Hear we overview the indigenous watercraft from northern Europe to Bering Strait and the Far East... moreHear we overview the indigenous watercraft from northern Europe to Bering Strait and the Far East. Our purpose has been to document the types of boats, their history, and how they were made and used by the cultures of this vast region. Data have been gleaned from diverse sources, including archaeological finds, ethnographic descriptions, museum collections, photographs, historical documents, and reports of early trans-Siberian travelers. Because of space limitations, the summary provided here is devoted to bark boat traditions, with limited discussion of skin boats because the latter are better known in existing literature. Our work has been facilitated by Valentina V. Antropova, whose 1961 survey of Soviet/Russian watercraft guided much of our work. We describe four major canoe traditions, each coinciding with major river systems: Ob-Pechora, Yenesei, Lena, and Amur. Within each river system there may be several sub-types, e. g. Amur I and Amur II. Except in rock art, the history of bark boat development is very shallow as very few bark canoes have been preserved archaeologically. Paddles, however, indicate the presence of bark canoes as early as 8000 years ago. Some rock art depicts log canoes rather than bark or skin boats. Wooden planked boats replaced bark Harri T. Luukkanen-independent researcher,
Teknisten tuotantohyödykkeiden markkinointi. Koneiden ja laitteiden kotimainen kysyntä ja tarjonta sekä markkinoinnin suunnittelun tarkastelua 1970-luvun alussa
Hear we overview the indigenous watercraft from northern Europe to Bering Strait and the Far East... moreHear we overview the indigenous watercraft from northern Europe to Bering Strait and the Far East. Our purpose has been to document the types of boats, their history, and how they were made and used by the cultures of this vast region. Data have been gleaned from diverse sources, including archaeological finds, ethnographic descriptions, museum collections, photographs, historical documents, and reports of early trans-Siberian travelers. Because of space limitations, the summary provided here is devoted to bark boat traditions, with limited discussion of skin boats because the latter are better known in existing literature. Our work has been facilitated by Valentina V. Antropova, whose 1961 survey of Soviet/Russian watercraft guided much of our work. We describe four major canoe traditions, each coinciding with major river systems: Ob-Pechora, Yenesei, Lena, and Amur. Within each river system there may be several sub-types, e. g. Amur I and Amur II. Except in rock art, the history of bark boat development is very shallow as very few bark canoes have been preserved archaeologically. Paddles, however, indicate the presence of bark canoes as early as 8000 years ago. Some rock art depicts log canoes rather than bark or skin boats. Wooden planked boats replaced bark Harri T. Luukkanen -independent researcher,
On the Diffusion of the Bark Canoes, Skin Boats and Expanded Log Boats in the Eurasian North, 2010
Abstract:Observations of the occurrences of fairly recent boat cultures across the huge expanses... moreAbstract: Observations of the occurrences of fairly recent boat cultures across the huge expanses of the northern Eurasia allow a number of hypothetical statements to be made: Bark canoes were typically means for inland water transport in the boreal taiga zone, used by the fisher-hunters on a wide territory from Scandinavia to Amur. The large rivers crossing wet Eurasian lands - and their thousands of tributaries and lakes– offered the only good routes for summer travel, and here in the river system was building and use of vessels concentrated. Documented artifacts and occurrences of boats show us that all tribes from east to west adopted bark canoes. Skin boats mainly served different groups of people in the far north, in the tundra or tundra-taiga border zone adjoining the sea. Apart from these maritime groups which entered north along the coasts in east or west, inland reindeer hunting people also adopted the deer skin boats in territories were birch bark was not available. A canoe – made of bark, skin or wood - was indispensable in hunting and spearing the reindeers during the seasonal water crossing, as well as later, during seasonal migrations. In terms of bark canoe or skin boat use, typical zones can be observed in a north-south direction across Eurasia where bark canoes or skin boats dominated, or both boat types were built. The evidence at hand supposedly indicates that Lake Baikal Lake has been an early centre for bark canoe building skills in Siberia. From here the basic knowledge has been diffused along large rivers over all Eurasia. Log boats have been build almost as long as bark and skin canoes, as European finds can testify, and from early on bark, skin and wooden boats have been in parallel use. Expanded log boats presented a new technology, based on new working methods, tools and cultural experience. They also offered an alternative for canoes of large volume which gradually replaced bark canoes. Presumably, the first expanded log boats were built in the White Sea region using ‘the northern method’, where a tree expanded standing was cut down and dug out with fire and gouge-like tools. The second technology, ‘the Volga method,’ was developed at this river, using metal tools to hollow out aspen logs and expand the walls with steam and heat. In the Baltic region a third method was later developed, using iron tools to build expanded aspen canoes from a log formed like a peapod shell. Finally was developed a fourth, ‘mixed method,’ in the federation of Novgorod, combining the northern and the Volga methods, to build huge canoes for war or trade tours. It appears that the core innovation, the skill and knowledge to build expanded log canoes, spread from the mainly Fenno-Ougrian settlements to the west to be adopted at the southern Baltic, in the north at the Arctic Ocean and all the way to the east at the Pacific. Probably most peoples in the Eurasian taiga zone had adopted the expanded log boats in the Middle Ages. Bark canoes were replaced gradually. The open skin boats in the tundra zone were also partly replaced by expanded aspen or linden log boats possibly exchanged from southern tribes and regions.
Finnic Canoe History, Part 8, Expanded log boats, 2006
AbstractThe emergence of first expanded dug-out canoes took place very likely during Stone Age a... moreAbstract The emergence of first expanded dug-out canoes took place very likely during Stone Age and their development accelerated during Bronze Age, the first and maybe the largest industrial revolution in Europe, when the new technology became widely available and the demand upsurge. The canoe design with a wide hull and larger displacement was itself a response to the growing needs in waterway communications and trade transport, not least transport of bronze ingots and tools and knowledge, which soon – starting ca 2000 BC at Caucasus and Volga-Urals – spread over all continent. The artefact technology – as manifested in the of the resulting thin walls, light weight, and expanded hull form due to heating & steaming or other means - was the result of new advanced stone and bronze tools and the related skills in woodworking, as we described in Chapter 7 of this study (Bronze Age and trade in eastern Europe). The end-product, the expanded canoe itself, meant a big leap forwards from the ‘stiff’ one-log dug-out canoe introduced ca. 10 000 BP in Europe, and accelerated the further development of water craft and transport. As such, after their first emergence, expanded canoes had a long lasting influence on the canoe design for next 2000 years and later on the introduction of planked canoes based on one-log canoes, and finally on lapstrake planked boats.
Volga-Finnic canoe cultures: Bronze Age and trade in Eastern Europe – How Finland became Finnic ?, 2006
AbstractA man and canoes at Satka Lake in 1910, between Ufa and Chelyabinsk, Chelyabinsk region,... moreAbstract A man and canoes at Satka Lake in 1910, between Ufa and Chelyabinsk, Chelyabinsk region, Urals (cover photo). This region has a special place in Finno-Ugric history for many reasons. Satka River is a tributary to Ufa River, situated near Sintashta culture, was one of the most eastern territories of Volga Finnic cultures and maybe one of the earliest homes for Bronze Age innovations. Here mixed the emigrating southern Ugrian tribes with the Permian tribes and formed the future Mansi folk and language. This region may have been the birthplace for the Ob-Ugrian culture in Western Siberia – forming the Ust-Polui culture further North. Finally, here may have Mansi and Meshchera folks separated, and the Meshchera people started a long exodus West crossing the East European plains. Some Meshchera folks headed to Moskva River region, joined the Volga Finnic people, the others continued their travel ending finally in Hungary as Magyar folk. Satka Lake may have been the ancient homeland of the expanded aspen dug-out canoe too.
Hear we overview the indigenous watercraft from northern Europe to Bering Strait and the Far East... moreHear we overview the indigenous watercraft from northern Europe to Bering Strait and the Far East. Our purpose has been to document the types of boats, their history, and how they were made and used by the cultures of this vast region. Data have been gleaned from diverse sources, including archaeological finds, ethnographic descriptions, museum collections, photographs, historical documents, and reports of early trans-Siberian travelers. Because of space limitations, the summary provided here is devoted to bark boat traditions, with limited discussion of skin boats because the latter are better known in existing literature. Our work has been facilitated by Valentina V. Antropova, whose 1961 survey of Soviet/Russian watercraft guided much of our work. We describe four major canoe traditions, each coinciding with major river systems: Ob-Pechora, Yenesei, Lena, and Amur. Within each river system there may be several sub-types, e. g. Amur I and Amur II. Except in rock art, the history of bark boat development is very shallow as very few bark canoes have been preserved archaeologically. Paddles, however, indicate the presence of bark canoes as early as 8000 years ago. Some rock art depicts log canoes rather than bark or skin boats. Wooden planked boats replaced bark Harri T. Luukkanen-independent researcher,
Teknisten tuotantohyödykkeiden markkinointi. Koneiden ja laitteiden kotimainen kysyntä ja tarjonta sekä markkinoinnin suunnittelun tarkastelua 1970-luvun alussa
Hear we overview the indigenous watercraft from northern Europe to Bering Strait and the Far East... moreHear we overview the indigenous watercraft from northern Europe to Bering Strait and the Far East. Our purpose has been to document the types of boats, their history, and how they were made and used by the cultures of this vast region. Data have been gleaned from diverse sources, including archaeological finds, ethnographic descriptions, museum collections, photographs, historical documents, and reports of early trans-Siberian travelers. Because of space limitations, the summary provided here is devoted to bark boat traditions, with limited discussion of skin boats because the latter are better known in existing literature. Our work has been facilitated by Valentina V. Antropova, whose 1961 survey of Soviet/Russian watercraft guided much of our work. We describe four major canoe traditions, each coinciding with major river systems: Ob-Pechora, Yenesei, Lena, and Amur. Within each river system there may be several sub-types, e. g. Amur I and Amur II. Except in rock art, the history of bark boat development is very shallow as very few bark canoes have been preserved archaeologically. Paddles, however, indicate the presence of bark canoes as early as 8000 years ago. Some rock art depicts log canoes rather than bark or skin boats. Wooden planked boats replaced bark Harri T. Luukkanen -independent researcher,
On the Diffusion of the Bark Canoes, Skin Boats and Expanded Log Boats in the Eurasian North, 2010
Abstract:Observations of the occurrences of fairly recent boat cultures across the huge expanses... moreAbstract: Observations of the occurrences of fairly recent boat cultures across the huge expanses of the northern Eurasia allow a number of hypothetical statements to be made: Bark canoes were typically means for inland water transport in the boreal taiga zone, used by the fisher-hunters on a wide territory from Scandinavia to Amur. The large rivers crossing wet Eurasian lands - and their thousands of tributaries and lakes– offered the only good routes for summer travel, and here in the river system was building and use of vessels concentrated. Documented artifacts and occurrences of boats show us that all tribes from east to west adopted bark canoes. Skin boats mainly served different groups of people in the far north, in the tundra or tundra-taiga border zone adjoining the sea. Apart from these maritime groups which entered north along the coasts in east or west, inland reindeer hunting people also adopted the deer skin boats in territories were birch bark was not available. A canoe – made of bark, skin or wood - was indispensable in hunting and spearing the reindeers during the seasonal water crossing, as well as later, during seasonal migrations. In terms of bark canoe or skin boat use, typical zones can be observed in a north-south direction across Eurasia where bark canoes or skin boats dominated, or both boat types were built. The evidence at hand supposedly indicates that Lake Baikal Lake has been an early centre for bark canoe building skills in Siberia. From here the basic knowledge has been diffused along large rivers over all Eurasia. Log boats have been build almost as long as bark and skin canoes, as European finds can testify, and from early on bark, skin and wooden boats have been in parallel use. Expanded log boats presented a new technology, based on new working methods, tools and cultural experience. They also offered an alternative for canoes of large volume which gradually replaced bark canoes. Presumably, the first expanded log boats were built in the White Sea region using ‘the northern method’, where a tree expanded standing was cut down and dug out with fire and gouge-like tools. The second technology, ‘the Volga method,’ was developed at this river, using metal tools to hollow out aspen logs and expand the walls with steam and heat. In the Baltic region a third method was later developed, using iron tools to build expanded aspen canoes from a log formed like a peapod shell. Finally was developed a fourth, ‘mixed method,’ in the federation of Novgorod, combining the northern and the Volga methods, to build huge canoes for war or trade tours. It appears that the core innovation, the skill and knowledge to build expanded log canoes, spread from the mainly Fenno-Ougrian settlements to the west to be adopted at the southern Baltic, in the north at the Arctic Ocean and all the way to the east at the Pacific. Probably most peoples in the Eurasian taiga zone had adopted the expanded log boats in the Middle Ages. Bark canoes were replaced gradually. The open skin boats in the tundra zone were also partly replaced by expanded aspen or linden log boats possibly exchanged from southern tribes and regions.
Finnic Canoe History, Part 8, Expanded log boats, 2006
AbstractThe emergence of first expanded dug-out canoes took place very likely during Stone Age a... moreAbstract The emergence of first expanded dug-out canoes took place very likely during Stone Age and their development accelerated during Bronze Age, the first and maybe the largest industrial revolution in Europe, when the new technology became widely available and the demand upsurge. The canoe design with a wide hull and larger displacement was itself a response to the growing needs in waterway communications and trade transport, not least transport of bronze ingots and tools and knowledge, which soon – starting ca 2000 BC at Caucasus and Volga-Urals – spread over all continent. The artefact technology – as manifested in the of the resulting thin walls, light weight, and expanded hull form due to heating & steaming or other means - was the result of new advanced stone and bronze tools and the related skills in woodworking, as we described in Chapter 7 of this study (Bronze Age and trade in eastern Europe). The end-product, the expanded canoe itself, meant a big leap forwards from the ‘stiff’ one-log dug-out canoe introduced ca. 10 000 BP in Europe, and accelerated the further development of water craft and transport. As such, after their first emergence, expanded canoes had a long lasting influence on the canoe design for next 2000 years and later on the introduction of planked canoes based on one-log canoes, and finally on lapstrake planked boats.
Volga-Finnic canoe cultures: Bronze Age and trade in Eastern Europe – How Finland became Finnic ?, 2006
AbstractA man and canoes at Satka Lake in 1910, between Ufa and Chelyabinsk, Chelyabinsk region,... moreAbstract A man and canoes at Satka Lake in 1910, between Ufa and Chelyabinsk, Chelyabinsk region, Urals (cover photo). This region has a special place in Finno-Ugric history for many reasons. Satka River is a tributary to Ufa River, situated near Sintashta culture, was one of the most eastern territories of Volga Finnic cultures and maybe one of the earliest homes for Bronze Age innovations. Here mixed the emigrating southern Ugrian tribes with the Permian tribes and formed the future Mansi folk and language. This region may have been the birthplace for the Ob-Ugrian culture in Western Siberia – forming the Ust-Polui culture further North. Finally, here may have Mansi and Meshchera folks separated, and the Meshchera people started a long exodus West crossing the East European plains. Some Meshchera folks headed to Moskva River region, joined the Volga Finnic people, the others continued their travel ending finally in Hungary as Magyar folk. Satka Lake may have been the ancient homeland of the expanded aspen dug-out canoe too.
![Fig. 6. Yukagir Historical Scene with Two-Pronged Kayaks. Johan Gottleib Georgi (1776) included this illustration in his discussion of the Yukaghir, although it may represent Sakha. The romanticized scene shows conical tents, domesticated cattle, and people with tri-pointed headgear paddling and fishing in skin kayak-like boats. These boats have the same type of bifurcated bow and stern seen in modern Inuit umiaks and ritual boat carvings from the 1,500-year-old Ekven Old Bering Sea Eskimo site near East Cape, Chukotka [Georgi, 1776: 271]](/image.pl?url=https%3a%2f%2ffigures.academia-assets.com%2f66630695%2ffigure_006.jpg&f=jpg&w=240)
![Fig. 7. Spirit Boat from Ekven. This ivory Old Bering Sea model from a Grave 10/11 at Ekven, near East Cape, Chokotka, and a second example from the same site, are the earliest examples Es kimo skin boats. The model shares features of both a kayak (covered deck, cockpit, float gear) and an open skin boat The human-face and w! (gunwale extensions, side profile). hales on the deck suggest this is a spirit boat with a symbolic, not realistic, function. (Photo: E. V. Anishtchenko [Arutiunov, Sergeev, 1975, pl. 48])](/image.pl?url=https%3a%2f%2ffigures.academia-assets.com%2f66630695%2ffigure_007.jpg&f=jpg&w=240)
