Nmap ("Network Mapper") is an open source utility for networkexploration or security auditing. It was designed to rapidly scanlarge networks, although it works fine against single hosts. Nmap usesraw IP packets in novel ways to determine what hosts are available onthe network, what services (application name and version) they areoffering, what operating system (and OS version) they are running,what type of packet filters/firewalls are in use, and dozens of othercharacteristics. Nmap runs on most types of computers, includingLinux/BSD/Mac OS X, and Windows. Both console and graphical versionsare available. Nmap is free software, available with full source codeunder the terms of the GNU GPL.
Nmap has been named "Security Product of the Year" by Linux Journal,Info World, LinuxQuestions.Org, and Codetalker Digest. It has alsobeenpraised byWired,Information Security,BBC,Network World,Slashdot,2600,SANS,Info World,Microsoft,Computer World,Sun World,Phrack, and more. At least three movies have featured Nmap, includingBattle Royale,HaXXXorVol. 1, andsomeSci-Fi flick.
Nmap has undergone many substantial changes since our last major release (3.00 in July 2002) and we recommend that all current users upgrade. Improvements from 41 intermediate releases have gone into 3.50. Here are a list of the most important advantages over 3.00 (See theChangeLog for a more detailed list):
- An advanced service/version detection system was added aftermonths of private development. Now instead of using a simplenmap-services table lookup to determine a port's likely purpose, Nmapwill (if asked) interrogate that TCP or UDP port to determine whatservice is really listening. In many cases it can determine theapplication name and version number as well. IPv6, SSL encryption,and SunRPC program number brute forcing are all supported. Thanks to a huge numberof contributors, the database now contains more than a thousandsignatures, representing 180 unique service protocols from acap, afp,and aim to xml-rpc, zebedee, and zebra.
- The OS detection database has also improved dramatically. There are now 1,121 fingerprints in the DB (from 700 in 3.30). Most recently added were Linux 2.6.X, Mac OS X up to 10.3.2 (Panther), OpenBSD 3.4 (normal and pf "scrub all"), FreeBSD 5.2, the latest Windows Longhorn warez, and Cisco PIX 6.3.3. As usual, there are a ton of new consumer devices from ubiquitous D-Link, Linksys, and Netgear broadband routers to a number of new IP phones including the Cisco devices commonly used by Vonage.
- MS Windows support has improved substantially. Newer features such as version detection are supported, and the Windows port is also faster and more stable.
- Mac OS X is now fully supported
- SCO Corporation of Lindon, Utah (formerly Caldera) has lately taken to an extortion campaign of demanding license fees from Linux users for code that they themselves knowingly distributed under the terms of the GNU GPL. They have also refused to accept the GPL, claiming that some preposterous theory of theirs makes it invalid (and even unconstitutional)! Meanwhile they have distributed GPL-licensed Nmap in (at least) their "Supplemental Open Source CD". In response to these blatant violations, and in accordance with section 4 of the GPL, we hereby terminate SCO's rights to redistribute any versions of Nmap in any of their products, including (without limitation) OpenLinux, Skunkware, OpenServer, and UNIXWare. We have also stopped supporting the OpenServer and UNIXWare platforms.
- Major changes were made to the NmapFE UNIX GUI. It now uses tabs and supports all of the major Nmap command-line options. Most of this work was done by Peter Marschall (peter(a)adpm.de).
- Nmap output is more concise and prettier, thanks to a new NmapOutputTable class that reduces extraneous whitespace. This makes it easier to read, and also leaves more room for version info and possibly future enhancements.
- Major parts of the codebase have been rewritten. Nmap now compiles with C++ rather than ANSI C, and it lightly uses the Standard Template Library (STL). The excellent libpcre (Perl Compatible Regular Expressions) library has been added, as has a custom parallel socket library (nsock). Libpcap has been updated to version 0.7.2, and the latest autoconf version is being used.
- Every one of the OS fingerprints was examined to normalize the descriptions. I also looked up what all of the devices are (thanks E*Bay and Google!). Results like "Nexland ISB Pro800 Turbo" and "Siemens 300E Release 6.5" are much more useful when followed by "cable modem" and "business phone system"
- Added a new classification system to nmap-os-fingerprints. In addition to the standard text description, each entry is now classified by vendor name (e.g. Sun), underlying OS (e.g. Solaris), OS generation (e.g. 7), and device type ("general purpose", router, switch, game console, etc). This can be useful if you want to (say) locate and eliminate the SCO systems on a network, or find the wireless access points (WAPs) by scanning from the wired side.
- Nmap will now sometimes guess the remote operating system in the "no exact matches" case, even if you don't use the secret --osscan_guess or --fuzzy options.
- Nmap now compiles under Amiga thanks to patches sent by Diego Casorran (dcr8520(a)amiga.org).
- Added UDP-based "ping" scanning. The -PU option can take an optional portlist like the TCP "ping" options (-PS, -PA), but it sends a UDP packet to the targets and expects hosts that are up to reply with a port unreachable (or possibly a UDP response if the port is open). This one is likely to work best against closed ports, since many open ports don't respond to empty requests.
- The random IP input option (-iR) now takes an argument specifying how many IPs you want to scan (e.g. -iR 1000). This reduces the risk of forgetting about a scan and leaving it running all night, then waking up to angry mail from your ISP :). Specify 0 for the old never-ending scan behavior.
- Made substantial changes to the SYN/connect()/Window scanning algorithms for improved speeds, especially against heavily filtered hosts. Also made numerous improvements to the timing behavior of "-T Aggressive" (same as -T4) scans. -T4 is now recommended for regular use by users on broadband or direct ethernet connections. One scan against a firewalled host that took 556 seconds with 3.15BETA2 now takes only 41 seconds with Nmap 3.50 and the -T4 option.
- Added support for a brand new "port" that many people have never scanned before! UDP & TCP "port 0" (and IP protocol 0) are now permitted if you specify 0 explicitly. An argument like "-p -40" would still scan ports 1-40. Unlike ports, protocol 0 IS now scanned by default. This now works for ping probes too (e.g., -PS, -PA).
- Applied patch by Martin Kluge (martin(a)elxsi.info) which adds --ttl option, which sets the outgoing IPv4 TTL field in packets sent via all raw scan types (including ping scans and OS detection). A TTL of 0 is supported, and even tends to work on a LAN:
14:17:19.474293 192.168.0.42.60214 > 192.168.0.40.135: S 326:326(0) [ttl 0] 14:17:19.474456 192.168.0.40.135 > 192.168.0.42.60214: S 280:280(0) ack 326 (ttl 128)
- added a new --datadir command line option which allows you to specify the highest priority directory for Nmap data files nmap-services, nmap-os-fingerprints, and nmap-rpc. Any files which aren't in the given dir, will be searched for in the $NMAPDIR environmental variable, ~/nmap/, a compiled in data directory (e.g. /usr/share/nmap), and finally the current directory.
- To emphasize the highly professional nature of Nmap, all instances of "fucked up" in error message text has been changed to "b0rked".
- IPv6 is now supported for many of the most important scan types, including TCP scan (-sT), connect()-style ping scan (-sP), list scan (-sL), and version detection. Just specify the -6 option and the IPv6 numbers or DNS names. Netmask notation is not currently supported -- I'm not sure how useful it is for IPv6, where even petty end users may be allocated trillions of addresses (/80).
- Multiple TCP/UDP ports can now be specified for the "ping scanning phase". You can also now specify multiple ping types (e.g. UDP, TCP SYN, ICMP echo request, and TCP ACK). So you can now do combinations such as "-PS22,53,80 -PT113 -PN -PE" in order to increase your odds of passing through strict filters.
- Reworked the "ping scan" algorithm (used for any scan except -P0 or -sL) to be more robust in the face of low-bandwidth and congested connections. This also improves reliability in the multi-port and multi-type ping cases described below.
- Applied patch by Max Schubert (nmap(a)webwizarddesign.com) which adds an add-port XML tag whenever a new port is found open when Nmap is running in verbose mode. The new tag looks like: [addport state="open" portid="22" protocol="tcp"/] I also updated docs/nmap.dtd to recognize this new tag.
- Added --packet_trace option, which tells Nmap to display all of the packets it sends and receives in a format similar to tcpdump. I mostly added this for debugging purposes, but people wishing to learn how Nmap works or for experts wanting to ensure Nmap is doing exactly what they expect.
- Hundreds of more minor features, bugfixes, and portability enhancements.
With this "stable" version out of the way, we plan to diveheadfirst into the next development cycle. Many exciting features arein the queue, including better multi-host parallelization, an OSdetection overhaul, and further version scanning features, such asintensity levels. I am also working on a book describing Nmap, fromport scanning basics for novices to the types of packet crafting usedby advanced hackers. Much of this book will be made available for free online. A few chapters should be available very soon. For the latest news on Nmap and the book, consider joining the 17,000-member moderated Nmap-hackers list by sending a blank email to nmap-hackers-subscribe@insecure.org . Or you can read the archives atseclists.org .
Nmap is available for download fromhttp://insecure.org/nmapfor most platforms in source or binary form. Nmap is Free software distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL).
Direct questions or comments tofyodor@insecure.org .
We would like to acknowledge and thank the many people whocontributed ideas and/or code to this release. Special thanks go outto A. Jones, Albert Chin-A-Young, Alex Volkov, Al Smith, Amy Hennings,Andy Lutomirski, Annalee Newitz, Axel Krauth, Axel Nennker, AyamuraKikuchi, Blue Boar, Brian Hatch, Chad Loder, Crayden Mantelium, CurtWilson, Darren Reed, Dean Bennett, Diego Casorran, Dmitry V. Levin,Dragos Ruiu, Dug Song, Eric S. Raymond, Fejed, Florin Andrei, FrankBerger, Fyodor Yarochkin, Gabriel L. Somlo, Gisle Vanem, Guido vanRooij, HellNBack, HD Moore, Hubert Feyrer, Jan Roger Wilkens, JariRuusu, Jaroslav Sladek, Javier Kohen, Jay Freeman (Saurik), JeffNathan, jerickson_at_inphonic, Jochen Erwied, Josef 'Jupp' Schugt,Juho Schultz, Justin A., Kevin Davis, Kirby Kuehl, Kronos, LanceSpitzner, Lionel CONS, MadHat, Maik Pfeil, Marc Ruef, Mario Manno,Marius Strobl, Martin Kluge, Matt Burnett, Matthieu Verbert, MattSelsky, Max Schubert, Max Vision, Michael Davis, Mikael Mannstrom,Miscelerious Options, Mugz, Niels Heinen, Osamah Abuoun, PeterMarschall, Petter Reinholdtsen, Phix, Pope_at_undersec, PrzemekGalczewski, R. Anderson, Rain.Forest.Puppy, ray_at_24hoursecurity,Remi Denis-Courmont, Rob Foehl, Russel Miller, Ryan Lowe, ScottEgbert, Sebastien Blanchet, Seth Master, Shawn Wallis, Simple Nomad,Solar Designer, Solar Eclipse, Ste Jones, Stephen Bishop, TammyRathbun, Tom Duffy, Tom Rune Flo, van Hauser, Wei Jiang, WilliamMcVey, Will Saxon, Yeti, and everyone I forgot :).
And of course we would also like to thank the thousands of peoplewho have submitted OS and service/version fingerprints, as well as everyone who has found andreported bugs or suggested features.
For further information, seehttp://insecure.org/.