Ṭṭraḍ asemmaḍ d awal yura-t i tikelt tamezwarut sumaru agliziGeorge Orwell, deg umagrad i yeffeɣ-d deg1945[2].
Ṭṭrad Asemmaḍ d tallit n umennuɣ asertan, d usnaktawi i d-yebdan seld Ṭṭrad Amaḍlan Wis Sin (deg 1945) yerna yekfa s uɣelluy n Tdukli Tasuvyatit deg 1991. Fkan-as isem (isem-is) "asemmaḍ" acku ur d-yelli ara d ṭṭrad iẓrilew neɣ d imenɣi srid gar snat n tnezmarin timeqqranin: Iwunak Yedduklen n Marikan (IYM) d Tdukli Tasuvyatit (TT).
Deg yiwet n tama, tella Marikan d yimsisan-is n utaram, i yellan dduklend ɣer unagraw n tamsihrit , tugdut talibiralit, d uzayez n tlelli tudmawant. Sɛan tamsihrit n ssuq ilelli.
Deg tama nniḍen, tella Tdukli Tasuvyatit d tmura n Wegmuḍ. TT tella tettabaɛ anagraw n tazdukla , s unabaḍ imeslemmes s waṭas, anda akabar amyiwen i d-yettaṭṭafen adabu.
Yal yiwet seg tnezmarin timeqqranin-a tella tettnadi ad tesnerni tazrirt d tesnakta-ines deg umaḍal.
1. Anagraw n Wataram: Tamsihrit d Tugdut Talibiralit
Iwunak Yedduklen n Marikan d yimsisan-nsen n Wataram (am Tgelda Yedduklen, Fṛansa, atg.) llan ḍefren anagraw yebnan ɣef:
Tadamsa: Tamsihrit n ssuq ilelli. Anect-a yebɣa ad yini d akken imdanen d tkebbaniyin n uḥric uslig sɛan azref ad sɛun ayla, ad xedmen tanezzut, yerna ad myezzayen tamsezwert gar-asen. Adabu neɣ awanek ur ikeccem ara aṭas deg tdamsa.
Tasertit: Tugdut talibiralit. Anagraw-a yebna ɣef tlelli tudmawanin, am tlelli n wawal, tlelli n tɣamsa, d tlelli n usɣan. Llan inagrawan n yikabaren, dɣa lɣaci i d-yefrennan anwa ara ten-inebḍen.
Iswi: Taggara n Ṭṭrad Amaḍlan Wis Sin, Marikan tella tettwali Tazdukla d amihi ameqqran ɣef tlelli n umaḍal. Iswi ameqqran nsen yella d "aḥbas" n tesnerni n tesnakta tazduklant, ladɣa deg Turuft i yettwaḍerrfen s ṭṭrad.
2. Anagraw n Wegmuḍ: Tazdukla d Unagraw n Ukabar Amyiwen
Isardasen n Tamsisit Taṭlasit d Umatwa n Waṛsu deg turuft (1973)
Tadukli Tasuvyatit d tmura n Wegmuḍ n Turuft i teddukul (i yellan seddaw n tecḍaḍt-is) llan ḍefren anagraw yemgarraden s tidett:
Tadamsa: Tazdukla, akken i d-tenna tesnakta n Marx d Lenin. Deg unagraw-a, ur telli ara wayla uslig n walalen n ufares (usines, terres...). D adabu i d-yettaṭṭafen kullec s yisem n tmetti. Tadamsa yella usɣiwes sɣur unabaḍ ameslemmes.
Tasertit: Anagraw n ukabar amyiwen. Ala Akabar Azduklan i yesɛan azref ad yili deg udabu. Ur yelli ara tamsezwert tasertant. Anagraw-a yettusemma daɣen "aɣrudan" acku adabu yella ikeccem deg yal tama n tmeddurt n yemdanen, yerna yella uḥbas ameqqran n tlelli n wawal d uzɣan.
Iswi: Tadukli Tasuvyatit, s tesnakta-s, tella tettamen d akken tamsihrit d anagraw n wammud yerna ilaq ad teɣli. Iswi-s yella d asnerni n tegrawla tazduklant deg umaḍal, ad seddukel ixeddamen n umaḍal yakk.
Imenɣi d umgired n tesnakta i d-yebdan uqbel Ṭṭrad Amaḍlan Wis Sin, maca yuɣal d aṣeḥḥan seld 1945.
Aselway Truman yesskanay-d amtawa anaṭlas n Ugafa d yinebgiwen-is deg Uɣlif Uval.
Seg temliliyin n Yalta d Potsdam, Iwunak Yedduklen d Tdukli Tasuvyatit ur msefhamen ara ɣef wamek ara tili Turuft mbeɛd ṭṭrad. Marikan tebɣa timura tilelliyin s tefranin n tugdut. Tadukli Tasuvyatit, i yexsren aṭas n yimdanen, tebɣa ad tesbedd "tamnaḍt n uḥuddu" gar-as d Wegmuḍ n Turuft, s usbeddi n yinabaḍen izduklanen i s-yeddan deg tmura am Pulunya, Hungarya, d Rumanya.
Widak n Wataram walan anect-a d tamsulta d usnerni n tezdukla s yiɣil. Dɣa yal tama tebda tettwali tamaniḍt d amihi ɣef tilin-is. Anect-a i d-yeslulen beṭṭu n Turuft d umaḍal ɣef sin n yiḥricen, d tallit n Ṭṭrad Asemmaḍ.
Yiwet seg tmeẓri timeqranin n Ṭṭrad Asemmaḍ d "tazzla ɣer leslaḥ," ladɣa imrigen iɣisanen. Seg wasmi i sseqdec Iwunak Yedduklen tibumbtin tiɣisanin deg 1945, Tadukli Tasuvyatit texdem tirmit ines tamezwarut deg 1949.
Anect-a yebda tallit n "tuggdi n uɣisan". Snat n tmura-a wwḍent ɣer tnezmart n ussexṛeb n umaḍal acḥal d tikkelt. Tuggdi-a n ussexṛeb d ayen i d-yeslulen lḥers ameqqran, maca deg yiwet n tama, d ayen i d-iḥebsen ṭṭrad usrid gar-asent.
"Tazzla ɣer Yimrigen Iɣisanen" d timsizzelt tameqqrant i d-yellan gar Iwunak Yedduklen n Marikan d Tdukli Tasuvyatit iwakken ad snernin yerna ad afen imrigen iweɛṛen ugar, ladɣa imrigen iɣisanen.
Mačči d tazzla ɣef yimrigen iklasikiyen kan i yellan, maca d tazzla ɣef tknulujit n ussexṛeb ameqqran.
Ṭṭrad Asemmaḍ yebda s yiwet n tnezmart kan i yesɛan abrid ɣer umrig aɣisan.
1945: Iwunak Yedduklen n Marikan sseqdacen snat n tbumbtin tiɣisanin ɣef Hiroshima d Nagasaki deg Japun. D nutni i d imezwura yerna d nutni i d imyiwen i yesɛan tanezmart-a tameqqrant. D anect-a i wumi neqqar "aḥkar aɣisan".
1949: Tadukli Tasuvyatit, s uɣalli d tmuɣli n tmusniyin-is, tessefɣ-d tabumbt-is tamezwarut. Dɣa yeɣli uḥkar n Marikan. Seg yimir-nni, tebda tazzla n tidett.
Ilaq ad nefhem ayɣer i ṣerrfen idrimen ɣef yimrigen-a. Tameẓla tamezwarut d "asseḥbes" neɣ "aṣerheb".
Anamek: Yal tama tella tettnadi ad tesɛu imrigen i yeqqnen iwakken ad teṣerheb tama nniḍen. Tikti-nni tella akka: "Ma tebɣiḍ ad iyi-d-tewteḍ, ilaq ad teẓreḍ belli sɛiɣ ayen s wayes ara k-ssexṛbeɣ ula d kečč, yerna s tarrayt iweɛṛen."
Sputnik 1, Abulun 11 La d-yettrusu ɣef wayyur, taɣsert Tallunt Mir
Aṭas n yimrigen ur yettunfaɛ ara ma ur tesɛiḍ ara amek ara ten-tesserwteḍ ɣer umnaḍ (iswi). Dɣa tebda tazzla nniḍen:
Imrigen Ibalistikiyen : Bdan leqdic ɣef yimrigen i zemren ad awin tiqweṛṛa tiɣisanin si yiwet n temnaḍt neɣ umenẓaw ɣer tayeḍ. D wigi i wumi neqqar "Imrigen Ibalistikiyen Igraklanen" (ICBMs).
Tuffɣa n Sputnik (1957): Asmi i d-tessefɣ TT "Sputnik 1" (agensas aragmawan amezwaru) ɣer tallunt, anect-a yessexdem Marikan. Mačči kan ɣef tazzla n tallunt, maca lmaɛna-s d akken TT tesɛa tknulujit n yimrigen i zemren ad awḍen srid ɣer wakal n Marikan.
Deg yiseggasen n 1960, snat n tnezmarin-a wwḍent ɣer yiwet n tegnit iɣef ur zmirent ara ad uɣalent ɣer deffir.
Sɛant i sin ayen i yeqqnen n yimrigen iɣisanen iwakken ad ssexṛbent tamaniḍt n yal yiwen acḥal d tikkelt. Anagraw-a n tuggdi yettusemma s Tenglizt "MAD" .
Tameẓla-a, ɣas d tamcumt, d ayen i d-iḥebsen ṭṭrad asrid gar-asent. Yal yiwen yuggad ad yebdu imenɣi acku yessen inalkamen: assexṛeb n umaḍal.
Tawlaft seg igenni n yiwen n usmel n imrigen iɣisanen asuvyati deg Kuba, yeṭṭef-itt yiwen n usafag aɣalli amarikani, 1 wamber 1962.
D anect-a i d akud iweɛṛen akk deg Ṭṭrad Asemmaḍ. Asmi i tebɣa TT ad tesbedd imrigen iɣisanen deg Kuba (tama n Marikan), amaḍal yewweḍ ɣer yiri n ṭṭrad aɣisan n tidett. D anect-a i d-yesbeggnen amihi ameqqran n tazzla-a ɣer yimrigen.
Iṣurdiyen Imeqqranen: Snat n tmura xesṛent idrimen ur nesɛi tilisa ɣef leslaḥ, ayen i d-yesseɛtaben tadamsa-nsent, ladɣa tadamsa tasuvyatit i yeɣlin deg taggara.
Tuggdi n Yimir: Imdanen n umaḍal ddren acḥal n yiseggasen seddaw n tuggdi n ṭṭrad aɣisan i zemren ad d-yas deg yal saɛa.
Asnerni n Tknulujit: Ɣas d ayen n diri, tazzla-a tewwi-d asnerni ameqqran n tknulujit (am tazzla ɣer tallunt, iselkimen/Net).
Deg taggara, mbeɛd tazɣent n Kuba, bdan yimtawayen am "SALT" iwakken ad ssenqsen ɣef yimrigen-a, maca tazzla-a ur teḥbis ara s tidett armi d taggara n Ṭṭrad Asemmaḍ.
Amennuɣ mačči d aserdas kan. Yella daɣen "Tazzlan ɣer Tallunt". D anect-a i d-yesbeyynen anwa unagraw i d-yufraren deg tɣawsiwin n tmusni d tussna d tknulujit.
Iwakken ad myaɣen war ma nnuɣen srid, IYM d TT llan ssexdamen "ṭṭradat s uwkil". Llan ttgen tadrimt yerna ttgrn imrigen i yimsisan nsen deg yimenɣan n tmura nniḍen. Amedya:
Ṭṭrad n Kurya (1950-1953)
Ṭṭrad n Vyetnam (1955-1975)
Amennuɣ n Tdukli Tasuvyatit deg Afɣanistan (1979-1989)
Deg Turuft, yebna "Aɣrab n Berlin" deg 1961. Aɣrab-a yebḍa tamdint n Berlin ɣef sin, yerna yuɣal d azamul n beṭṭu n Wegmuḍ (tazdukla) d Wataram (tamsihrit).
Deg yiseggasen n 1980, Tadukli Tasuvyatit tebda tettidir tizɣatin timeqqranin n tdamsa d tsertit. Tismeskal n "Perestroika" (aɛawed n lebni n tdamsa) d "Glasnost" (tuffɣa ɣer tafat/lfiraq) i d-yewwi Mikhail Gorbachev, ur ssawḍen ara ad sselken anagraw.
