read mode, you will not see the references list. After hitting "Publish page" and turning back to normal read mode the reference list will reappear with the changes applied, see T53146.

    Template parameters[Edit template data]

    ParameterDescriptionTypeStatus
    Columns / Column width1colwidth

    Two modes supported. First mode (deprecated): integer number of fixed columns into which the reference list is to be rendered. Second mode: typographic unit of measurement such as 'em', specifying the width for the reference list columns, e.g. '33em'; spaced '33&nbsp;em' will not be recognized

    Default
    1 if < 11 references; otherwise 30em
    		Stringoptional
    Liststyleliststyle

    Specifies the style used when the reference list is enumerated; accepts any valid CSS value defined for list-style-type

    Suggested values
    nonedisccirclesquaredecimaldecimal-leading-zerolower-romanupper-romanlower-alphaupper-alphalower-greekarmeniangeorgian
    Default
    decimal
    		Stringoptional
    Groupgroup

    Group is an identifier which restricts the references that are shown. Without this parameter, this template only shows references with no group identifier. With a group identifier specified, only references with a matching group identifier are handled. The rest are left alone.

    		Stringoptional
    List of referencesrefs

    Provides a space to define named references for use in the article. References defined in this space are not shown unless used somewhere in the article.

    		Stringoptional

    Limitations

    Do not use{{Reflist}} or other templates or modules that use{{#tag:references}} in numbered or unnumbered lists if the list is inside anHTML div tag. Seethe talk page (permalink) for examples and details.

     Noفرما:Em dash :{{Reflist}}
     Noفرما:Em dash *{{Reflist}}
     Noفرما:Em dash #{{Reflist}}
     Yesفرما:Em dash {{Reflist}}

    See also

    Variants

    References

    1. ↑SeeUser:Edokter/fonttest for a comparison of font sizes for various browsers; seeprevious discussions on changing the font size to resolve the IE issue.
    2. ↑"CSS3 Multi-Column Thriller". December 30, 2005. RetrievedNovember 24, 2006.
    3. ↑"CSS3 module: Multi-column layout".W3C. December 15, 2005. RetrievedNovember 24, 2006.
    4. ↑"columns - CSS: Cascading Style Sheets | MDN".MDN Web Docs. 21 June 2023. Retrieved6 February 2024.
    5. ↑"CSS Compatibility and Internet Explorer: Multi-column Layout".Microsoft Docs.Microsoft Developer Network. Retrieved2021-03-19.
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