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Stefano Seminara

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Papers by Stefano Seminara

Research paper thumbnail of Il millennio sumerico: l’invenzione della scrittura e la seconda demiurgia
Il millennio sumerico: l'invenzione della scrittura e la seconda demiurgia 2 "-Il Demiurgo,-dicev... moreIl millennio sumerico: l'invenzione della scrittura e la seconda demiurgia 2 "-Il Demiurgo,-diceva mio padre,-non ebbe il monopolio della creazione; la creazione è un privilegio di tutti gli spiriti".
Research paper thumbnail of From Sumerian into Akkadian
From Sumerian into Akkadian
Routledge eBooks, Oct 24, 2022
Research paper thumbnail of Parcere Subiectis et Debellare Superbos. The Stele of the Vultures as Exemplary Narrative
Vicino Oriente
The correspondence between text and imagery on the Stele of the Vultures is a long-debated questi... moreThe correspondence between text and imagery on the Stele of the Vultures is a long-debated question. Even the meaning and the sequence of the images on the reverse of the Stele, as well as their relationship to the text are still obscure. Given that perfect correspondence was not a priority, this article proposes an overall interpretation of the monument. According to the author, the topic of rebellion, which is alluded to in the text through threats and curses upon anyone who would violate the oaths, and which is just implied (ellipsis) in the visual account, is the key to understanding the message of the monument.
Research paper thumbnail of The world according to E-anatum. The narrative of the events in E-anatum’s royal inscriptions
Vicino Oriente
The correspondence between text and imagery on the Stele of the Vultures is a long-debated questi... moreThe correspondence between text and imagery on the Stele of the Vultures is a long-debated question. Even the meaning and the sequence of the images on the reverse of the Stele, as well as their relationship to the text are still obscure. Given that perfect correspondence was not a priority, this article proposes an overall interpretation of the monument. According to the author, the topic of rebellion, which is alluded to in the text through threats and curses upon anyone who would violate the oaths, and which is just implied (ellipsis) in the visual account, is the key to understanding the message of the monument.
Research paper thumbnail of La 'scienza' mesopotamica della catalogazione: le raccolte di proverbi sumerici tra lessicografia e letteratura sapienziale
Quando gli uomini cominciarono a scrivere e il principio assoluto deir'epopea' della scri... moreQuando gli uomini cominciarono a scrivere e il principio assoluto deir'epopea' della scrittura e attualmente datato alla fine del IV millennio, come testimoniano i reperti epigrafici in argilla degli strati arcaici della citta sumerica di Uruk i primi testi a essere composti non furono soltanto registrazioni a carattere economico-amministrativo, come generalmente si sostiene (forse per accreditare una certa immagine, non diciamo interamente falsa, ma senz'altro parziale, della societa e del progresso umani). Insieme a questo tipo di documentazione, infatti, sono state rinvenute tavolette contenenti elenchi di parole: quelle che nella letteratura specialistica sono note come "liste lessicali". Si tratta, in principio, di elenchi di parole ordinate in base a un criterio tematico o di associazione semantica (p.es. liste di pietre, di professioni, etc.). Solo piu tardi a partire dagli inizi del II millennio (ma nella citta nord-siriana di Ebla l'evoluzione del ...
Research paper thumbnail of Gli dèi Enlil e Ninurta nel mito sumerico Lugal-e: Politiche religiose, dibattito teologico e «riscrittura» dei «testi sacri» nell'antica Mesopotamia
Gli dèi Enlil e Ninurta nel mito sumerico Lugal-e: Politiche religiose, dibattito teologico e «riscrittura» dei «testi sacri» nell'antica Mesopotamia
The two main topics this article is concerned with are textual transmission and canonization in A... moreThe two main topics this article is concerned with are textual transmission and canonization in Ancient Mesopotamia. The discussion is based on the Sumerian poem Lugal-e (or Lugal ud me-lam-bi nir-gal), which has a textual history of about two thousand years, from the Old Babylonian period (1900 B.C.) down to the Seleucid period. The text is preserved both in unilingual (Sumerian and Old Babylonian) manuscripts and in bilingual ones (i.e. the Sumerian text and its Akkadian translation). The author demonstrates that the ancient «holy texts» were not only copied, but also modified, both linguistically and in the development of the story. The most important change which was introduced concerns the god Ninurta, who in the later version acquires a more prominent role, whereas he appeared completely subordinated to his father Enlil in the original Sumerian version. This change reflects the great theological development which occurred in Mesopotamia during the 2nd Millennium. Then, in Baby...
Research paper thumbnail of Beyond the Words. Some Considerations About the Word "To Translate" in Sumerian
At least from the beginning of the 2 millennium BC onwards, the translation from Sumerian into Ak... moreAt least from the beginning of the 2 millennium BC onwards, the translation from Sumerian into Akkadian represented an important part of the scribal activity in ancient Mesopotamia. Nevertheless a verb describing the specific activity of the literary translation is not known either in Sumerian or in Akkadian: inim-bal means “to speak (in order to resolve a misunderstanding)”, “to interpret” and only rarely “to translate” (while the word eme-bal, which is known from the 3 millennium onwards, designates the simultaneous translator). This is not surprising: on the one hand, there was no real need for translations (the scribes knew both languages and the rest of the population was illiterate); on the other hand, Sumerian and Akkadian were not considered two different languages, but the two perfectly symmetrical sides of one single original idiom (eme-ha-mun / lišān mithurti). Sumerian was the “dark” side of this language: therefore the so-called translations are rather interpretations o...
Research paper thumbnail of Buchbesprechungen und Buchanzeigen - La versione accadiea del LUGAL-E. La tecnica babilonese della traduzione dal sumerico e le sue 'regole
Buchbesprechungen und Buchanzeigen - La versione accadiea del LUGAL-E. La tecnica babilonese della traduzione dal sumerico e le sue 'regole
Research paper thumbnail of La sapienza sumerica e l'ideale di regalità illuminata
La sapienza sumerica e l'ideale di regalità illuminata
Research paper thumbnail of Beyond the words. Some considerations about the word “to translate” in Sumerian
Vicino Oriente
At least from the beginning of the 2 nd millennium BC onwards, the translation from Sumerian into... moreAt least from the beginning of the 2 nd millennium BC onwards, the translation from Sumerian into Akkadian represented an important part of the scribal activity in ancient Mesopotamia. Nevertheless a verb describing the specific activity of the literary translation is not known either in Sumerian or in Akkadian: inim-bal means "to speak (in order to resolve a misunderstanding)", "to interpret" and only rarely "to translate" (while the word eme-bal, which is known from the 3 rd millennium onwards, designates the simultaneous translator). This is not surprising: on the one hand, there was no real need for translations (the scribes knew both languages and the rest of the population was illiterate); on the other hand, Sumerian and Akkadian were not considered two different languages, but the two perfectly symmetrical sides of one single original idiom (eme-ha-mun / lišān mithurti). Sumerian was the "dark" side of this language: therefore the so-called translations are rather interpretations of the original Sumerian texts, made in order to disclose their deeply hidden meaning. The verb inim-bal, literally meaning "to go beyond the word", suits well this kind of intellectual activity.
Research paper thumbnail of La sapienza sumerica e l'ideale di regalità illuminata
La sapienza sumerica e l'ideale di regalità illuminata
Quaderni Di Acme, 2006
Research paper thumbnail of QUANDO GLI DEI ERANO 'IMPERFETTI' ... La prova e i processi di maturazione nel mondo sumerico, attraverso la serie lessicale NIR, NIRGAL e NAMNIRGAL
Studi Epigrafici e Linguistici, 2004
The Sumerian words nir, nirgal and namnirgal in the framework of the Sumerian culture and theology.
Research paper thumbnail of L'Accadico di Emar
L'Accadico di Emar
Journal of the American Oriental Society, 1999
Research paper thumbnail of La versione accadica del LUGAL-E: La tecnica babilonese della traduzione dal Sumerico e le sue 'regole
La versione accadica del LUGAL-E: La tecnica babilonese della traduzione dal Sumerico e le sue 'regole
Journal of the American Oriental Society, 2003
Research paper thumbnail of „Die Rede des Königs. Die sogenannten Reformen UruKAginas zwischen Politik und Ideologie“
R. Dittmann – G.J. Selz – E. Rehm (Hgg.), It’s s Long Way to a Historiography of the Early Dynastic Period(s) (AVO 15), 2015
This article deals with a text known in Sumerology as Uru-KAgina reforms. According to the author... moreThis article deals with a text known in Sumerology as Uru-KAgina reforms. According to the author, Uru-KA-gina's measures were  a nominal reform, with rather political and ideological implications.
Research paper thumbnail of Als sich Götter und Menschen miteinander unterhielten
Welt des Orients 44, 2014
According to Sumerian mythology (the so-called “Spell of Nudimmud”) originally men spoke to the g... moreAccording to Sumerian mythology (the so-called “Spell of Nudimmud”) originally men spoke to the god Enlil in one and the same language. Then, the god Enki “put different tongues in their mouths”. Did this change affect the communication between gods and men, as well? In the ancient Mesopotamian literature, men and gods spoke to each other frequently: does this mean that they shared the same language? Some evidence seems to go against this hypothesis. It is not unlikely that at least at some time the Mesopotamians distinguished between an original writing, shared by both men and gods, and a later one, the cuneiform writing. This hypothesis could also account for what looks like an inconsistency in the Mesopotamian mythology, where writing is described both as a gift of the gods (Inanna and the MEs) and as a human invention (Enmerkara and the Lord of Aratta).
Research paper thumbnail of „Leichenhügel und Zauberkreise. Die gestaltende Kraft der Sprache in den Königsinschriften Ur-Nanšes“
KASKAL 11, 2014
This article deals with the text known in Sumerology as Ur-Nanshe 51 (or 6b), the first Sumerian ... moreThis article deals with the text known in Sumerology as Ur-Nanshe 51 (or 6b), the first Sumerian royal inscription with a war report.
According to the author this inscription is a sort of geo-political map of the kingdom of Ur-Nanshe.
Also the tumuli of corpses mentioned in the text served to mark the borders of the kingdom and to protect them magically.
Research paper thumbnail of Il millennio sumerico: l’invenzione della scrittura e la seconda demiurgia
Il millennio sumerico: l'invenzione della scrittura e la seconda demiurgia 2 "-Il Demiurgo,-dicev... moreIl millennio sumerico: l'invenzione della scrittura e la seconda demiurgia 2 "-Il Demiurgo,-diceva mio padre,-non ebbe il monopolio della creazione; la creazione è un privilegio di tutti gli spiriti".
Research paper thumbnail of From Sumerian into Akkadian
From Sumerian into Akkadian
Routledge eBooks, Oct 24, 2022
Research paper thumbnail of Parcere Subiectis et Debellare Superbos. The Stele of the Vultures as Exemplary Narrative
Vicino Oriente
The correspondence between text and imagery on the Stele of the Vultures is a long-debated questi... moreThe correspondence between text and imagery on the Stele of the Vultures is a long-debated question. Even the meaning and the sequence of the images on the reverse of the Stele, as well as their relationship to the text are still obscure. Given that perfect correspondence was not a priority, this article proposes an overall interpretation of the monument. According to the author, the topic of rebellion, which is alluded to in the text through threats and curses upon anyone who would violate the oaths, and which is just implied (ellipsis) in the visual account, is the key to understanding the message of the monument.
Research paper thumbnail of The world according to E-anatum. The narrative of the events in E-anatum’s royal inscriptions
Vicino Oriente
The correspondence between text and imagery on the Stele of the Vultures is a long-debated questi... moreThe correspondence between text and imagery on the Stele of the Vultures is a long-debated question. Even the meaning and the sequence of the images on the reverse of the Stele, as well as their relationship to the text are still obscure. Given that perfect correspondence was not a priority, this article proposes an overall interpretation of the monument. According to the author, the topic of rebellion, which is alluded to in the text through threats and curses upon anyone who would violate the oaths, and which is just implied (ellipsis) in the visual account, is the key to understanding the message of the monument.
Research paper thumbnail of La 'scienza' mesopotamica della catalogazione: le raccolte di proverbi sumerici tra lessicografia e letteratura sapienziale
Quando gli uomini cominciarono a scrivere e il principio assoluto deir'epopea' della scri... moreQuando gli uomini cominciarono a scrivere e il principio assoluto deir'epopea' della scrittura e attualmente datato alla fine del IV millennio, come testimoniano i reperti epigrafici in argilla degli strati arcaici della citta sumerica di Uruk i primi testi a essere composti non furono soltanto registrazioni a carattere economico-amministrativo, come generalmente si sostiene (forse per accreditare una certa immagine, non diciamo interamente falsa, ma senz'altro parziale, della societa e del progresso umani). Insieme a questo tipo di documentazione, infatti, sono state rinvenute tavolette contenenti elenchi di parole: quelle che nella letteratura specialistica sono note come "liste lessicali". Si tratta, in principio, di elenchi di parole ordinate in base a un criterio tematico o di associazione semantica (p.es. liste di pietre, di professioni, etc.). Solo piu tardi a partire dagli inizi del II millennio (ma nella citta nord-siriana di Ebla l'evoluzione del ...
Research paper thumbnail of Gli dèi Enlil e Ninurta nel mito sumerico Lugal-e: Politiche religiose, dibattito teologico e «riscrittura» dei «testi sacri» nell'antica Mesopotamia
Gli dèi Enlil e Ninurta nel mito sumerico Lugal-e: Politiche religiose, dibattito teologico e «riscrittura» dei «testi sacri» nell'antica Mesopotamia
The two main topics this article is concerned with are textual transmission and canonization in A... moreThe two main topics this article is concerned with are textual transmission and canonization in Ancient Mesopotamia. The discussion is based on the Sumerian poem Lugal-e (or Lugal ud me-lam-bi nir-gal), which has a textual history of about two thousand years, from the Old Babylonian period (1900 B.C.) down to the Seleucid period. The text is preserved both in unilingual (Sumerian and Old Babylonian) manuscripts and in bilingual ones (i.e. the Sumerian text and its Akkadian translation). The author demonstrates that the ancient «holy texts» were not only copied, but also modified, both linguistically and in the development of the story. The most important change which was introduced concerns the god Ninurta, who in the later version acquires a more prominent role, whereas he appeared completely subordinated to his father Enlil in the original Sumerian version. This change reflects the great theological development which occurred in Mesopotamia during the 2nd Millennium. Then, in Baby...
Research paper thumbnail of Beyond the Words. Some Considerations About the Word "To Translate" in Sumerian
At least from the beginning of the 2 millennium BC onwards, the translation from Sumerian into Ak... moreAt least from the beginning of the 2 millennium BC onwards, the translation from Sumerian into Akkadian represented an important part of the scribal activity in ancient Mesopotamia. Nevertheless a verb describing the specific activity of the literary translation is not known either in Sumerian or in Akkadian: inim-bal means “to speak (in order to resolve a misunderstanding)”, “to interpret” and only rarely “to translate” (while the word eme-bal, which is known from the 3 millennium onwards, designates the simultaneous translator). This is not surprising: on the one hand, there was no real need for translations (the scribes knew both languages and the rest of the population was illiterate); on the other hand, Sumerian and Akkadian were not considered two different languages, but the two perfectly symmetrical sides of one single original idiom (eme-ha-mun / lišān mithurti). Sumerian was the “dark” side of this language: therefore the so-called translations are rather interpretations o...
Research paper thumbnail of Buchbesprechungen und Buchanzeigen - La versione accadiea del LUGAL-E. La tecnica babilonese della traduzione dal sumerico e le sue 'regole
Buchbesprechungen und Buchanzeigen - La versione accadiea del LUGAL-E. La tecnica babilonese della traduzione dal sumerico e le sue 'regole
Research paper thumbnail of La sapienza sumerica e l'ideale di regalità illuminata
La sapienza sumerica e l'ideale di regalità illuminata
Research paper thumbnail of Beyond the words. Some considerations about the word “to translate” in Sumerian
Vicino Oriente
At least from the beginning of the 2 nd millennium BC onwards, the translation from Sumerian into... moreAt least from the beginning of the 2 nd millennium BC onwards, the translation from Sumerian into Akkadian represented an important part of the scribal activity in ancient Mesopotamia. Nevertheless a verb describing the specific activity of the literary translation is not known either in Sumerian or in Akkadian: inim-bal means "to speak (in order to resolve a misunderstanding)", "to interpret" and only rarely "to translate" (while the word eme-bal, which is known from the 3 rd millennium onwards, designates the simultaneous translator). This is not surprising: on the one hand, there was no real need for translations (the scribes knew both languages and the rest of the population was illiterate); on the other hand, Sumerian and Akkadian were not considered two different languages, but the two perfectly symmetrical sides of one single original idiom (eme-ha-mun / lišān mithurti). Sumerian was the "dark" side of this language: therefore the so-called translations are rather interpretations of the original Sumerian texts, made in order to disclose their deeply hidden meaning. The verb inim-bal, literally meaning "to go beyond the word", suits well this kind of intellectual activity.
Research paper thumbnail of La sapienza sumerica e l'ideale di regalità illuminata
La sapienza sumerica e l'ideale di regalità illuminata
Quaderni Di Acme, 2006
Research paper thumbnail of QUANDO GLI DEI ERANO 'IMPERFETTI' ... La prova e i processi di maturazione nel mondo sumerico, attraverso la serie lessicale NIR, NIRGAL e NAMNIRGAL
Studi Epigrafici e Linguistici, 2004
The Sumerian words nir, nirgal and namnirgal in the framework of the Sumerian culture and theology.
Research paper thumbnail of L'Accadico di Emar
L'Accadico di Emar
Journal of the American Oriental Society, 1999
Research paper thumbnail of La versione accadica del LUGAL-E: La tecnica babilonese della traduzione dal Sumerico e le sue 'regole
La versione accadica del LUGAL-E: La tecnica babilonese della traduzione dal Sumerico e le sue 'regole
Journal of the American Oriental Society, 2003
Research paper thumbnail of „Die Rede des Königs. Die sogenannten Reformen UruKAginas zwischen Politik und Ideologie“
R. Dittmann – G.J. Selz – E. Rehm (Hgg.), It’s s Long Way to a Historiography of the Early Dynastic Period(s) (AVO 15), 2015
This article deals with a text known in Sumerology as Uru-KAgina reforms. According to the author... moreThis article deals with a text known in Sumerology as Uru-KAgina reforms. According to the author, Uru-KA-gina's measures were  a nominal reform, with rather political and ideological implications.
Research paper thumbnail of Als sich Götter und Menschen miteinander unterhielten
Welt des Orients 44, 2014
According to Sumerian mythology (the so-called “Spell of Nudimmud”) originally men spoke to the g... moreAccording to Sumerian mythology (the so-called “Spell of Nudimmud”) originally men spoke to the god Enlil in one and the same language. Then, the god Enki “put different tongues in their mouths”. Did this change affect the communication between gods and men, as well? In the ancient Mesopotamian literature, men and gods spoke to each other frequently: does this mean that they shared the same language? Some evidence seems to go against this hypothesis. It is not unlikely that at least at some time the Mesopotamians distinguished between an original writing, shared by both men and gods, and a later one, the cuneiform writing. This hypothesis could also account for what looks like an inconsistency in the Mesopotamian mythology, where writing is described both as a gift of the gods (Inanna and the MEs) and as a human invention (Enmerkara and the Lord of Aratta).
Research paper thumbnail of „Leichenhügel und Zauberkreise. Die gestaltende Kraft der Sprache in den Königsinschriften Ur-Nanšes“
KASKAL 11, 2014
This article deals with the text known in Sumerology as Ur-Nanshe 51 (or 6b), the first Sumerian ... moreThis article deals with the text known in Sumerology as Ur-Nanshe 51 (or 6b), the first Sumerian royal inscription with a war report.
According to the author this inscription is a sort of geo-political map of the kingdom of Ur-Nanshe.
Also the tumuli of corpses mentioned in the text served to mark the borders of the kingdom and to protect them magically.

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