Walter Vincenti は著書What Engineers Know and How They Know It[27] において、工学の研究は科学の研究とは違う性質を持っているとしている。工学は物理学や化学が基本的によく理解している分野を扱うが、問題自体は正確な方法で解くには複雑すぎる。例えば、航空機における空気力学的流れをナビエ-ストークス方程式の数値近似で表したり、材料の疲労損傷の計算にマイナー則を使ったりする。また、工学では半ば経験則的な手法もよく採用している。科学では考えられない特徴であり、例えばパラメータ変化法がある。
^Origin: 1250–1300; ME engin < AF, OF < L ingenium nature, innate quality, esp. mental power, hence a clever invention, equiv. to in- + -genium, equiv. to gen- begetting; Source: Random House Unabridged Dictionary, Random House, Inc. 2006.
^Barry J. Kemp,Ancient Egypt, Routledge 2005, p. 159
^"The Antikythera Mechanism Research Project", The Antikythera Mechanism Research Project. Retrieved 2007-07-01 Quote: "The Antikythera Mechanism is now understood to be dedicated to astronomical phenomena and operates as a complex mechanical "computer" which tracks the cycles of the Solar System."
^Wright, M T. (2005). “Epicyclic Gearing and the Antikythera Mechanism, part 2”. Antiquarian Horology29 (1 (September 2005)): 54–60.
^Britannica on Greek civilization in the 5th century Military technology Quote: "The 7th century, by contrast, had witnessed rapid innovations, such as the introduction of the hoplite and the trireme, which still were the basic instruments of war in the 5th." and "But it was the development of artillery that opened an epoch, and this invention did not predate the 4th century. It was first heard of in the context of Sicilian warfare against Carthage in the time of Dionysius I of Syracuse."
^abBjerklie, David. “The Art of Renaissance Engineering.” MIT’s Technology Review Jan./Feb.1998: 54-9. Article explores the concept of the “artist-engineer”, an individual who used his artistic talent in engineering. Quote from article: Da Vinci reached the pinnacle of “artist-engineer”-dom, Quote2: “It was Leonardo da Vinci who initiated the most ambitious expansion in the role of artist-engineer, progressing from astute observer to inventor to theoretician.” (Bjerklie 58)
^Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary, 2000, CD-ROM, version 2.5.
^Jenkins, Rhys (1936). Links in the History of Engineering and Technology from Tudor Times. Ayer Publishing. pp. 66. ISBN0836921674
^Imperial College:Studying engineering at Imperial: Engineering courses are offered in five main branches of engineering: aeronautical, chemical, civil, electrical and mechanical. There are also courses in computing science, software engineering, information systems engineering, materials science and engineering, mining engineering and petroleum engineering.
^Van Every, Kermit E. (1986). “Aeronautical engineering”.Encyclopedia Americana. Vol. 1. Grolier Incorporated. p. 226.
^Wheeler, Lynde, Phelps (1951). Josiah Willard Gibbs — the History of a Great Mind. Ox Bow Press. ISBN1-881987-11-6
仙石, 正和「基礎研究を続ける大切さ(創立100周年記念特集「基礎・境界」が支えた100 年, これからの100年 ―― 未来 100 年を担うあなたへ贈る言葉)」『電子情報通信学会誌(The journal of the Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers)』第100巻第6号、電子情報通信学会、2017年、431-439頁。
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