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Maryna Steyn

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Papers by Maryna Steyn

Research paper thumbnail of African Farmers, Not Stone Age Foragers: Reassessment of Human Remains from the Mumbwa Caves, Zambia
African Farmers, Not Stone Age Foragers: Reassessment of Human Remains from the Mumbwa Caves, Zambia
African Archaeological Review
Research paper thumbnail of Patterning of fractures in a case of intimate partner homicide (IPH)
Journal of Forensic Sciences, 2020
South Africa is a country overwhelmed by crime and violence, with very high incidences of abuse a... moreSouth Africa is a country overwhelmed by crime and violence, with very high incidences of abuse against women and children. It is not often that a case of intimate partner homicide is seen in a forensic anthropological context. Here, we report on such a case where the remains of the victim had been buried for some time. The victim was a middle-aged female, while the suspect was a younger adult male. The deceased had suffered massive, repeated trauma during her lifetime with healed fractures and evidence of soft tissue trauma to virtually all parts of her body. A partly healed rib fracture indicates that the abuse continued until shortly before her death. She ultimately succumbed after suffering trauma to her head and face after reportedly being hit by a brick, evidence of which can be seen as perimortem fractures of the face. It is important for forensic anthropologists to identify specific patterns and report on the presence of healed fractures, as they can raise suspicion as to the possibility of chronic abuse. In this case, the evidence suggests a very long period of extreme and repeated trauma, which were apparently not reported or noticed by family members or the medical fraternity.
Research paper thumbnail of Age estimation from anterior cervical vertebral ring apophysis ossification in South Africans
International Journal of Legal Medicine, 2019
Age estimation in living individuals around the age of 18 years remains a difficult challenge. In... moreAge estimation in living individuals around the age of 18 years remains a difficult challenge. In this study, the anterior inferior vertebral ring apophysis development of cervical vertebrae C2, C3, and C4 of 496 white and 478 black South African individuals aged between 15 and 22 years was assessed from cephalometric radiographs. Apophysis development was scored according to a four-stage scoring system. Ancestry and sex differences in apophysis maturation were assessed and likelihood values determined for individuals in each population group being 18 years, based on developmental stages. Regression equations were developed for each ancestry and sex group. The results indicated that the median ages for attainment of stages 0, 1, and 2 were below the 18year threshold for all ancestry and sex groups. Additionally, WSA males and BSA females attained stage 3 for C2, and WSA females attained stage 3 for C2, C3, and C4, below the 18-year threshold. The presence of stage 0 for black and white males in all three observed vertebrae and stage 1 for black males for C2, C3, and C4, white females for C2 and C3, and white males for C4 indicates an age below 18 years (with a 95% or higher probability). The results indicate that anterior inferior apophysis ossification stages of C2, C3, and C4 can be used as a reliable indicator to determine the likelihood of being 18 years of age at a 95% confidence index level. Apophysis development provides a valuable addition to the methods that can be used to assess age in the adolescent years.
Research paper thumbnail of The use of stereological methods in the histomorphometric assessment of bone for age-at-death estimation
Forensic Science International, 2018
Stereological examination of the anterior femur was done for the estimation of age-at-death. The ... moreStereological examination of the anterior femur was done for the estimation of age-at-death. The aim of this study was to assess particular bone microstructures that change with advancing age and use these variables to create revised regression formulae applicable to the black population of South Africa. A sample of 99 bone sections (n = 60 males and n = 39 females) that had previously been analysed using 2D methods, were re-analysed using the optical fractionator and nucleator sampling methods. Single and multiple regression analyses were performed to assess the strength of the relationship between known age and all independent variables. For sex-pooled data, the average number of osteons per grid area (Avg_OPD) showed the highest correlation with age (r = 0.528; r 2 = 0.278), followed by average osteon volume (r =-0.383; r 2 = 0.146). The remaining variables reflected a low correlation with age. Pooled, as well as sex-specific single regression formulae were constructed. Multiple regression formulae were constructed for pooled sexes only, as there
Research paper thumbnail of Validation of transition analysis as a method of adult age estimation in a modern South African sample
Forensic Science International, 2016
Please cite this article in press as: N. Jooste, et al., Validation of transition analysis as a m... morePlease cite this article in press as: N. Jooste, et al., Validation of transition analysis as a method of adult age estimation in a modern South African sample, Forensic Sci. Int.
Research paper thumbnail of Paleopathological Studies in South Africa
Paleopathological Studies in South Africa
The Global History of Paleopathology, 2012
Research paper thumbnail of A Bioarchaeological Investigation into the Human Remains Discovered in the Chloorkop Area, South Africa
A Bioarchaeological Investigation into the Human Remains Discovered in the Chloorkop Area, South Africa
International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 2011
... in the adult skeleton are still largely absent before the advent of pu-berty enabling a less ... more... in the adult skeleton are still largely absent before the advent of pu-berty enabling a less definitivedetermination of sex in immature ... is also argued that the genetic characteristics associated with ancestry cannot be determined with great accuracy in juvenile remains because ...
Research paper thumbnail of Forensic anthropology in South Africa: a profile of cases from 1993 to 1995 at the Department of Anatomy, University of Pretoria
Forensic anthropology in South Africa: a profile of cases from 1993 to 1995 at the Department of Anatomy, University of Pretoria
S Afr J Ethnology, 1997
Research paper thumbnail of Testing regression and mean model approaches to facial soft-tissue thickness estimation
Medicine, Science and the Law, 2020
Average facial soft-tissue thickness (FSTT) databanks are continuously developed and applied with... moreAverage facial soft-tissue thickness (FSTT) databanks are continuously developed and applied within craniofacial identification. This study considered and tested a subject-specific regression model alternative for estimating the FSTT values for oral midline landmarks using skeletal projection measurements. Measurements were taken from cone-beam computed tomography scans of 100 South African individuals (60 male, 40 female; Mage = 35 years). Regression equations incorporating sex categories were generated. This significantly improved the goodness-of-fit ( r2-value). Validation tests compared the constructed regression models with mean FSTT data collected from this study, existing South African FSTT data, a universal total weighted mean approach with pooled demographic data and collection techniques and a regression model approach that uses bizygomatic width and maximum cranial breadth dimensions. The generated regression equations demonstrated individualised results, presenting a tot...
Research paper thumbnail of Identifying the unknown and the undocumented
Identifying the unknown and the undocumented
Forensic Science and Humanitarian Action
Research paper thumbnail of Four Iron Age women from KwaZulu-Natal: biological anthropology, genetics and archaeological context
Southern African Humanities, 2019
We report further details on four partial human skeletons from KwaZulu-Natal previously selected ... moreWe report further details on four partial human skeletons from KwaZulu-Natal previously selected for genetic analysis. Dating and genetic results indicate that they derived from agriculturist communities of the mid-second millennium AD. Morphological and genetic analysis shows that three individuals were female; identification of the fourth as female comes from genetic analysis only. All four were adults at death, three older adults and one younger. Genetically, all four individuals cluster strongly with Bantu-speaking populations with West African roots, a result supported by craniometric data for the one individual with a complete and well-preserved cranium. All nevertheless display some admixture with Khoe-San populations. We show that three of the women, and probably the fourth, carried genetic resistance to the Plasmodium vivax malaria parasite, while two had some protection against Trypanosoma brucei gambiense-induced sleeping sickness. The unusual rock-shelter burial location...
Research paper thumbnail of Radiological and genetic analysis of a Late Iron Age mummy from the Tuli Block, Botswana
SANPAD and the Maxi Foundation (Switzerland) for funding parts of the project. The research of M.... moreSANPAD and the Maxi Foundation (Switzerland) for funding parts of the project. The research of M.S. is funded by the National Research Foundation (NRF) of South Africa.
Research paper thumbnail of Earliest hominin cancer: 1.7-million-year- old osteosarcoma from Swartkrans Cave, South Africa
The reported incidence of neoplasia in the extinct human lineage is rare, with only a few confirm... moreThe reported incidence of neoplasia in the extinct human lineage is rare, with only a few confirmed cases of Middle or Later Pleistocene dates reported. It has generally been assumed that pre-modern incidence of neoplastic disease of any kind is rare and limited to benign conditions, but new fossil evidence suggests otherwise. We here present the earliest identifiable case of malignant neoplastic disease from an early human ancestor dated to 1.8–1.6 million years old. The diagnosis has been made possible only by advances in 3D imaging methods as diagnostic aids. We present a case report based on re-analysis of a hominin metatarsal specimen (SK 7923) from the cave site of Swartkrans in the Cradle of Humankind, South Africa. The expression of malignant osteosarcoma in the Swartkrans specimen indicates that whilst the upsurge in malignancy incidence is correlated with modern lifestyles, there is no reason to suspect that primary bone tumours would have been any less frequent in ancient...
Research paper thumbnail of Mouth Width and Cupid’s Bow Estimation in a Southern African Population
Mouth Width and Cupid’s Bow Estimation in a Southern African Population
Journal of Forensic Sciences, 2019
Standards for estimating mouth width and Cupid’s bow width in craniofacial approximation and supe... moreStandards for estimating mouth width and Cupid’s bow width in craniofacial approximation and superimposition are limited. Currently, the only guideline for mouth width, using direct skeletal references, is a general rule indicating a 75% inter‐canine to mouth width ratio. The philtrum, which closely corresponds to the Cupid’s bow, is said to be equal to the inter‐superior prominences of the maxillary central incisors. This study tested these guidelines against newly generated regression models and mean values. Cone‐beam CT scans of 120 black and 39 white southern African adults were used. Comparative hard and soft tissue measurements were taken using a 3D DICOM viewer. Regression equations accounting population, sex, and approximate age variables (20–39 and 40+ years), utilizing maxillary inter‐canine width to estimate mouth width and maxillary central–lateral incisor junction width to estimate Cupid’s bow width, performed statistically best. The regression models were more reliable than existing standards in validation tests.
Research paper thumbnail of Facial approximations: Characteristics of the eye in a South African sample
Forensic science international, 2018
Although guidelines for facial approximations, including those for the eye, are in use in South A... moreAlthough guidelines for facial approximations, including those for the eye, are in use in South Africa, limited data on African populations exist to confirm its validity. As precise placement of the eyes in facial approximations is of importance for facial recognition, this study tested established guidelines by measuring specific instrumental dimensions. Forty-nine cadavers from the Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University and the University of Pretoria were dissected to determine the position of the canthi and the size and position of the eyeball in the orbit. Thirty cone beam computer tomography scans and 30 computer tomography scans from the Oral and Dental and Steve Biko Hospitals respectively were used to determine the size of the eyeball. Results from this study were compared to the published guidelines. The most prominent discrepancies included a more rectangular shape of the orbit, an oval shaped eyeball and a different position of the canthi. In African faces, the medial...
Research paper thumbnail of Decomposition patterns of buried remains at different intervals in the Central Highveld region of South Africa
Medicine, Science and the Law, 2017
Burial of remains is an important factor when one attempts to establish the post-mortem interval ... moreBurial of remains is an important factor when one attempts to establish the post-mortem interval as it reduces, and in extreme cases, excludes oviposition by Diptera species. This in turn leads to modification of the decomposition process. The aim of this study was to record decomposition patterns of buried remains using a pig model. The pattern of decomposition was evaluated at different intervals and recorded according to existing guidelines. In order to contribute to our knowledge on decomposition in different settings, a quantifiable approach was followed. Results indicated that early stages of decomposition occurred rapidly for buried remains within 7–33 days. Between 14 and 33 days, buried pigs displayed common features associated with the early to middle stages of decomposition, such as discoloration and bloating. From 33 to 90 days advanced decomposition manifested on the remains, and pigs then reached a stage of advanced decomposition where little change was observed in the...
Research paper thumbnail of Chinese Indentured Mine Labour and the Dangers Associated with Early 20th Century Deep-level Mining on the Witwatersrand Gold Mines, South Africa
International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 2015
Trauma analysis in archaeological human remains can aid our understanding of cultural practices, ... moreTrauma analysis in archaeological human remains can aid our understanding of cultural practices, socioeconomic status, environmental and social conditions, and even aspects of a person's occupation. For this reason, fracture patterns and frequencies can be useful in making inferences about the environment people lived and worked in. This is especially true for the 20th century mining industry where unskilled migrant labourers were often subjected to harsh working and living conditions. In this study, the skeletal remains of 36 Chinese indentured mine labourers, who worked and died on the Witwatersrand mines, South Africa, during the period ad 1904-1910, were assessed for evidence of trauma. Historical information suggests that these indentured Chinese labourers were unfamiliar with the workings of deep-level mines and as a result sustained many work-related injuries. Analyses suggest low frequencies of ante-mortem trauma. In the few instances where they occurred, these healed fractures most probably reflect injuries already sustained in China, some time before Chinese indentured employment on the Witwatersrand mines. A high frequency of traumatic lesions, specifically perimortem fractures, however, suggests a drastic shift in their working environment attesting to the hazardous working conditions associated with deep-level mining in the early 20th century.
Research paper thumbnail of ANTHROPOLOGY | Determination of Racial Affinity
ANTHROPOLOGY | Determination of Racial Affinity
Encyclopedia of Forensic Sciences, 2000
Research paper thumbnail of A geometric morphometric study into the sexual dimorphism of the human scapula
HOMO - Journal of Comparative Human Biology, 2010
Sex determination is vital when attempting to establish identity from skeletal remains. Two metho... moreSex determination is vital when attempting to establish identity from skeletal remains. Two methodological approaches to sex determination exist: morphological and metrical. The aim of this research paper was to use geometric morphometrics to study the shape of the scapula and its effect on the sexual dimorphism the scapula. The sample comprised of 45 adult black male and 45 adult black female scapulae of known individuals. The scapulae were photographed and 21 homologous landmarks were plotted to use for geometric morphometric analysis with the 'tps' series of programs, as well as the IMP package. Consensus thin-plate splines and vector plots for males and females were compared. The CVA and TwoGroup analyses indicated that significant differences exist between males and females. The lateral and medial borders of females are straighter while the supraspinous fossa is more convexly curved than that of males. More than 91% of the females and 95% of the males were correctly assigned. Hotelling's T 2-test yielded a significant p-value of 0.00039. In addition, 100 equidistant landmarks representing the curve only were also assigned. These, however, yielded considerably poorer results. It is concluded that it is better to use homologous landmarks rather than curve data only, as it is most probable the shape of the outline relative to the fixed homologous points on the scapula that provides the separation.
Research paper thumbnail of African Farmers, Not Stone Age Foragers: Reassessment of Human Remains from the Mumbwa Caves, Zambia
African Farmers, Not Stone Age Foragers: Reassessment of Human Remains from the Mumbwa Caves, Zambia
African Archaeological Review
Research paper thumbnail of Patterning of fractures in a case of intimate partner homicide (IPH)
Journal of Forensic Sciences, 2020
South Africa is a country overwhelmed by crime and violence, with very high incidences of abuse a... moreSouth Africa is a country overwhelmed by crime and violence, with very high incidences of abuse against women and children. It is not often that a case of intimate partner homicide is seen in a forensic anthropological context. Here, we report on such a case where the remains of the victim had been buried for some time. The victim was a middle-aged female, while the suspect was a younger adult male. The deceased had suffered massive, repeated trauma during her lifetime with healed fractures and evidence of soft tissue trauma to virtually all parts of her body. A partly healed rib fracture indicates that the abuse continued until shortly before her death. She ultimately succumbed after suffering trauma to her head and face after reportedly being hit by a brick, evidence of which can be seen as perimortem fractures of the face. It is important for forensic anthropologists to identify specific patterns and report on the presence of healed fractures, as they can raise suspicion as to the possibility of chronic abuse. In this case, the evidence suggests a very long period of extreme and repeated trauma, which were apparently not reported or noticed by family members or the medical fraternity.
Research paper thumbnail of Age estimation from anterior cervical vertebral ring apophysis ossification in South Africans
International Journal of Legal Medicine, 2019
Age estimation in living individuals around the age of 18 years remains a difficult challenge. In... moreAge estimation in living individuals around the age of 18 years remains a difficult challenge. In this study, the anterior inferior vertebral ring apophysis development of cervical vertebrae C2, C3, and C4 of 496 white and 478 black South African individuals aged between 15 and 22 years was assessed from cephalometric radiographs. Apophysis development was scored according to a four-stage scoring system. Ancestry and sex differences in apophysis maturation were assessed and likelihood values determined for individuals in each population group being 18 years, based on developmental stages. Regression equations were developed for each ancestry and sex group. The results indicated that the median ages for attainment of stages 0, 1, and 2 were below the 18year threshold for all ancestry and sex groups. Additionally, WSA males and BSA females attained stage 3 for C2, and WSA females attained stage 3 for C2, C3, and C4, below the 18-year threshold. The presence of stage 0 for black and white males in all three observed vertebrae and stage 1 for black males for C2, C3, and C4, white females for C2 and C3, and white males for C4 indicates an age below 18 years (with a 95% or higher probability). The results indicate that anterior inferior apophysis ossification stages of C2, C3, and C4 can be used as a reliable indicator to determine the likelihood of being 18 years of age at a 95% confidence index level. Apophysis development provides a valuable addition to the methods that can be used to assess age in the adolescent years.
Research paper thumbnail of The use of stereological methods in the histomorphometric assessment of bone for age-at-death estimation
Forensic Science International, 2018
Stereological examination of the anterior femur was done for the estimation of age-at-death. The ... moreStereological examination of the anterior femur was done for the estimation of age-at-death. The aim of this study was to assess particular bone microstructures that change with advancing age and use these variables to create revised regression formulae applicable to the black population of South Africa. A sample of 99 bone sections (n = 60 males and n = 39 females) that had previously been analysed using 2D methods, were re-analysed using the optical fractionator and nucleator sampling methods. Single and multiple regression analyses were performed to assess the strength of the relationship between known age and all independent variables. For sex-pooled data, the average number of osteons per grid area (Avg_OPD) showed the highest correlation with age (r = 0.528; r 2 = 0.278), followed by average osteon volume (r =-0.383; r 2 = 0.146). The remaining variables reflected a low correlation with age. Pooled, as well as sex-specific single regression formulae were constructed. Multiple regression formulae were constructed for pooled sexes only, as there
Research paper thumbnail of Validation of transition analysis as a method of adult age estimation in a modern South African sample
Forensic Science International, 2016
Please cite this article in press as: N. Jooste, et al., Validation of transition analysis as a m... morePlease cite this article in press as: N. Jooste, et al., Validation of transition analysis as a method of adult age estimation in a modern South African sample, Forensic Sci. Int.
Research paper thumbnail of Paleopathological Studies in South Africa
Paleopathological Studies in South Africa
The Global History of Paleopathology, 2012
Research paper thumbnail of A Bioarchaeological Investigation into the Human Remains Discovered in the Chloorkop Area, South Africa
A Bioarchaeological Investigation into the Human Remains Discovered in the Chloorkop Area, South Africa
International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 2011
... in the adult skeleton are still largely absent before the advent of pu-berty enabling a less ... more... in the adult skeleton are still largely absent before the advent of pu-berty enabling a less definitivedetermination of sex in immature ... is also argued that the genetic characteristics associated with ancestry cannot be determined with great accuracy in juvenile remains because ...
Research paper thumbnail of Forensic anthropology in South Africa: a profile of cases from 1993 to 1995 at the Department of Anatomy, University of Pretoria
Forensic anthropology in South Africa: a profile of cases from 1993 to 1995 at the Department of Anatomy, University of Pretoria
S Afr J Ethnology, 1997
Research paper thumbnail of Testing regression and mean model approaches to facial soft-tissue thickness estimation
Medicine, Science and the Law, 2020
Average facial soft-tissue thickness (FSTT) databanks are continuously developed and applied with... moreAverage facial soft-tissue thickness (FSTT) databanks are continuously developed and applied within craniofacial identification. This study considered and tested a subject-specific regression model alternative for estimating the FSTT values for oral midline landmarks using skeletal projection measurements. Measurements were taken from cone-beam computed tomography scans of 100 South African individuals (60 male, 40 female; Mage = 35 years). Regression equations incorporating sex categories were generated. This significantly improved the goodness-of-fit ( r2-value). Validation tests compared the constructed regression models with mean FSTT data collected from this study, existing South African FSTT data, a universal total weighted mean approach with pooled demographic data and collection techniques and a regression model approach that uses bizygomatic width and maximum cranial breadth dimensions. The generated regression equations demonstrated individualised results, presenting a tot...
Research paper thumbnail of Identifying the unknown and the undocumented
Identifying the unknown and the undocumented
Forensic Science and Humanitarian Action
Research paper thumbnail of Four Iron Age women from KwaZulu-Natal: biological anthropology, genetics and archaeological context
Southern African Humanities, 2019
We report further details on four partial human skeletons from KwaZulu-Natal previously selected ... moreWe report further details on four partial human skeletons from KwaZulu-Natal previously selected for genetic analysis. Dating and genetic results indicate that they derived from agriculturist communities of the mid-second millennium AD. Morphological and genetic analysis shows that three individuals were female; identification of the fourth as female comes from genetic analysis only. All four were adults at death, three older adults and one younger. Genetically, all four individuals cluster strongly with Bantu-speaking populations with West African roots, a result supported by craniometric data for the one individual with a complete and well-preserved cranium. All nevertheless display some admixture with Khoe-San populations. We show that three of the women, and probably the fourth, carried genetic resistance to the Plasmodium vivax malaria parasite, while two had some protection against Trypanosoma brucei gambiense-induced sleeping sickness. The unusual rock-shelter burial location...
Research paper thumbnail of Radiological and genetic analysis of a Late Iron Age mummy from the Tuli Block, Botswana
SANPAD and the Maxi Foundation (Switzerland) for funding parts of the project. The research of M.... moreSANPAD and the Maxi Foundation (Switzerland) for funding parts of the project. The research of M.S. is funded by the National Research Foundation (NRF) of South Africa.
Research paper thumbnail of Earliest hominin cancer: 1.7-million-year- old osteosarcoma from Swartkrans Cave, South Africa
The reported incidence of neoplasia in the extinct human lineage is rare, with only a few confirm... moreThe reported incidence of neoplasia in the extinct human lineage is rare, with only a few confirmed cases of Middle or Later Pleistocene dates reported. It has generally been assumed that pre-modern incidence of neoplastic disease of any kind is rare and limited to benign conditions, but new fossil evidence suggests otherwise. We here present the earliest identifiable case of malignant neoplastic disease from an early human ancestor dated to 1.8–1.6 million years old. The diagnosis has been made possible only by advances in 3D imaging methods as diagnostic aids. We present a case report based on re-analysis of a hominin metatarsal specimen (SK 7923) from the cave site of Swartkrans in the Cradle of Humankind, South Africa. The expression of malignant osteosarcoma in the Swartkrans specimen indicates that whilst the upsurge in malignancy incidence is correlated with modern lifestyles, there is no reason to suspect that primary bone tumours would have been any less frequent in ancient...
Research paper thumbnail of Mouth Width and Cupid’s Bow Estimation in a Southern African Population
Mouth Width and Cupid’s Bow Estimation in a Southern African Population
Journal of Forensic Sciences, 2019
Standards for estimating mouth width and Cupid’s bow width in craniofacial approximation and supe... moreStandards for estimating mouth width and Cupid’s bow width in craniofacial approximation and superimposition are limited. Currently, the only guideline for mouth width, using direct skeletal references, is a general rule indicating a 75% inter‐canine to mouth width ratio. The philtrum, which closely corresponds to the Cupid’s bow, is said to be equal to the inter‐superior prominences of the maxillary central incisors. This study tested these guidelines against newly generated regression models and mean values. Cone‐beam CT scans of 120 black and 39 white southern African adults were used. Comparative hard and soft tissue measurements were taken using a 3D DICOM viewer. Regression equations accounting population, sex, and approximate age variables (20–39 and 40+ years), utilizing maxillary inter‐canine width to estimate mouth width and maxillary central–lateral incisor junction width to estimate Cupid’s bow width, performed statistically best. The regression models were more reliable than existing standards in validation tests.
Research paper thumbnail of Facial approximations: Characteristics of the eye in a South African sample
Forensic science international, 2018
Although guidelines for facial approximations, including those for the eye, are in use in South A... moreAlthough guidelines for facial approximations, including those for the eye, are in use in South Africa, limited data on African populations exist to confirm its validity. As precise placement of the eyes in facial approximations is of importance for facial recognition, this study tested established guidelines by measuring specific instrumental dimensions. Forty-nine cadavers from the Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University and the University of Pretoria were dissected to determine the position of the canthi and the size and position of the eyeball in the orbit. Thirty cone beam computer tomography scans and 30 computer tomography scans from the Oral and Dental and Steve Biko Hospitals respectively were used to determine the size of the eyeball. Results from this study were compared to the published guidelines. The most prominent discrepancies included a more rectangular shape of the orbit, an oval shaped eyeball and a different position of the canthi. In African faces, the medial...
Research paper thumbnail of Decomposition patterns of buried remains at different intervals in the Central Highveld region of South Africa
Medicine, Science and the Law, 2017
Burial of remains is an important factor when one attempts to establish the post-mortem interval ... moreBurial of remains is an important factor when one attempts to establish the post-mortem interval as it reduces, and in extreme cases, excludes oviposition by Diptera species. This in turn leads to modification of the decomposition process. The aim of this study was to record decomposition patterns of buried remains using a pig model. The pattern of decomposition was evaluated at different intervals and recorded according to existing guidelines. In order to contribute to our knowledge on decomposition in different settings, a quantifiable approach was followed. Results indicated that early stages of decomposition occurred rapidly for buried remains within 7–33 days. Between 14 and 33 days, buried pigs displayed common features associated with the early to middle stages of decomposition, such as discoloration and bloating. From 33 to 90 days advanced decomposition manifested on the remains, and pigs then reached a stage of advanced decomposition where little change was observed in the...
Research paper thumbnail of Chinese Indentured Mine Labour and the Dangers Associated with Early 20th Century Deep-level Mining on the Witwatersrand Gold Mines, South Africa
International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 2015
Trauma analysis in archaeological human remains can aid our understanding of cultural practices, ... moreTrauma analysis in archaeological human remains can aid our understanding of cultural practices, socioeconomic status, environmental and social conditions, and even aspects of a person's occupation. For this reason, fracture patterns and frequencies can be useful in making inferences about the environment people lived and worked in. This is especially true for the 20th century mining industry where unskilled migrant labourers were often subjected to harsh working and living conditions. In this study, the skeletal remains of 36 Chinese indentured mine labourers, who worked and died on the Witwatersrand mines, South Africa, during the period ad 1904-1910, were assessed for evidence of trauma. Historical information suggests that these indentured Chinese labourers were unfamiliar with the workings of deep-level mines and as a result sustained many work-related injuries. Analyses suggest low frequencies of ante-mortem trauma. In the few instances where they occurred, these healed fractures most probably reflect injuries already sustained in China, some time before Chinese indentured employment on the Witwatersrand mines. A high frequency of traumatic lesions, specifically perimortem fractures, however, suggests a drastic shift in their working environment attesting to the hazardous working conditions associated with deep-level mining in the early 20th century.
Research paper thumbnail of ANTHROPOLOGY | Determination of Racial Affinity
ANTHROPOLOGY | Determination of Racial Affinity
Encyclopedia of Forensic Sciences, 2000
Research paper thumbnail of A geometric morphometric study into the sexual dimorphism of the human scapula
HOMO - Journal of Comparative Human Biology, 2010
Sex determination is vital when attempting to establish identity from skeletal remains. Two metho... moreSex determination is vital when attempting to establish identity from skeletal remains. Two methodological approaches to sex determination exist: morphological and metrical. The aim of this research paper was to use geometric morphometrics to study the shape of the scapula and its effect on the sexual dimorphism the scapula. The sample comprised of 45 adult black male and 45 adult black female scapulae of known individuals. The scapulae were photographed and 21 homologous landmarks were plotted to use for geometric morphometric analysis with the 'tps' series of programs, as well as the IMP package. Consensus thin-plate splines and vector plots for males and females were compared. The CVA and TwoGroup analyses indicated that significant differences exist between males and females. The lateral and medial borders of females are straighter while the supraspinous fossa is more convexly curved than that of males. More than 91% of the females and 95% of the males were correctly assigned. Hotelling's T 2-test yielded a significant p-value of 0.00039. In addition, 100 equidistant landmarks representing the curve only were also assigned. These, however, yielded considerably poorer results. It is concluded that it is better to use homologous landmarks rather than curve data only, as it is most probable the shape of the outline relative to the fixed homologous points on the scapula that provides the separation.

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