The capital of Łódzkie province in centralPoland, Łódź is one of the country’s largest cities. Largely a creation of theIndustrial Revolution, it was built up as Poland’s textile center, 81 miles (130 kilometers) fromWarsaw. The climate is continental, with cold winters and warm summers.

Łódź has a fairly modern appearance, because most of the city dates back only to the 19th century. It has several art museums, an archaeological museum, and a textile museum that occupies one of the city’s oldest textile mills. Łódź’s Jewish cemetery is the largest in Europe. A notable educational center, Łódź houses a university and a polytechnic institute, both founded in 1945, as well as a number of academies and research institutes. Communist rulers made it the center of Poland’s film industry. Its film school trained such world-renowned directors as Andrzej Wajda, Krzysztof Kieslowski, andRoman Polanski.

With nearby towns Łódź forms a major center of the nation’s textile industry. The city produces a large portion of Poland’s cotton goods and processes wool, silk, and synthetic fibers. Production of machinery and electrical equipment, chemical processing, and food processing are also local industries. Lignite, or brown coal, is mined nearby. Łódź is also a transportation center on the Warsaw-Wrocław railroad line and has an airport.

The first recorded information about Łódź is from the 14th century, when the town received certain municipal rights. It was made a seat of government in 1798. Łódź remained a small town for many centuries; in 1820 it had only 799 inhabitants. In that year the Russian-dominated Congress Kingdom of Poland made Łódź a center for the textile industry. Foreign weavers and artisans were invited to settle there. Industrialists built textile mills. Customs barriers that existed between Russia and the kingdom were lifted in 1850, and a great market for Łódź manufactures was opened. By the end of the 19th century the city had become a leading textile and food-processing center. Its population grew explosively, reaching 500,000 by 1913.

As it became an industrial city, Łódź also became a center of Jewish culture in Poland. The Germans who invaded the city in September 1939 soon made it the site of one of the largest of the Jewish ghettos ofWorld War II. The city was liberated from theNazis by Russian soldiers early in 1945. As a large industrial city, Łódź became a core of working-class movements and of the Polish communists. Population (2013 estimate), 718,960.