ここでは、国際音声記号の記号の基本的なキーを示します。日本語で十分な記号の小さなセットについては、Help:IPA/日本語を参照してください。英語に十分な記号の小さなセットについては、Help:IPA/英語を参照してください。いくつかのまれな IPA シンボルは含まれていません。これらは、メインの IPA 記事または詳細な IPA チャートにあります。発音のマニュアル オブ スタイル ガイドラインについては、Wikipedia:マニュアル オブ スタイル/発音を参照してください。
記号はラテンアルファベットの文字に類似して配置されています。どのラテン文字にも似ていない記号は末尾に配置されます。
| Symbol | Examples | Description |
|---|---|---|
| A | ||
[a]( 聴く) | GermanMann, Frenchgare | For many English speakers, the first part of theow sound incow. Found in some dialects of English incat orfather. |
| [ä]( 聴く) | Mandarin 他tā, American Englishfather, Spanishcasa, Frenchpatte | |
| [ɐ]( 聴く) | RPcut, GermanKaiserslautern | (In transcriptions of English,[ɐ] is usually written ⟨ʌ⟩.) |
| [ɑ]( 聴く) | RPfather, Frenchpâte, Dutchbad | |
| [ɑ̃]( 聴く) | FrenchCaen,sans,temps | Nasalized[ɑ]. |
| [ɒ]( 聴く) | RPcot | Like[ɑ], but with the lips slightly rounded. |
| [ʌ]( 聴く) | American Englishcut | Like[ɔ], but without the lips being rounded. (When ⟨ʌ⟩ is used for English, it may really be[ɐ] or[ɜ].) |
| [æ]( 聴く) | RPcat | |
| B | ||
| [b]( 聴く) | Englishbabble | |
| [ɓ]( 聴く) | Swahilibwana | Like a[b] said with a gulp. Seeimplosive consonants. |
| [β]( 聴く) | SpanishlaBamba, Kinyarwandaabana "children", Korean 무궁화 [muɡuŋβwa̠]mugunghwa | Like[b], but with the lips not quite closed. |
| [ʙ]( 聴く) | Niassimbi [siʙi] "lower jaw" | Sputtering. |
| C | ||
| [c]( 聴く) | Turkishkebap "kebab", Czech stín "shadow", Greekκαι "and" | Between Englishtune (RP) andcute. Sometimes used instead for[tʃ] in languages like Hindi. |
| [ç]( 聴く) | GermanIch | More of a y-coloration (more palatal) than[x]. Some English speakers have a similar sound inhuge. To produce this sound, try whispering loudly the word "ye" as in "Hear ye!". |
| [ɕ]( 聴く) | Mandarin 西安Xi'an, Polishściana | More y-like than[ʃ]; something like Englishshe. |
| [ɔ]( 聴く) | see underO | |
| D | ||
| [d]( 聴く) | Englishdad | |
| [ɗ]( 聴く) | SwahiliDodoma | Like[d] said with a gulp. |
| [ɖ]( 聴く) | American Englishharder | Like[d] with the tongue curled or pulled back. |
| [ð]( 聴く) | Englishthe, bathe | |
| [dz]( 聴く) | Englishadds, Italianzero | |
| [dʒ]( 聴く) | Englishjudge | |
| [dʑ]( 聴く) | Polishniedźwiedź "bear" | Like[dʒ], but with more of a y-sound. |
| [dʐ]( 聴く) | Polishdżem "jam" | Like[dʒ] with the tongue curled or pulled back. |
| E | ||
| [e]( 聴く) | Spanishfe; Frenchclé, GermanKlee | Similar to Englishhey, before the y sets in. |
| [ɘ]( 聴く) | Australian Englishbird | |
| [ə]( 聴く) | Englishabove, Hindi ठग[ʈʰəɡ](thug) "thief" | (Only occurs in English when not stressed.) |
| [ɚ]( 聴く) | American Englishrunner | |
| [ɛ]( 聴く) | Englishbet | |
| [ɛ̃]( 聴く) | FrenchSaint-Étienne,vin,main | Nasalized[ɛ]. |
| [ɜ]( 聴く) | RPbird (long) | |
| [ɝ]( 聴く) | American Englishbird | |
| F | ||
| [f]( 聴く) | Englishfun | |
| [ɟ]( 聴く) | see underJ | |
| [ʄ]( 聴く) | see underJ | |
| G | ||
| [ɡ]( 聴く) | Englishgag | (Should look like . No different from a Latin "g") |
| [ɠ]( 聴く) | SwahiliUganda | Like[ɡ] said with a gulp. |
| [ɢ]( 聴く) | Like[ɡ], but further back, in the throat. Found inPersian and some Arabic dialects for/q/, as inMuammar Gaddafi. | |
| [ʒ]( 聴く) | see underZ | Englishbeige. |
| H | ||
| [h]( 聴く) | American Englishhouse | |
| [ɦ]( 聴く) | Englishahead, when said quickly. | |
| [ʰ] | The extra puff of air in Englishtop[tʰɒp] compared tostop [stɒp], or to French or Spanish[t]. | |
| [ħ]( 聴く) | ArabicمُحَمَّدMuhammad | Far down in the throat, like[h], but stronger. |
| [ɥ]( 聴く) | see underY | |
| [ɮ]( 聴く) | see underL | |
| I | ||
| [i]( 聴く) | Englishsea, Frenchville, SpanishValladolid | |
| [ɪ]( 聴く) | Englishsit | |
| [ɨ]( 聴く) | Russian ты "you" | Often used for unstressed Englishroses. |
| J | ||
| [j]( 聴く) | Englishyes, hallelujah, GermanJunge | |
| [ʲ] | In RussianЛенин[ˈlʲenʲɪn] | Indicates a sound is more y-like. |
| [ʝ]( 聴く) | Spanishcayo (some dialects) | Like[j], but stronger. |
| [ɟ]( 聴く) | Turkishgör "see", Czechdíra "hole" | Between Englishdew (RP) andargue. Sometimes used instead for[dʒ] in languages like Hindi. |
| [ʄ]( 聴く) | Swahilijambo | Like[ɟ] said with a gulp. |
| K | ||
| [k]( 聴く) | Englishkick, skip | |
| L | ||
| [l]( 聴く) | Englishleaf | |
| [ɫ]( 聴く) | Englishwool Russian малый[ˈmɑɫɨj] "small" | "Dark" el. |
| [ɬ]( 聴く) | Welshllwyd[ɬʊɪd] "grey" Zuluhlala[ɬaːla] "sit" | By touching roof of mouth with tongue and giving a quick breath out. Found inWelsh placenames likeLlangollen andLlanelli andNelson Mandela's Xhosa nameRolihlahla. |
| [ɭ]( 聴く) | Like[l] with the tongue curled or pulled back. | |
| [ɺ]( 聴く) | A flapped[l], like[l] and[ɾ] said together. | |
| [ɮ]( 聴く) | Zuludla "eat" | Rather like[l] and[ʒ], or[l] and[ð], said together. |
| [ʟ]( 聴く) | ||
| M | ||
| [m]( 聴く) | Englishmime | |
| [ɱ]( 聴く) | Englishsymphony | Like[m], but lips touch teeth as they do in[f]. |
| [ɯ]( 聴く) | see underW | |
| [ʍ]( 聴く) | see underW | |
| N | ||
| [n]( 聴く) | Englishnun | |
| [ŋ]( 聴く) | Englishsing, Māoringa | |
| [ɲ]( 聴く) | SpanishPeña, Frenchchampagne | Rather like Englishcanyon (/nj/ said quickly). |
| [ɳ]( 聴く) | Hindi वरुण[ʋəruɳ]Varuna | Like[n] with the tongue curled or pulled back. |
| [ɴ]( 聴く) | Castilian SpanishDon Juan[doɴˈχwan] | Like[ŋ], but further back, in the throat. |
| O | ||
| [o]( 聴く) | Spanishno, Frencheau, GermanBoden | Somewhat reminiscent of American Englishno. |
| [ɔ]( 聴く) | GermanOldenburg, FrenchGaronne | |
| [ɔ̃]( 聴く) | FrenchLyon,son | Nasalized[ɔ]. |
| [ø]( 聴く) | Frenchfeu,bœufs, GermanGoethe | Like[e], but with the lips rounded like[o]. |
| [ɵ]( 聴く) | Dutchhut, Frenchje, Swedishdum | Halfway between[o] and[ø]. Similar to[ʊ] but with the tongue slightly more down and front. The Dutch vowel is often transcribed with ⟨ʏ⟩ or ⟨œ⟩, whereas the French vowel is typically transcribed with ⟨ə⟩. |
| [œ]( 聴く) | Frenchbœuf,seul, GermanGöttingen | Like[ɛ], but with the lips rounded like[ɔ]. |
| [œ̃]( 聴く) | Frenchbrun,parfum | Nasalized[œ]. |
| [ɶ]( 聴く) | ||
| [θ]( 聴く) | see underOthers | |
| [ɸ]( 聴く) | see underOthers | |
| P | ||
| [p]( 聴く) | Englishpip | |
| Q | ||
| [q]( 聴く) | ArabicقُرْآنQur’ān | Like[k], but further back, in the throat. |
| R | ||
| [r]( 聴く) | Spanishperro, Scotsborrow | "Rolled R". (Often used for other rhotics, such as English[ɹ], when there's no ambiguity.) |
| [ɾ]( 聴く) | Spanishpero, Tagalogdaliri, Malaykabar, American Englishkitty/kiddie | "Flapped R". |
| [ʀ]( 聴く) | Dutchrood and Germanrot (some speakers) | A trill in the back of the throat. Found for /r/ in some conservative registers of French. |
| [ɽ]( 聴く) | Urdu ساڑی[sə.ɽək] "road" | Like flapped[ɾ], but with the tongue curled back. |
| [ɹ]( 聴く) | RPborrow | |
| [ɻ]( 聴く) | Tamil புழுPuḻu "Worm", Mandarin 人民日报RénmínRìbào "People's Daily", American Englishborrow, butter | Like[ɹ], but with the tongue curled or pulled back, as pronounced by many English speakers. |
| [ʁ]( 聴く) | FrenchParis, GermanRiemann (some dialects) | Said back in the throat, but not trilled. |
| S | ||
| [s]( 聴く) | Englishsass | |
| [ʃ]( 聴く) | Englishshoe | |
| [ʂ]( 聴く) | Mandarin 少林(Shàolín), Russian Пушкин(Pushkin) | Acoustically similar to[ʃ], but with the tongue curled or pulled back. |
| T | ||
| [t]( 聴く) | Englishtot, stop | |
| [ʈ]( 聴く) | Hindi ठग[ʈʰəɡ](thug) "thief" | Like[t], but with the tongue curled or pulled back. |
| [ts]( 聴く) | Englishcats, Russianцарьtsar | |
| [tʃ]( 聴く) | Englishchurch | |
| [tɕ]( 聴く) | Mandarin 北京 Běijīng ( listen), Polishciebie "you" | Like[tʃ], but with more of a y-sound. |
| [tʂ]( 聴く) | Mandarin 真正zhēnzhèng, Polishczas | Like[tʃ] with the tongue curled or pulled back. |
| U | ||
| [u]( 聴く) | American Englishfood, Frenchvous "you", GermanSchumacher | |
| [ʊ]( 聴く) | Englishfoot, GermanBundesrepublik | |
| [ʉ]( 聴く) | Australian Englishfood (long) | Like[ɨ], but with the lips rounded as for[u]. |
| [ɥ]( 聴く) | see underY | |
| [ɯ]( 聴く) | see underW | |
| V | ||
| [v]( 聴く) | Englishverve | |
| [ʋ]( 聴く) | Hindi वरुण[ʋəruɳə] "Varuna" | Between[v] and[w]. Used by some Germans and Russians forv/w, and by some speakers of British English forr. |
| [ɤ]( 聴く) | see underY | |
| [ɣ]( 聴く) | see underY | |
| [ʌ]( 聴く) | see underA | |
| W | ||
| [w]( 聴く) | Englishwow | |
| [ʷ] | Indicates a sound has lip rounding, as in Englishrain | |
| [ʍ]( 聴く) | what (some dialects) | like[h] and[w] said together |
| [ɯ]( 聴く) | Turkishkayık "caïque",Scottish Gaelicgaol | Like[u], but with the lips flat; something like[ʊ]. |
| [ɰ]( 聴く) | Spanishagua | Like [w], but with the lips flat. |
| X | ||
| [x]( 聴く) | Scottish Englishloch, GermanBach, Russianхлеб[xlʲep] "bread", Spanishjoven | between[k] and[h] |
| [χ]( 聴く) | northern Standard DutchScheveningen, Castilian SpanishDonJuan[doɴˈχwan] | Like[x], but further back, in the throat. Some German and Arabic speakers have[χ] for[x]. |
| Y | ||
| [y]( 聴く) | Frenchrue, GermanBülow | Like[i], but with the lips rounded as for[u]. |
| [ʏ]( 聴く) | GermanDüsseldorf | Like[ɪ], but with the lips rounded as for[ʊ]. |
| [ɣ]( 聴く) | Arabicغَالِيghālī and Swahilighali "expensive", Spanishsuegro | Sounds rather like French[ʁ] or between[ɡ] and[h]. |
| [ɤ]( 聴く) | Mandarin 河南Hénán,Scottish Gaelictaigh | Like[o] but without the lips rounded, something like a cross of[ʊ] and[ʌ]. |
| [ʎ]( 聴く) | Italiantagliatelle, Portuguesemulher | Like[l], but more y-like. Rather like Englishvolume. |
| [ɥ]( 聴く) | Frenchlui | Like[j] and[w] said together. |
| Z | ||
| [z]( 聴く) | Englishzoo | |
| [ʒ]( 聴く) | Englishvision, Frenchjournal | |
| [ʑ]( 聴く) | old-styled Russian позже[ˈpoʑːe] "later", Polishźle | More y-like than[ʒ], something likebeigey. |
| [ʐ]( 聴く) | Russianжир "fat" | Like[ʒ] with the tongue curled or pulled back. |
| [ɮ]( 聴く) | see underL | |
| Others | ||
| [θ]( 聴く) | Englishthigh, bath | |
| [ɸ]( 聴く) | Japanese 富士[ɸɯdʑi]Fuji, Māori[ˌɸaːɾeːˈnuiː]wharenui | Like[p], but with the lips not quite touching |
| [ʔ]( 聴く) | Englishuh-oh, Hawai‘i, Germandie Angst | The 'glottal stop', a catch in the breath. For some people, found inbutton[ˈbʌʔn̩], or between vowels across words:Deus ex machina[ˌdeɪəsˌʔɛksˈmɑːkɪnə]; in some nonstandard dialects, ina apple[əˈʔæpl̩]. |
| [ʕ]( 聴く) | Arabicعَرَبِيّʻarabī "Arabic" | A light, voiced sound deep in the throat, articulated with the root of the tongue against the pharynx (back of the throat). |
| [ǀ]( 聴く) | Englishtsk-tsk! ortut-tut!, Zuluicici "earring" | (The English click used for disapproval.) Several distinct sounds, written as digraphs, including[kǀ], [ɡǀ], [ŋǀ]. The Zimbabwean MPNcube has this click in his name, as didCetshwayo. |
| [ǁ]( 聴く) | Englishtchick! tchick!, Zuluixoxo "frog" | (The English click used to urge on a horse.) Several distinct sounds, written as digraphs, including[kǁ], [ɡǁ], [ŋǁ]. Found in the name of theXhosa. |
| [ǃ]( 聴く) | Zuluiqaqa "polecat" | (The English click used to imitate the trotting of a horse.) A hollow popping sound, like a cork pulled from a bottle. Several distinct sounds, written as digraphs, including[kǃ], [ɡǃ], [ŋǃ]. |
| [ʘ]( 聴く) | ǂ’Amkoeʘoa "two" | Like a kissing sound. |
| [ǂ]( 聴く) | Khoekhoeǂgā-amǃnâ [ǂàʔám̀ᵑǃã̀] "to put in the mouth" | Like an imitation of a chewing sound. |
Several marks can be added above, below, before or after letters. These are here shown on a carrier letter such as the vowela. A more complete list is given atInternational Phonetic Alphabet § Diacritics and prosodic notation.
| Symbol | Example | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Signs above a letter | ||
| [ã] | Frenchvin blanc[vɛ̃ blɑ̃] "white wine" | Anasal vowel, as with a Texas twang |
| [ä] | Portuguesevá[vä] "go" | Acentral vowel pronounced with the tongue position in the middle of the mouth; neither forward nor back |
| [ă] | Englishpolice[pə̆ˈliˑs] | Anextra-short speech sound (usually a vowel) |
| Signs below a letter | ||
| [a̯] | Englishcow[kʰaʊ̯],koi[kʰɔɪ̯] | This vowel does not form a syllable of its own, but runs into the vowel next to it. (In English, the diacritic is generally left off:[kaʊ].) |
| [n̥] | Englishboy [b̥ɔɪ̯],doe [d̥oʊ̯] (see also) | Sounds like a loud whisper;[n̥] is like a whispered breath through the nose.[l̥] is found in TibetanLhasa. |
| [n̩] | Englishbutton | A consonant without a vowel (English[n̩] is often transcribed/ən/.) |
| [d̪] | Spanishdos, Frenchdeux | The tongue touches the teeth more than it does in English. |
| Signs next to a letter | ||
| [kʰ] | Englishcome | Aspirated consonant, pronounced with a puff of air. Similarly[tʰ pʰ tsʰ tʃʰ tɕʰ]. |
| [k’] | Zuluukuza "come" | Ejective. Like a popped[k], pushed from the throat. Similarly[tʼ pʼ qʼ tʃʼ tsʼ tɬʼ]. |
| [aː] | Englishshh![ʃː] | Long. Often used with English vowels or diphthongs:Mayo/ˈmeːoː/ for[ˈmeɪ̯ɜʊ̯],etc. |
| [aˑ] | RPcaught[ˈkʰɔˑt] | Semi-long. (Although the vowel is different, this is also longer thancot[ˈkʰɒt].) |
| [ˈa] | pronunciation [pɹ̥əʊ̯ˌnɐnsiˈeɪʃn̩] | Main stress. The mark denotes the stress of thefollowing syllable. |
| [ˌa] | Weaker stress. The mark denotes the stress of thefollowing syllable. | |
| [.] | Englishcourtship[ˈkʰɔrt.ʃɪp] | Syllable break (this is often redundant and therefore left off) |
