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Phytochemistry

Shí Wikipedia, njikotá édémédé nke onyobulạ

Phytochemistry bụ ọmụmụ nke phytochemicals, nke bụ kemịkalụ nke osisi na-emepụta.  A na-eji phytochemicals kọwaa ọdịdị nke ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke metabolites nke abụọ na osisi, ọrụ nke ihe ọkụkụ, na biosynthesis nke phytochemicals.  Ngwakọta ndị a na-ahụ na osisi dị n'ụdị dị iche iche, a pụkwara ịchịkọta ya na klas anọ: alkaloids, phenylpropanoids, polyketides, na terpenoids..

Enwere ike iwere Phytochemistry is a branch of botany or chemistry.  Enwere ike iduzi the work of the botanical garden or the field site n'engisha nke ethnobotany.  Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ phytochemical lekwasịrị anya na ụmụ mmadụ (ya bụ, nchọpụta ọgwụ) nwere ike ịdaba n'okpuru ịdọ aka ná ntị nke pharmacognosy, ebe ọmụmụ phytochemical na-elekwasị anya na ọrụ nke gburugburu ebe obibi na evolushọn nke phytochemicals nwere ike ịdaba n'okpuru ọmụmụ nke ihe omimi nke kemịkalụ.  Phytochemistry nwekwara njikọ na ngalaba physiology osisi.

Usoro

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Ụzọ a na-ejikarị eme ihe n'ọhịa nke phytochemistry bụ mmịpụta, nkewa, na njirimara (MS, 1D na 2D NMR) nke ngwaahịa sitere n'okike, na-eji usoro Chromatography dị iche iche (MPLC, HPLC, na LC-MS).).

Phytochemicals

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Ọtụtụ osisi na-emepụta kemịkalụ iji chebe onwe ha pụọ ​​​​na ahịhịa.  A kọwapụtara ụdị phytochemicals dị mkpa dị n'okpuru ebe a, yana ihe atụ nke osisi ọgwụ nwere ha.[1]  A na-ejikarị ahịhịa ndị nwere kemịkal eme ihe, dị ka nettle, dandelion, na chickweed.[1][2]

Ọtụtụ phytochemicals, gụnyere curcumin, epigallocatechin gallate, genistein, na resveratrol bụ pan-assay inhibitors nke na-abaghị uru maka nchọpụta ọgwụ..[3][4]

Alkaloids

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Alkaloids bụ kemịkalụ na-atọ ụtọ, nke a na-ahụkarị na osisi, mana na-egbukarị egbu.  Enwere ọtụtụ klas nwere ụzọ dị iche iche maka ọgwụ, ma ntụrụndụ ma ọgwụ.  Ọgwụ nke ụdị dị iche iche gụnyere atropine, scopolamine, hyoscyamine (mwepụ nke nightshade), [1] ọgwụ ọdịnala berberine (saịtị nke osisi dị ka Berberis nke Mahonia), caffeine (Coffea), Coca" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Cocaine">cocaine (Coca), ephedrine (Coca), ephedrine (Raccoin). fia serpentina), quinidine na quinine.  (Cinchona), vincamine (Vinca obere), vincristine (Catharanthusus).[5]

  • The opium poppy Papaver somniferum is the source of the alkaloids morphine and codeine.
    The opium poppyPapaver somniferum is the source of the alkaloids morphine and codeine.
  • The alkaloid nicotine from tobacco binds directly to the body's Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, accounting for its pharmacological effects.[6]
    The alkaloid nicotine from tobacco binds directly to the body's Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, accounting for its pharmacological effects.[6]
  • Deadly nightshade, Atropa belladonna, yields tropane alkaloids including atropine, scopolamine and hyoscyamine.[7]
    Deadly nightshade,Atropa belladonna, yields tropane alkaloids including atropine, scopolamine and hyoscyamine.[7]
  • N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) a powerful psychedelic compound which is present in several plant species found across the globe, commonly found in Mimosa and Acacia species but has also been discovered in grasses such as Philaris Aquatica.
    N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) a powerful psychedelic compound which is present in several plant species found across the globe, commonly found in Mimosa and Acacia species but has also been discovered in grasses such as Philaris Aquatica.

Glycosides

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A na-ahụ Anthraquinone glycosides na Senna, [1] rhubarb, na Aloe..[8]

glycosides nke obi bụ phytochemicals sitere na osisi gụnyere foxglove na lily nke ndagwurugwu.  Ọ gụnyere digoxin na digitoxin nke na-arụ ọrụ dị ka diuretics.

  • Senna alexandrina, containing anthraquinone glycosides, has been used as a laxative for millennia.[9]
    Senna alexandrina, containing anthraquinone glycosides, has been used as a laxative for millennia.[9]
  • The foxglove, Digitalis purpurea, contains digoxin, a cardiac glycoside. The plant was used to treat heart conditions long before the glycoside was identified.[10][11]
    The foxglove,Digitalis purpurea, contains digoxin, a cardiac glycoside. The plant was used to treat heart conditions long before the glycoside was identified.[10][11]
  • Digoxin is used to treat atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter and sometimes heart failure.[10]
    Digoxin is used to treat atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter and sometimes heart failure.[10]

Polyphenols

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Polyphenols dị n'ọtụtụ osisi, gụnyere anthocyanins, phytoestrogens, na tannins.[1]  Polyphenols bụ metabolites nke abụọ a na-ahụ n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ akụkụ ọ bụla nke osisi, gụnyere mkpụrụ osisi, ifuru, na akwụkwọ..[12]

  • Angelica, containing phytoestrogens
    Angelica, containing phytoestrogens
  • Polyphenols include phytoestrogens (top and middle)
    Polyphenols include phytoestrogens (top and middle)
  • Anthocyanins are a class of polyphenol that contributes to the color of many plants.
    Anthocyanins are a class of polyphenol that contributes to the color of many plants.
  • Tannic acids are one example of many complex polyphenolic structures produced by plants.
    Tannic acids are one example of many complex polyphenolic structures produced by plants.

Terpenes

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A na-ahụ Terpenes nke terpenoids n'ọtụtụ ụdị osisi resinous dị ka conifers.  Achọghị m isi ya, mana m na-arụ ọrụ iji kpochapụ ahịhịa.  Ihe na-esi ísì ha na-eme ka ha baa baa uru dị mkpa mmanụ, maa maa ihe na-esi good taste dà la lavender rose, maa ọ bết maa aromatherapy.[1][2]  Ụfọdụ ngwaahịa ọgwụ: thymol bụ ọgwụ mgbochi mkpali nke na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka ihe na-egbochi ụmụ ahụhụ.).[13][14]

  • The essential oil of common thyme (Thymus vulgaris), contains the monoterpene thymol, an antiseptic and antifungal.[13]
    The essential oil of common thyme (Thymus vulgaris), contains the monoterpene thymol, an antiseptic and antifungal.[13]
  • Thymol is one of many terpenes found in plants.[13]
    Thymol is one of many terpenes found in plants.[13]
  • Terpenes are polymer of isoprene
    Terpenes are polymer of isoprene

Mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa

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N'ihe banyere nje bacteria ero, ọtụtụ ụzọ metabolic nke osisi anaghị agbakọta n'otu sel biosynthetic, dịka ha dị na sel nke sel nkịtị.  Lelee ụfọdụ ndị ọzọ: steroidal glycoalkaloids nke Solanum, polyketides nke Pooideae, benzoxazinoids nke Zea Mays, triterpenes nke Avena sativa, Cucurbitaceae, Arabidopsis, momilactone diterpenes nke Oryza sativa..[15]

Ihe odide

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  1. ↑Meskin, Mark S. (2002).Phytochemicals in Nutrition and Health. CRC Press.ISBN 978-1-58716-083-7. 
  2. ↑Springbob, Karen (2009). "Introduction to the different classes of natural products", in Lanzotti, Virginia:Plant-Derived Natural Products: Synthesis, Function, and Application. Springer.ISBN 978-0-387-85497-7. 
  3. ↑Baell (24 September 2014). "Chemistry: Chemical con artists foil drug discovery".Nature 513 (7519): 481–483.DOI:10.1038/513481a.PMID 25254460. 
  4. ↑ (July 2014) "The essential roles of chemistry in high-throughput screening triage".Future Medicinal Chemistry 6 (11): 1265–90.DOI:10.4155/fmc.14.60.PMID 25163000. 
  5. ↑Gremigni (2003). "The interaction of phosphorus and potassium with seed alkaloid concentrations, yield and mineral content in narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.)".Plant and Soil 253 (2): 413–427.DOI:10.1023/A:1024828131581. 
  6. ↑Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: Introduction. IUPHAR Database. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. Archived fromthe original on 29 June 2017. Retrieved on 26 February 2017.
  7. ↑Atropa Belladonna. The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products (1998). Archived fromthe original on 17 April 2018. Retrieved on 26 February 2017.
  8. ↑John T. Arnason (2013-11-11).Phytochemistry of Medicinal Plants. Springer Science & Business Media.ISBN 9781489917782. 
  9. ↑Hietala, P. (August 1987). "Laxative potency and acute toxicity of some anthraquinone derivatives, senna extracts and fractions of senna extracts".Pharmacology & Toxicology 61 (2): 153–6.DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0773.1987.tb01794.x.PMID 3671329. 
  10. ↑10.010.1Active Plant Ingredients Used for Medicinal Purposes. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved on 18 February 2017.
  11. ↑Digitalis purpurea. Cardiac Glycoside. Texas A&M University. Archived fromthe original on 2 July 2018. Retrieved on 26 February 2017. “The man credited with the introduction of digitalis into the practice of medicine wasWilliam Withering.”
  12. ↑Flavonoids. Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University (1 February 2016). Retrieved on 11 October 2023.
  13. ↑13.013.113.2Thymol (CID=6989). NIH. Retrieved on 26 February 2017. “THYMOL is a phenol obtained from thyme oil or other volatile oils used as a stabilizer in pharmaceutical preparations, and as an antiseptic (antibacterial or antifungal) agent. It was formerly used as a vermifuge.”Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid<ref> tag; name "PubChemThymol" defined multiple times with different content
  14. ↑Roy (2015-09-01). "Tinospora cordifolia stem supplementation in diabetic dyslipidemia: an open labelled randomized controlled trial" (in en).Functional Foods in Health and Disease 5 (8): 265–274.DOI:10.31989/ffhd.v5i8.208.ISSN2160-3855. 
  15. ↑Lacchini (2020-10-06). "Combinatorial Control of Plant Specialized Metabolism: Mechanisms, Functions, and Consequences".Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 36 (1): 291–313.DOI:10.1146/annurev-cellbio-011620-031429.ISSN1081-0706.PMID 32559387. 
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