2021年12月4日、トルコ政府は英語表記をTurkey（ターキー） からTürkiye（トゥルキエ） へ変更することを決定した[39]。またドイツ語（Türkei）、フランス語（Turquie）などの外名も同様の変更を行うとしている。これについてエルドアン大統領は「Türkiye はトルコの国民、文化、価値観を最も表した言葉である」と述べた。国際的認知度を高めるためトルコ製を表す「Made in Turkey」は「Made in Türkiye」として輸出される[40]。2022年1月、国際連合へ国名変更の通達を行う計画が報じられ[41]、国連のグテーレス事務総長宛ての書簡でチャヴシュオール外相が正式に変更を通報し、2022年6月1日にこの通報が受理された[38]。
立法府として一院制のトルコ大国民議会（Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi、定数600名、任期5年）がある[8]。行政は議会によって選出される国家元首の大統領（任期7年）が務めるが、首相の権限が強い議院内閣制に基づくものであった。司法府は、下級審である司法裁判所、刑事裁判所、および控訴審である高等控訴院、憲法裁判所で構成され、通常司法と軍事司法に分離されている。司法は政党の解党判断、党員の政治活動禁止といった政治的な事項についても判断できる。
ムスタファ・ケマル・アタテュルク以来強行的に西欧化を押し進めてきたが、その歴史においてケマルをはじめ、政治家を数多く輩出した軍が政治における重要なファクターとなることがあり、政治や経済の混乱に対してしばしば圧力をかけている。1960年に軍は最初のクーデターを起こしたが、その後、参謀総長と陸海空の三軍および内務省ジャンダルマ（憲兵隊）の司令官をメンバーに含む国家安全保障会議（Milli Güvenlik Kurulu）が設置され、国政上の問題に対して内閣に圧力をかける実質上の政府の上位機関と化しているが、このような軍部の政治介入は、国民の軍に対する高い信頼に支えられていると言われる。1980年の二度目のクーデター以降、特にイスラム派政党の勢力伸張に対して、軍は「ケマリズム」あるいは「アタテュルク主義」と呼ばれるアタテュルクの敷いた西欧化路線の護持を望む世俗主義派の擁護者としての性格を前面に打ち出している。軍は1997年にイスラム派の福祉党主導の連立政権を崩壊に追い込み、2007年には公正発展党による同党副党首の大統領選擁立に対して懸念を表明したが、この政治介入により国際的な非難を浴びた。8月29日には、議会での3回の投票を経てアブドゥラー・ギュル外相が初のイスラム系大統領として選出された。この結果、もはや以前のように軍が安易に政治に介入できる環境ではなくなり、世俗派と宗教的保守派の対立はもっと社会の内部に籠ったものとなってきている（エルゲネコン捜査）。
県の下には民選の首長を有する行政機関（belediye）をもった市（şehir）があり、郡の下には自治体行政機関のある市・町（belde）と、人口2000人未満で自治体権限の弱い村（köy）がある。イスタンブール、アンカラなどの大都市（büyük şehir）は、市の中に特別区に相当する自治体とその行政機関（belediye）を複数持ち、都市全体を市自治体（büyük şehir belediyesi）が統括する。
義務教育機関として、8年制の初等教育学校（ilk öğretim okulu）が置かれ、そのほか4年制（2004年9月入学以降、それ以前は3年制）の高等学校（lise）、大学（üniversite）などが置かれている。ほかに就学前教育機関として幼稚園（anaokulu）なども存在する。初等教育学校を含めてほぼ全ての学校が国立だが、私立学校も存在する。ただし、私立学校の1か月間の学費は、給食費・施設費などを含めて一般労働者の月収とほぼ同等で、極めて高価である。
^ Howard, Douglas A. (2016). The History of Turkey (2nd ed.). Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood. p.24ISBN 978-1-4408-3466-0.
^Howard 2016, pp. 24–28: "Göbekli Tepe’s close proximity to several very early sites of grain cultivation helped lead Schmidt to the conclusion that it was the need to maintain the ritual center that first encouraged the beginnings of settled agriculture—the Neolithic Revolution" McMahon & Steadman 2012a, pp. 3–12 Matthews, Roger. "A History of the Preclassical Archaeology of Anatolia". In McMahon & Steadman (2012), pp. 34–55. McMahon, Gregory; Steadman, Sharon (2012a). "Introduction: The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia". In McMahon, Gregory; Steadman, Sharon, eds. (2012). The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia: (10,000-323 BCE). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.001.0001. pp. 3–12ISBN 978-0-19-537614-2. Matthews, Roger. "A History of the Preclassical Archaeology of Anatolia". In McMahon & Steadman (2012), pp. 34–55. p. 49
^ Ahmed, Ali. "Turkey". In Leonard, Thomas M., ed. (2006). Encyclopedia of the Developing World. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203943373.ISBN 9781579583880. pp. 1575–1578. p. 1576: "Turkey’s diversity is derived from its central location near the world’s earliest civilizations as well as a history replete with population movements and invasions. The Hattite culture was prominent during the Bronze Age prior to 2000 BCE, but was replaced by the Indo-European Hittites who conquered Anatolia by the second millennium. Meanwhile, Turkish Thrace came to be dominated by another Indo-European group, the Thracians for whom the region is named." Steadman, Sharon. "The Early Bronze Age on the Plateau". In McMahon & Steadman (2012), pp. 229–259. p. 234: "By the time of the Old Assyrian Colony period in the early second millennium b.c.e . (see Michel, chapter 13 in this volume) the languages spoken on the plateau included Hattian, an indigenous Anatolian language, Hurrian (spoken in northern Syria), and Indo-European languages known as Luwian, Hittite, and Palaic" Michel, Cécile. "The Kārum Period on the Plateau". In McMahon & Steadman (2012), pp. 313–336. p. 327 Melchert, H. Craig. "Indo-Europeans". In McMahon & Steadman (2012), pp. 704–716. p. 713 Howard, Douglas A. (2016). The History of Turkey (2nd ed.). Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood.ISBN 978-1-4408-3466-0. p. 26
^ Howard, Douglas A. (2016). The History of Turkey (2nd ed.). Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood.ISBN 978-1-4408-3466-0. p. 29: "The sudden disappearance of the Persian Empire and the conquest of virtually the entire Middle Eastern world from the Nile to the Indus by Alexander the Great caused tremendous political and cultural upheaval. ... statesmen throughout the conquered regions attempted to implement a policy of Hellenization. For indigenous elites, this amounted to the forced assimilation of native religion and culture to Greek models. It met resistance in Anatolia as elsewhere, especially from priests and others who controlled temple wealth." Ahmed, Ali. "Turkey". In Leonard (2006), pp. 1575–1578. p. 1576: "Subsequently, hellenization of the elites transformed Anatolia into a largely Greek-speaking region" McMahon, Gregory; Steadman, Sharon (2012a). "Introduction: The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia". In McMahon & Steadman (2012), pp. 3–12. p. 5 McMahon 2012, p. 16 Sams, G. Kenneth. "Anatolia: The First Millennium B.C.E. in Historical Context". In McMahon & Steadman (2012), pp. 604–622. p. 617
^ Davison, Roderic H. (1990). Essays in Ottoman and Turkish History, 1774-1923: The Impact of the West. The University of Texas Press. doi:10.7560/720640.ISBN 9780292720640. pp. 3–4: "So the Seljuk sultanate was a successor state ruling part of the medieval Greek empire, and within it the process of Turkification of a previously Hellenized Anatolian population continued. That population must already have been of very mixed ancestry, deriving from ancient Hittite, Phrygian, Cappadocian, and other civilizations as well as Roman and Greek." Howard 2016, pp. 33–44
^ Somel, S.A. (2010). The A to Z of the Ottoman Empire. The A to Z Guide Series. Scarecrow Press.ISBN 978-1-4617-3176-4. p. xcvii
^ Hanioğlu, M. Şükrü. "Modern Ottoman period". In Heper & Sayarı (2012), pp. 15–25.
^ Kayalı, Hasan. "The Young Turks and the CUP". In Heper & Sayarı (2012), pp. 26–34. pp. 26–28
^ Davison, Roderic H. (1990). Essays in Ottoman and Turkish History, 1774-1923: The Impact of the West. The University of Texas Press. doi:10.7560/720640.ISBN 9780292720640. pp. 115–116
^ Kaser, Karl (2011). The Balkans and the Near East: Introduction to a Shared History. Berlin Wien: LIT Verlag Münster.ISBN 978-3-643-50190-5. p. 336: "The emerging Christian nation states justified the prosecution of their Muslims by arguing that they were their former “suppressors”. The historical balance: between about 1820 and 1920, millions of Muslim casualties and refugees back to the remaining Ottoman Empire had to be registered; estimations speak about 5 million casualties and the same number of displaced persons" Fábos, Anita. "Muslim Immigration". In Gibney & Hansen (2005), pp. 434–440. p. 437: ‘Muslims had been the majority in Anatolia, the Crimea, the Balkans, and the Caucasus and a plurality in southern Russia and sections of Romania. Most of these lands were within or contiguous with the Ottoman Empire. By 1923, “only Anatolia, eastern Thrace, and a section of the southeastern Caucasus remained to the Muslim land....Millions of Muslims, most of them Turks, had died; millions more had fled to what is today Turkey. Between 1821 and 1922, more than five million Muslims were driven from their lands. Five and one-half million Muslims died, some of them killed in wars, others perishing as refugees from starvation and disease” (McCarthy 1995, 1). Since people in the Ottoman Empire were classified by religion, Turks, Albanians, Bosnians, and all other Muslim groups were recognized—and recognized themselves—simply as Muslims. Hence, their persecution and forced migration is of central importance to an analysis of “Muslim migration.” Karpat, K.H. (2001). The Politicization of Islam: Reconstructing Identity, State, Faith, and Community in the Late Ottoman State. Studies in Middle Eastern history. Oxford University Press.ISBN 978-0-19-513618-0. p. 343: "The main migrations started from Crimea in 1856 and were followed by those from the Caucasus and the Balkans in 1862 to 1878 and 1912 to 1916. These have continued to our day. The quantitative indicators cited in various sources show that during this period a total of about 7 million migrants from Crimea, the Caucasus, the Balkans, and the Mediterranean islands settled in Anatolia. These immigrants were overwhelmingly Muslim, except for a number of Jews who left their homes in the Balkans and Russia in order to live in the Ottoman lands. By the end of the century the immigrants and their descendants constituted some 30 to 40 percent of the total population of Anatolia, and in some western areas their percentage was even higher." ... "The immigrants called themselves Muslims rather than Turks, although most of those from Bulgaria, Macedonia, and eastern Serbia descended from the Turkish Anatolian stock who settled in the Balkans in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries." Karpat, Kemal H. (2004). Studies on Turkish Politics and Society: Selected Articles and Essays. Leiden Boston: BRILL.ISBN 978-9004133228. pp. 5–6: "Migration was a major force in the social and cultural reconstruction of the Ottoman state in the nineteenth century. While some seven to nine million, mostly Muslim, refugees from lost territories in the Caucasus, Crimea, Balkans and Mediterranean islands migrated to Anatolia and Eastern Thrace, during the last quarter of the nineteenth and the early part of the twentieth centuries..." Pekesen, Berna (7 March 2012). "Expulsion and Emigration of the Muslims from the Balkans". European History Online. Leibniz Institute of European History. Archived from the original on 20 February 2024. Retrieved 20 February 2024. "The immigration had far-reaching social and political consequences for the Ottoman Empire and Turkey." ... "Between 1821 and 1922, some 5.3 million Muslims migrated to the Empire.50 It is estimated that in 1923, the year the republic of Turkey was founded, about 25 per cent of the population came from immigrant families.51" Biondich, Mark (2011). The Balkans: Revolution, War, and Political Violence since 1878. The United States: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199299058.001.0001.ISBN 978-0-19-929905-8. p. 93: "The road from Berlin to Lausanne was littered with millions of casualties. In the period between 1878 and 1912, as many as two million Muslims emigrated voluntarily or involuntarily from the Balkans. When one adds those who were killed or expelled between 1912 and 1923, the number of Muslim casualties from the Balkan far exceeds three million. By 1923 fewer than one million remained in the Balkans" Armour, Ian D. (2012). A History of Eastern Europe 1740-1918: Empires, Nations and Modernisation (2nd ed.). London New York: Bloomsbury Academic.ISBN 978-1-84966-661-9. p. 213: "To top it all, the Empire was host to a steady stream of Muslim refugees. Russia between 1854 and 1876 expelled 1.4 million Crimean Tartars, and in the mid-1860s another 600,000 Circassians from the Caucasus. Their arrival produced further economic dislocation and expense." Bosma, Ulbe; Lucassen, Jan; Oostindie, Gert (2012a). "Introduction: Postcolonial Migrations and Identity Politics: Towards a Comparative Perspective". In Bosma, Lucassen & Oostindie (2012), pp. 1–22. p. 17: "In total, many millions of Turks (or, more precisely, Muslim immigrants, including some from the Caucasus) were involved in this ‘repatriation’ – sometimes more than once in a lifetime – the last stage of which may have been the immigration of seven hundred thousand Turks from Bulgaria between 1940 and 1990. Most of these immigrants settled in urban north-western Anatolia. Today between a third and a quarter of the Republic’s population are descendants of these Muslim immigrants, known as Muhacir or Göçmen"
^Tatz, Colin; Higgins, Winton (2016). The Magnitude of Genocide. ABC-CLIO.ISBN 978-1-4408-3161-4.
^Schaller, Dominik J.; Zimmerer, Jürgen (2008). "Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies – introduction". Journal of Genocide Research. 10 (1): 7–14.doi:10.1080/14623520801950820.ISSN1462-3528. S2CID 71515470.
^Morris, Benny; Ze'evi, Dror (2021). The Thirty-Year Genocide - Turkey's Destruction of Its Christian Minorities, 1894–1924. Harvard University Press.ISBN 9780674251434.
^Birben, Üstüner (2019). “The Effectiveness of Protected Areas in Biodiversity Conservation: The Case of Turkey”. CERNE25 (4): 424–438. doi:10.1590/01047760201925042644. ISSN0104-7760. "Turkey has 3 out of the 36 biodiversity hotspots on Earth: the Mediterranean, Caucasus, and Irano-Anatolian hotspots"
^ Ahmed, Ali. "Turkey". In Leonard, Thomas M., ed. (2006). Encyclopedia of the Developing World. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203943373.ISBN 9781579583880. pp. 1575–1578. pp. 1575–1576
^World Bank Group (2022).- Country Climate and Development Report (PDF) (Report). Washington, D.C.: World Bank Group. hdl:[1][2] (PDF) from the original on 5 May 2024. Retrieved 5 May 2024.
^ World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) (2023).Innovation Index 2023: Innovation in the face of uncertainty (PDF) (Report). Geneva: WIPO.doi:10.34667/tind.48220.[4] (PDF) from the original on 25 April 2024. p. 50: "Indonesia joins China, Türkiye, India, the Islamic Republic of Iran and Viet Nam as most impressive innovation climbers of the last decade"
^Berg, Miriam (2023). Turkish Drama Serials: The Importance and Influence of a Globally Popular Television Phenomenon. University of Exeter Press. pp. 1–2.ISBN 978-1-80413-043-8.
^“Türkiye”. UNESCO. 2024年3月2日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2024年11月1日閲覧。
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