ある数学書[50]および記号論理学(数理論理学)の論文は、数学を自然科学としている[51]。上記の論文では、多くの哲学者は数学を「超自然的科学」と捉えているが厳密には数学は自然科学の一種である、とされている[51]。『ネイチャー』の2021年の解説記事は、情報理論や情報熱力学や量子情報科学などにおけるランダウアーの原理について「実験的に実証済みであり、今日では‘information is physical’[情報は物理的である]という考えは自明に見える」と述べている[52]。(日本数学会が編纂した『岩波数学辞典』は情報理論について、情報を「数学的に体系化」し情報機器に必須な「工学的手法」の基礎を成す分野として掲載しており[53]、他の学術文献では情報理論は数学の一分野[54][55]や形式科学の一分野とされている[56]。)
^abUCC Library. “Mathematics” (英語). UCC Library LibGuides. University College Cork. 2025年6月19日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2025年12月30日閲覧。 “According to the Oxford English Dictionary, Mathematics is the "abstract science of number, quantity, and space, either as abstract concepts (pure mathematics), or as applied to other disciplines such as physics and engineering (applied mathematics)"”
^Mura, Roberta (Dec 1993). “Images of Mathematics Held by University Teachers of Mathematical Sciences”. Educational Studies in Mathematics25 (4):375–385.
^Tobies, Renate and Helmut Neunzert (2012). Iris Runge: A Life at the Crossroads of Mathematics, Science, and Industry. Springer. pp. 9. ISBN3-0348-0229-3. "It is first necessary to ask what is meant bymathematics in general. Illustrious scholars have debated this matter until they were blue in the face, and yet no consensus has been reached about whether mathematics is a natural science, a branch of the humanities, or an art form."
^ab“mathematics, n. : Oxford English Dictionary”. 2015年6月17日閲覧。 “The science of space, number, quantity, and arrangement, whose methods involve logical reasoning and usually the use of symbolic notation, and which includes geometry, arithmetic, algebra, and analysis.”[リンク切れ]
^Kneebone, G.T. (1963). Mathematical Logic and the Foundations of Mathematics: An Introductory Survey. Dover. pp. 4. ISBN0-486-41712-3. "Mathematics ... is simply the study of abstract structures, or formal patterns of connectedness."
^LaTorre, Donald R., John W. Kenelly, Iris B. Reed, Laurel R. Carpenter, and Cynthia R Harris (2011). Calculus Concepts: An Informal Approach to the Mathematics of Change. Cengage Learning. pp. 2. ISBN1-4390-4957-2. "Calculus is the study of change—how things change, and how quickly they change."
^Ramana (2007). Applied Mathematics. Tata McGraw–Hill Education. p. 2.10. ISBN0-07-066753-5. "The mathematical study of change, motion, growth or decay is calculus."
濱田, 龍義「数学ソフトウェア再考 (数式処理研究の新たな発展)」『数理解析研究所講究録』第1930巻、Research Institute for Mathematical Sciences (RIMS), Kyoto University、2015年1月、80-87頁、hdl:2433/223554。
Baez, J. C.; Stay, M. (2012). “Algorithmic thermodynamics”. Mathematical Structures in Computer Science (Cambridge University Press) 22 (5): 771-787. doi:10.1017/S0960129511000521.
Dent, David (December 2024). The Nature of Scientific Innovation, Volume I: Processes, Means and Impact. I (1st ed.). Cham: Springer Nature - Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-75212-4. ISBN978-3-031-75211-7
Goodman, Nicolas D. (1990). “Mathematics as natural science”. The Journal of Symbolic Logic (Association for Symbolic Logic) 55 (1): 182–193. doi:10.2307/2274961. "Mathematics is a natural science whose great generality makes many philosophers think of it as a supernatural science"
Leifer, M. S. (2016). “Mathematics Is Physics”. In Aguirre, Anthony; Foster, Brendan; Merali, Zeeya. Trick or Truth?: The Mysterious Connection Between Physics and Mathematics. The Frontiers Collection. Cham: Springer Nature - Springer International Publishing. pp. 21-40. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-27495-9_3. ISBN978-3-319-27494-2
Zheng, Zhiyong (2022). “Preparatory Knowledge”. Modern Cryptography Volume 1: A Classical Introduction to Informational and Mathematical Principle. Financial Mathematics and Fintech. 1 (1st ed.). Springer Singapore. pp. 1–33. doi:10.1007/978-981-19-0920-7_1. ISBN978-981-19-0920-7. ISSN2662-7167. "Modern cryptography and information theory is a branch of mathematics which develops rapidly. Almost all mathematical knowledge, such as algebra, geometry, analysis, probability and statistics, has very important applications in information theory."