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Wazir Agung

Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas
Wazir AgungKesultanan Utsmaniyah
Bekas jabatan politik
Lambang Wazir Agung
Ahmet Tevfik Pasha
Pejabat pertamaAlaeddin Pasha
Pejabat terakhirAhmet Tevfik Pasha
GayaYang Mulia
Kediaman resmiBab-ı Ali
PelantikSultan
Jabatan dimulai1328
Jabatan berakhir1 November 1922
Wazir Agung

Wazir Agung (dalambahasa TurkiVezir-i Azam atauSadr-ı Azam (Sadrazam), dalambahasa Turki Utsmaniyah: صدر اعظم or وزیر اعظم), berasal daribahasa Arabwazir (وزير), adalah menteri tertinggi diKesultanan Utsmaniyah yang setara denganPerdana Menteri dengansurat kuasa tertinggi dan hanya dapat dicopot oleh Sultan sendiri.[1] Ia memegang segel kesultanan dan dapat mengumpulkan semua wazir lainnya untuk mengurus urusan negara.

DiTurki, setelah runtuhnyaKesultanan Utsmaniyah, jabatan ini dihapuskan.

Sejarah

[sunting |sunting sumber]

Selama fase-fase munculnya Negara Utsmaniyah, hanya menggunakan kata "wazir" dalam istilah jabatan kenegaraan. Wazir pertama Utsmaniyah yang menggunakan gelar Wazir Agung adalahÇandarlı Kara Halil Hayreddin Pasha. Adapun tujuan dibentuknya gelar wazir agung adalah adalah untuk membedakan pemegang stempel sultan dengan wazir lainnya.

Pada awalnya dalam bahasa Turki, wazir agung dikenal sebagaivezir-i âzam yang kemudian perlahan-lahan diganti menjadisadrazam. Sepanjang sejarah berdirinya Turki Utsmani, para wazir agung juga digelar sebagaiadr-ı âlî ('Wazir Tinggi'),vekil-i mutlak ('Jaksa Mutlak'),sâhib-i devlet ('Pengampu Negara'),serdar-ı ekrem ('Jenderal'),serdar-ı azam ('Jenderal Besar') andzât-ı âsafî (orang wazir') danbaşnazır,[2] yang bermakna "perdana menteri".[2]

Dimasa-masa akhir menjelang runtuhnya Kekaisaran Utsmaniyah, khususnya selama dan setelah abad ke-19, Wazir Agung mulai memegang jabatan yang hampir identik dengan jabatanperdana menteri di negara-negara Eropa.[3] Reformasi dilihat pada eraTanzimat (1838), Era Kontitusional Pertama (1876–1878) dan Era Konstitusional Kedua (1908–1920) lebih lanjutnya membawa jabatan Wazir Agung segaris dan sejalan dengan standar Eropa yang membuat penjabatnya dapat mengetuai kabinet. Selama dua era konstitusional, Wazir Agung juga menjabat sebagai Ketua Senat Utsmaniyah. Dengan dibentuknyaRepublik Turki pada tahun 1923,Perdana Menteri Turki mengambil alih peran dan kewenangan Wazir Agung.

Wazir Agung sering diganti atau mengundurkan diri dalam sebuah suksesi yang cepat, yang membuat ketidakstabilan politik. Pada sepuluh tahun terakhir menjelang runtuhnya Kekaisaran Turki Utsmani, pemegang jabatan Wazir Agung telah mengalami 13 kali penggantian.

Daftar Wazir Agung Utsmaniyah

[sunting |sunting sumber]
Wazir AgungKesultanan UtsmaniyahFlag of the Ottoman Empire

Grand Viziers

NamaMulai bekerjaSelesai bekerjaBackground notes
1.Alaeddin Pasha13201331Turk[4]
2.Nizamuddin Ahmed Pasha13311348Turk[5]
3.Hacı Pasha13481349Turk[5]
4.Sinanüddin Fakih Yusuf Pasha13491364Turk[5]
5.Çandarlı Kara Halil Hayreddin Pasha (Çandarlı Halil Pasha the Elder)136422 January 1387Turk, fromCendere (orÇandar), a village nearAnkara; seeÇandarlı family. The first vizier to hold the title "grand vizier" and also the first with a military background.
6.Çandarlı Ali Pasha13871406Turk[6] (Çandarlı family)
7. "Osmancıklı"Imamzade Halil Pasha14061413Turk,[6] fromOsmancık
8. "Amasyalı"Beyazid Pasha14131421Turk,[6] fromAmasya, ofAlbanian origin[7][8]
9.Çandarlı Ibrahim Pasha the Elder14211429Turk[6] (Çandarlı family)
10. Amasyalı Hazır DânişmendoğluKoca Mehmed Nizamüddin Pasha14291439Turk,[6] fromOsmancık orAmasya
11.Çandarlı Halil Pasha the Younger14391 June 1453Turk[9] (Çandarlı family). First grand vizier who was executed.
12.Zaganos Pasha14531456Devşirme. Albanian, Greek or Serb.
13.Mahmud Pasha Angelović (1st time)14561468Devşirme.Greek[9] orSerb[9]
14.Rum Mehmed Pasha14681469Greek[9]
15.İshak Pasha (1st time)14691472Croat[9] orGreek[9][10]
16.Mahmud Pasha Angelović (2nd time)14721474Devşirme.Greek[9] orSerb[9]
17.Gedik Ahmed Pasha14741477Albanian[11] orGreek[11] orSerb.[12]
18.Karamanlı Mehmed Pasha14771481Turk,[11] fromKaraman
19.İshak Pasha (2nd time)14811482Croat<[11] orGreek.[10][11]
20.Koca Davud Pasha14821497Albanian[11]
21.Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha (Ahmed Hercegović) (1st time)14971498Devşirme. FromHerzegovina[11] (Kosača family)
22.Çandarlı Ibrahim Pasha the Younger14981499Turk[13] (Çandarlı family)
23.Mesih Pasha14991501Devşirme. Greek (Member of thePalaiologos family, according tovon Hammer)[13]
24.Hadim Ali Pasha (1st time)15011503Devşirme,[13] fromAlbania[14] (Hadim = Manservant)
25.Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha (Ahmed Hercegović) (2nd time)15031506Devşirme. FromHerzegovina[11] (Kosača family)
26.Hadim Ali Pasha (2nd time)15061511Devşirme,[13] fromAlbania[14] (Hadim = Manservant)
27.Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha (Ahmed Hercegović) (3rd time)15111511Devşirme. FromHerzegovina[11] (Kosača family)
28.Koca Mustafa Pasha15111512Greek (Rum), and not adevşirme.[15][16] Possibly "Western" (Frenk)[16][butuh rujukan]
29.Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha (Ahmed Hercegović) (4th time)151228 November 1514Devşirme. FromHerzegovina[11] (Kosača family)
30.Dukakinzade Ahmed Pasha18 December 15148 September 1515Albanian.[17] (Dukagjin family)
31.Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha (Ahmed Hercegović) (5th time)8 September 151526 April 1516Devşirme. FromHerzegovina[11] (Kosača family)
32.Hadım Sinan Pasha26 April 151622 January 1517Devşirme,[18] from the noble Boronivic family (Hadim = Manservant)
33.Yunus Pasha22 January 151713 September 1517Devşirme,[18]Greek,Pomak,Serb, orCroat origin.[19]
34.Piri Mehmed Pasha25 January 151827 June 1523Turk,[18] fromAksaray
35.Pargali Ibrahim Pasha, also calledFrenk Ibrahim Pasha27 June 152314 March 1536Greek fromParga (The nicknameFrenk refers to hisEuropean manners and tastes)
36.Ayas Mehmed Pasha14 March 153613 July 1539Devşirme. Albanian[20] fromVlora orDelvina
37.Çelebi Lütfi Pasha13 July 1539April 1541Devşirme. Albanian,[21] from Avlonya (Vlorë) (Çelebi = a refined gentleman with good manners)
38.Hadim Suleyman PashaApril 154128 November 1544Devşirme.[21]Hungarianeunuch.[22] (Hadim = Manservant)
39. Kehle-i-ikbâlDamat Rüstem Pasha (1st time)28 November 15446 October 1553Devşirme.Croat[21] fromSkradin (Damat = Bridegroom to theOttoman dynasty)
40.Kara Ahmed Pasha6 October 155329 September 1555Albanian[23]
41. Kehle-i-ikbâlDamat Rüstem Pasha (2nd time)29 September 155510 July 1561Devşirme.Croat[21] fromSkradin (Damat = Bridegroom to theOttoman dynasty)
42.Semiz Ali Pasha10 July 156128 June 1565From Bosnia[23]
43.Sokollu Mehmed Pasha (Мехмед-паша Соколовић)28 June 156512 October 1579Devşirme.Serb from Bosnia[24][25][26] (Sokolović family)
44.Şemsi Pasha[butuh rujukan]12 October 157928 April 1580Turk[butuh rujukan]
45.Vekîl-i SaltanatLala Kara Mustafa Pasha28 April 15807 August 1580From Bosnia. (Lala = a tutor to aSultan)
46.Koca Sinan Pasha (1st time)7 August 15806 December 1582Albanian[27]
47.Kanijeli Siyavuş Pasha (1st time)24 December 158225 July 1584Hungarian[27] fromNagykanizsa
48.Özdemiroğlu Osman Pasha28 July 158429 October 1585Turk[28] orCircassian[28]Mameluks
49.Hadim Mesih Pasha1 November 158514 April 1586Devşirme[28] unknown origin (Hadim = Manservant)
50.Kanijeli Siyavuş Pasha (2nd time)14 April 15862 April 1589Hungarian[27] fromNagykanizsa
49.Koca Sinan Pasha (2nd time)14 April 15891 August 1591Albanian[29]
50.Serdar Ferhad Pasha (1st time)1 August 15914 April 1592Albanian[29]
51.Kanijeli Siyavuş Pasha (3rd time)4 April 159228 January 1593Hungarian[27] fromNagykanizsa
52.Koca Sinan Pasha (3rd time)28 January 159316 February 1595Albanian[30]
53.Serdar Ferhad Pasha (2nd time)16 February 15957 July 1595Albanian[30]
54.Koca Sinan Pasha (4th time)7 July 159519 November 1595Albanian[30]
55.Tekeli Lala Mehmed Pasha19 November 159528 November 1595Turk,[31] fromManisa (Lala = Tutor to aSultan)
56.Koca Sinan Pasha (5th time)1 December 15953 April 1596Albanian[31]
57.Damat Ibrahim Pasha (1st time)4 April 159627 October 1596From Bosnia[32] (Damat = Bridegroom to the Ottoman dynasty)
58. (Cağaloğlu/Cağalazâde)Cigalazade Yusuf Sinan Pasha27 October 15965 December 1596Italian.[33] From the nobleGenoese family of Cicala.
59.Damat Ibrahim Pasha (2nd time)5 December 15963 November 1597Bosniak[33][butuh rujukan] (Damat = Bridegroom to the Ottoman dynasty)
60.Hadim Hasan Pasha3 November 15979 April 1598Devşirme[33] unknown origin
61.Cerrah Mehmed Pasha9 April 15986 January 1599Devşirme (?)[34] (Cerrah = Surgeon)
62.Damat Ibrahim Pasha (3rd time)6 January 159910 July 1601Bosniak[34][butuh rujukan] (Damat = Bridegroom to the Ottoman dynasty)
63.Yemişçi Hasan Pasha22 July 16014 October 1603Albanian[34] (Yemişçi = Fruit-vendor; in reference to his previous profession)
63.Yavuz Ali Pasha16 October 160326 July 1604Bosniak.[35] "TheMalkoçoğlu Family, properly known as Malković."
64.Sokolluzade Lala Mehmed Pasha5 August 160421 June 1606Serb[35] (Lala = Tutor to aSultan).Sokollu Mehmed Pasha's nephew.
66.Dervish Mehmed Pasha21 June 16069 December 1606Bosniak[35]
67.Kuyucu Murad Pasha11 December 16065 August 1611Bosniak[36] (Kuyucu = The well-digger; name given since he had the habit of burying his enemies in wells)
68. GümülcineliDamatNasuh Pasha5 August 161117 October 1614Albanian,[36] fromGümülcine. (Damat = Bridegroom to the Ottoman dynasty). One of the seven husbands ofAhmed I's daughter Ayşe Sultan.
69.Öküz Kara Mehmed Pasha (1st time)17 October 161417 November 1616Turk,[36] fromIstanbul (Öküz = Oxen; literallyMehmed Pasha the Oxen; name given since he was heavily built)
70.Damat Halil Pasha (1st time)17 November 161618 January 1619Armenian,[37] fromZeytun (Damat = Bridegroom to the Ottoman dynasty)
71.Öküz Kara Mehmed Pasha (2nd time)18 January 161923 December 1619Turk,[37] from Istanbul
72.Güzelce Ali Pasha23 December 16199 March 1621(?)[37] (Güzelce = Handsome)
73.Ohrili Hüseyin Pasha9 March 162117 September 1621Albanian,[38] fromOhri
74.Dilaver Pasha17 September 162120 May 1622Bosniak[38]
75.Kara Davud Pasha20 May 162213 June 1622Bosniak[38]
76.Mere Hüseyin Pasha (1st time)13 June 16228 July 1622Albanian[38] ("Mere!" = "Take it!" inAlbanian; purportedly the only grand vizier who did not speakTurkish, named after the oft-repeated order he gave on the subject of opponents' heads)
77.Lefkeli Mustafa Pasha8 July 162221 September 1622Turk,[39] from former Lefke, todayOrhaneli
78.Hadim Mehmed Pasha (Hadım -'Eunuch'- Mehmed Pasha)21 September 16225 February 1623Georgian[39] (Gürcü = Georgian)
79.Mere Hüseyin Pasha (2nd time)5 February 162330 August 1623Albanian[39]
80.Kemankeş Kara Ali Pasha30 August 16233 April 1624Turk[39] (Kemankeş = Archer)
81.Çerkes Mehmed Pasha3 April 162428 January 1625Circassian[40] (Çerkes = Circassian)
82.Hafız Ahmed Pasha (1st time)8 February 16251 December 1626Pomak,[40] fromFilibe. One of the seven husbands ofAhmed I's daughter Ayşe Sultan.
83.Damat Halil Pasha (2nd time)1 December 16266 April 1628Armenian,[40] fromZeytun (Damat = Bridegroom to the Ottoman dynasty)
84.Gazi Ekrem Hüsrev Pasha6 April 162825 October 1631Bosniak[41]
85.Hafız Ahmed Pasha (2nd time)25 October 163110 February 1632Pomak[41] fromFilibe.
86.Topal Recep Pasha10 February 163218 May 1632Bosniak[41] (Topal = Lame)
87.Tabanıyassi Mehmed Pasha18 May 16322 February 1637Albanian[41] (fromDrama)(Tabanıyassı = Flat-footed)
67.Bayram Pasha2 February 163726 August 1638Turk,[42] from Istanbul
68.Tayyar Mehmed Pasha27 August 163824 December 1638Turk[42]
90.Kemankeş Kara Mustafa Pasha23 December 163831 January 1644Albanian[43] (Kemankeş = Archer)
91.Sultanzade Mehmet Pasha (Civan Kapucubaşı Sultanzade Mehmed Pasha)31 January 164417 December 1645Albanian[43] (Sultanzade = Son of a female member of the Ottoman dynasty)
92.Nevesinli Salih Pasha17 December 164516 September 1647Bosniak[44] fromNevesinje.
93.Kara Musa Pasha16 September 164721 September 1647(?)[44] Not included in some lists. The imperial seal was sent to him by way of sea toCrete where he was in campaign, but he fell in front of the castle ofKandiye (Iraklion) five days after his naming to the rank and before receiving the seal.
94.Hezarpare Ahmet Pasha21 September 16478 August 1648Greek (?),[44] from Istanbul. Promoted from in-attorney title to the rank of full grand vizier upon Kara Musa Pasha's death. (Hezarpare = Thousand pieces; literallyAhmed Pasha the Thousand Pieces; name given by chroniclers since he was lynched by the mob)
95.Sofu Mehmed Pasha (or Mevlevi Mehmed Pasha)8 August 164821 May 1649(?)[45] (Sofu = Devout and seeMevlevi)
96.Kara Murat Pasha (Kara Dev Murat Pasha)21 May 16495 August 1651Albanian[45] (Dev = Giant)
97.Melek Ahmed Pasha5 August 165121 August 1651Abazin[45] (Melek = Angel)
98.Abaza Siyavuş Pasha I (1st time)21 August 165127 September 1651Abazin[46]
99.Gürcü Mehmed Pasha27 September 165120 June 1652Georgian[46] (Gürcü - Georgian)
100.Tarhoncu Ahmed Pasha20 June 165221 March 1653Albanian[46] (Tarhoncu, more seldom transcribed asTarhoncu = 'Tarragon vendor'; in reference to his former profession)
101.Koca Dervish Mehmed Pasha21 March 165328 October 1654Circassian[46]
102.İpşiri Mustafa Pasha28 October 165411 May 1655Abazin[47] (İpşiri = Bearer of good news) One of the seven husbands ofAhmed I's daughter Ayşe Sultan.
103.Kara Murat Pasha (2nd time)11 May 165519 August 1655Albanian[47]
104.Ermeni Suleyman Pasha19 August 165528 February 1656Armenian[47]Ermeni means Armenian. FromMalatya.
105. DeliGazi Hüseyin Pasha, also calledDeli Hüseyin Pasha28 February 16565 March 1656Turk,[48] fromYenişehir. Not included in some lists. The imperial seal was sent to him by way of sea toCrete where he was in campaign, but the ships were called back because of Zurnazen Mustafa Pasha's lobbying, who had been appointed in-attorney in between but wanted the full title for him. (Deli = Mad; due to his daring and courage in the battlefield)
106.Zurnazen Mustafa Pasha (held office for 4 hours)5 March 16565 March 1656Albanian[48] (Zurnazen = Clarinettist). Not included in some lists. Promoted from in-attorney title to the rank of full grand vizier due to the influence he exerted on the sultan for Gazi Hüseyin Pasha's dismissal from the office. His appointment caused an uprising in Istanbul and he was exiled after having held the seal for four hours.
107.Abaza Siyavuş Pasha I (2nd time)5 March 165625 April 1656Abazin[48]
108.Boynuyaralı Mehmed Pasha26 April 165615 September 1656Turk,[49] fromSamsun (Boynu yaralı = Wounded neck)
109.Köprülü Mehmed Pasha15 September 165631 October 1661Albanian,[49] from the region ofRushnik, associated with his wife's hometown ofKöprü in north-centralAnatolia, calledVezirköprü today in honor of the family. (see;Köprülü family)
110.Köprülü Fazıl Ahmed Pasha31 October 166119 October 1676Albanian[49] (seeKöprülü family)
111.Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha19 October 167625 December 1683Turk fromMerzifon (adopted son in the AlbanianKöprülü family)
112.Kara İbrahim Pasha15 December 168318 November 1685Turk[50]
113.Sarı Süleyman Pasha18 November 168518 September 1687Bosniak[51] (Sarı = Blond)
114.Abaza Siyavuş Pasha18 September 168723 February 1688Abazin[51]
115.Ayaşlı İsmail Pasha23 February 16882 May 1688Turk[52] fromAyaş)
116.Bekri Mustafa Pasha30 May 16887 November 1689Turk,[52] fromTekirdağ.
117.Köprülü Fazıl Mustafa Pasha10 November 168919 August 1691Albanian[52] (Köprülü family)
118.Arabacı Ali Pasha24 August 169121 March 1692Albanian[53] (Arabacı = Coachman; in reference to his background)
119.Merfizonlu Hacı Ali Pasha23 March 169217 March 1693Turk,[53] fromMerzifon.
120.Bozoklu Mustafa Pasha17 March 1693March 1694Turk,[54] from Bozok (Yozgat today).
121.Sürmeli Ali Pasha13 March 169422 April 1695(?)[54] Greek[butuh rujukan] (fromDimetoka) (Sürmeli = One who has eyes tinged with kohl)
122.Elmas Mehmed Pasha3 May 169511 September 1697Turk[55] (Elmas = Diamond)
123.Amcazade Köprülü Hüseyin Pasha17 September 16974 September 1702Albanian[55] (Köprülü family).
124.Daltaban Mustafa Pasha4 September 170224 January 1703Bosniak[56] according toJoseph von Hammer, fromManastır (Daltaban = Barefoot)
125.Rami Mehmed Pasha25 January 170322 August 1703Turk (?),[56] from Istanbul
126.Kavanoz Ahmed Pasha22 August 170316 November 1703Russian[57] (Kavanoz = A jar; named as such because purportedly very short and fat)
127.Damat Hasan Pasha18 November 170328 September 1704Greek[10][57][58] Ottoman, fromMorea,Greece (Damat = Bridegroom to the Ottoman dynasty)
128.Kalaylıkoz Hacı Ahmed PashaOctober 170425 December 1704Turk[57] (Kalaylıkoz = Varnished; a reference on his fondness for make-up, ornaments and dresses)
129. Teberdar/Baltaci Mehmed Pasha (1st time)25 December 17043 May 1706Turk,[59] fromOsmancık.
130.Çorlulu Damat Ali Pasha3 May 170615 June 1710Turk (?),[59] fromÇorlu (Damat = Bridegroom to theOttoman dynasty)
131.Köprülü Numan Pasha16 June 171017 August 1710Albanian[59] (Köprülü family).
132.Baltaci Mehmed Pasha (2nd time)18 August 171020 November 1711Turk,[59] fromOsmancık.
133.Ağa Yusuf Pasha20 November 171111 November 1712Georgian[60]
134.Silahtar Süleyman Pasha12 November 17126 April 1713Abazin[60]
135.Hoca Ibrahim Pasha6 April 17137 April 1713Turk,[60] fromSerez (Serres)
136.Silahdar Damat Ali Pasha27 April 17135 August 1716Turk[61] fromİznik (Damat = Bridegroom to the Ottoman dynasty)
137.Hacı Halil Pasha21 August 1716October 1717Albanian[61]
138.Nişancı Mehmed PashaOctober 17179 May 1718Turk (?),[61] fromKayseri
139.Nevşehirli Damat Ibrahim Pasha9 May 171816 October 1730Turk,[61] fromNevşehir. (Damat = Bridegroom to the Ottoman dynasty)
140.Silahdar Damat Mehmed Pasha16 October 173023 January 1731Turk (?),[62] from Istanbul (Damat = Bridegroom to theOttoman dynasty)
141.Kabakulak Ibrahim Pasha23 January 173111 September 1731Turk,[62] fromŞebinkarahisar (Kabakulak = Someone with mumps)
142.Topal Osman Pasha21 September 173112 March 1732Turk[63] (Topal = Lame)
143. Hekimbaşızâde/Hekimoğlu Ali Pasha (1st time)12 March 173214 July 1735Italian[63] (son ofVenetian convert Hekimbaşı Nuh Efendi)
144.Gürcü İsmail Pasha14 July 173525 December 1735Georgian[63] (Gürcü = Georgian)
145.tr [Silahdar Seyyid Mehmed Pasha]10 January 17365 August 1737Turk (?),[64] fromDimetoka
146.Muhsinzade Abdullah Pasha22 August 173719 December 1737Arab (?),[64] fromAleppo
147.Yeğen Mehmed Pasha3 December 173723 March 1739Turk[64] (Yeğen = Nephew, of the Sultan in his case)
148.İvaz Mehmed Pasha17 March 173923 June 1740Albanian[65]
149.Nişancı Hacı Ahmed Pasha22 July 17407 April 1742Turk,[65] fromAlanya
150.Hekimoğlu Ali Pasha (2nd time)21 April 17424 October 1742Italian[65] (son ofVenetian convert Hekimbaşı Nuh Efendi)
151.Seyyid Hasan Pasha4 October 174210 August 1746Turk,[65] fromKarahisar (Şebinkarahisar today)
152.Tiryaki Hacı Mehmed Pasha11 August 174624 August 1747(?)[66] (Tiryaki= Someone who has an addiction, to tobacco, opium, alcohol etc.). Reputed to have taken measures which made the prices of these substances plummet during his office.
153.Seyyid Abdullah Pasha24 August 17472 January 1750Arab (?),[66] fromKerkük
154. Devâtdar/Divitdar Mehmed Pasha9 January 17501 July 1752(?),[66] from Istanbul
155.Köse Bahir Mustafa Pasha (1st time)1 July 175216 February 1755Turk (?),[66] fromÇorlu (Köse = A bowl, someone with no beard)
156.Hekimoğlu Ali Pasha (3rd time)16 February 175519 May 1755Italian[67] (son ofVenetian convert Hekimbaşı Nuh Efendi)
157.Naili Abdullah Pasha19 May 175524 August 1755Turk,[67] from Istanbul
158.Silahdar Bıyıklı Ali Pasha, aka Nişancı Ali Pasha24 August 175523 October 1755Turk (?)[67]
159.Yirmisekizzade Mehmed Said Pasha25 October 17551 April 1756Georgian,[67] fromEdirne (Yirmisekiz = Twenty-eight; named as such because his father,Yirmisekiz Mehmed Çelebi, had served in the 28th battalion ("orta") in the corps ofJanissaries)
160.Köse Bahir Mustafa Pasha (2nd time)30 April 17563 December 1756Turk,[68] fromÇorlu (Köse = A bowl, someone with no beard)
161.Koca Ragıp Pasha12 January 17578 April 1763Turk,[68] from Istanbul
162.Tevkii Hamza Hamid Pasha11 April 176329 September 1763Turk,[69] fromDeveli
163.Köse Bahir Mustafa Pasha (3rd time)29 September 176330 March 1765Turk (?),[69] fromÇorlu
164.Muhsinzade Mehmed Pasha (1st time)30 March 17657 August 1768Arab (?),[69] son ofMuhsinzade Abdullah Pasha
165.Silahdar Hamza Mahir Pasha7 August 176820 October 1768Turk,[69] fromDeveli
166.Yağlıkçızade Mehmed Emin PashaOctober 176812 August 1769Turk,[70] from Istanbul
167.Moldovancı Ali Pasha12 August 176912 December 1769Turk,[70] fromDaday
168.Ivazzade Halil Pasha13 December 176925 December 1770Albanian[70] (son ofİvaz Mehmed Pasha)
169.Silahdar Mehmed Pasha25 December 177011 December 1771Turk (?),[71] from Istanbul
170.Muhsinzade Mehmed Pasha (2nd time)December 17716 August 1774(Arap ?)[71]
171.Izzet Mehmed Pasha (1st time)11 August 17747 July 1775[72]
172.Moralı Dervish Mehmed Pasha7 July 17755 January 1777Turk[71] (fromMora = ThePeloponnese)
173.Darendeli Cebecizade Mehmed Pasha5 January 17771 September 1778Turk,[73] fromDarende.
174.Kalafat Mehmed Pasha1 September 177822 August 1779Bulgarian,[73] fromSofia (Kalafat = Caulker).
175.tr [Silahdar Seyyid Mehmed Pasha]August 177920 February 1781Turk,[73] fromArabsun nearKırşehir
176.Izzet Mehmed Pasha (2nd time)20 February 178125 August 1782[72]
177.Yeğen Hacı Mehmed Pasha25 August 178231 December 1782Turk[74] (Yeğen = Nephew, to the Ottoman sultan in his case).
178.Halil Hamid Pasha31 December 178230 April 1785Turk,[74] fromIsparta. Great-grandfather ofKemal Derviş, current administrator of theUNDP.
179.Şahin Ali Pasha30 April 178525 January 1786Georgian[74]
180.Koca Yusuf Pasha (1st time)25 January 178628 May 1789Georgian[74]
181.Cenaze Hasan Pasha orMeyyit Hasan Pasha28 May 17892 January 1790Circassian[75] ("Cenaze" or "Meyyit" = A funeral, a corpse; literally "Hasan Pasha the Funeral" or "Hasan Pasha the Corpse"; named as such because he was in his deathbed, seriously ill, throughout his term)
182.Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Pasha2 January 179030 March 1790(?),[75] possibly with origins related to any which one of theCaucasian/Iranian ethnicities, bought as a slave in childhood in eastern Turkey, raised byTurkish family inTekirdağ. His name Cezayirli meansfrom Algiers since he had been acorsair there.
183.Çelebizade Şerif Hasan Pasha16 April 179012 February 1791(?),[75] fromRusçuk.
184.Koca Yusuf Pasha (2nd time)12 February 17911792Georgian[76]
185.Damat Melek Mehmed Pasha179221 October 1794Serb[76] (Damat = Bridegroom to the Ottoman dynasty)
186.Safranbolulu Izzet Mehmet Pasha21 October 179423 October 1798Turk,[76] fromSafranbolu.[77]
187.Kör Yusuf Ziyaüddin Pasha (1st time)23 October 179824 June 1805Georgian[78] (Kör = Blind)
188.Bostancıbaşı Hafız İsmail Pasha24 September 180513 October 1806(?)[78]
189.Keçiboynuzu İbrahim Hilmi Pasha13 October 18063 June 1807Turk (?)[78] (Keçiboynuzu = Carob fruit, named as such because purportedly an extremely puny person)
190.Çelebi Mustafa Pasha3 June 180729 July 1808(?)[79] (Çelebi = A refined gentleman with good manners)
191.Alemdar Mustafa Pasha, also called (Bayrakdar Mustafa Pasha)29 July 180815 November 1808Albanian (?),[79] fromRusçuk. (Alemdar orBayraktar = standard bearer, same rank with two different names among theJanissaries)
192.Çavuşbaşı Memiş Pasha16 November 1808December 1808Albanian[79] (Çavuşbaşı = Head sergent)
Çarhacı Ali Pasha[butuh rujukan]December 1808March 1809Turk[butuh rujukan] (Çarhacı = Skirmisher)
193.Kör Yusuf Ziyaüddin Pasha (2nd time)March 1809February 1811Georgian[80]
194.Laz Ahmed PashaFebruary 1811July 1812Turk (?),[80]Laz[butuh rujukan]
195.Hurşit Ahmed PashaJuly 181230 March 1815Georgian,[80] the only grand vizier who committedsuicide (while in office)
196.Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (1st time)30 March 18156 January 1818Turk[80]
197.Burdurlu Dervish Mehmed Pasha6 January 18185 January 1820(?),[81] fromBurdur
198.Seyyid Ali Pasha5 January 182021 April 1821Turk[81]
199.Benderli Ali Pasha21 April 182130 April 1821(?),[81] fromBender (Moldavia today). The last grand vizier who was executed upon an order clearly given by the sultan (because of theGreek War of Independence).
200.tr [Izmirli Hacı Salih Pasha]30 April 182111 November 1822Donmeh (?)[81]
201. BostancıbaşıDeli Abdullah Pasha11 November 18224 March 1823Turk[82] (Deli = Mad, literally Abdullah Pasha the Mad)
202.Turnacızade Silahdar Ali Pasha4 March 182313 December 1823(?)[82]
203.Mehmed Said Galip Pasha13 December 182315 September 1824Turk[82]
204. "Benderli"Mehmed Selim Pasha15 September 182426 October 1828(?),[82] fromBender (Moldavia today)
205.Topal Izzet Mehmed Pasha (1st time)26 October 182828 January 1829Turk,[83] fromDarende.
206.Reşid Mehmed PashaJanuary 182917 February 1833Georgian or Greek[83]
207.Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (2nd time)17 February 18338 July 1839Turk[83]
208.Husrev Pasha8 July 183929 May 1841Abazin[84]
209.Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (3rd time)29 May 18417 October 1841Turk[84]
210.Topal Izzet Mehmed Pasha (2nd time)7 October 18413 September 1842Turk[85] from Darende
211.Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (4th time)3 September 184231 July 1846Turk[85]
212.Koca Mustafa Reşid Pasha (1st time)31 July 184628 April 1848Turk[85]
213.İbrahim Sarim Pasha28 April 184813 August 1848Turk[86]
214.Koca Mustafa Reşid Pasha (2nd time)13 August 184827 January 1852Turk[86]
215.Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (5th time)27 January 18527 March 1852Turk[86]
216.Koca Mustafa Reşit Pasha (3rd time)7 March 18527 August 1852Turk[87]
217.Mehmed Emin Aali Pasha (1st time)7 August 18524 October 1852Turk[87]
218.Damat Mehmed Ali Pasha4 October 185214 May 1853Hamsheni[88](Damat = Bridegroom to the Ottoman Dynasty).
219-220.Mustafa Naili Pasha (1st time)14 May 185330 May 1854Albanian,[89] fromEgypt, calledGiritli=Cretan because he had served as governor in that island for a long time.
221.Kıbrıslı Mehmed Emin Pasha (1st time)30 May 185424 November 1854Turk,[90] fromCyprus
222.Koca Mustafa Reşid Pasha (4th time)24 November 18544 May 1855Turk[90]
223.Mehmed Emin Aali Pasha (2nd time)4 May 18551 December 1856Turk[91]
224.Koca Mustafa Reşid Pasha (5th time)1 December 18562 August 1857Turk[91]
225.Mustafa Naili Pasha (2nd time)2 August 185723 October 1857Albanian[91]
226.Koca Mustafa Reşid Pasha (6th time)23 October 18577 January 1858Turk[91]
227.Mehmed Emin Aali Pasha (3rd time)11 January 18588 October 1859Turk[92]
228.Kıbrıslı Mehmed Emin Pasha (2nd time)8 October 185924 December 1859Turk,[92] from Cyprus
229.Mütercim Mehmed Rüşdi Pasha (1st time)24 December 185927 May 1860Turk[92] (Mütercim = A translator, an interpreter)
230.Kıbrıslı Mehmed Emin Pasha (3rd time)27 May 18606 August 1861Turk,[93] from Cyprus
231.Mehmed Emin Aali Pasha (4th time)6 August 186122 November 1861Turk[93]
232. KeçecizadeMehmed Fuad Pasha (1st time)22 November 18616 January 1863Turk,[93] fromKonya (Keçecizade family).
233.Yusuf Kamil Pasha6 January 18633 June 1863Turk[94]
234. KeçecizadeMehmed Fuad Pasha (2nd time)3 June 18635 June 1866Turk[94]
235.Mütercim Mehmed Rüşdi Pasha (2nd time)5 June 186611 February 1867Turk[95]
236.Mehmed Emin Aali Pasha (5th time)11 February 18677 September 1871Turk[95]
237.Mahmud Nedim Pasha (1st time)September 187131 July 1872Georgian,[95] was often calledNedimoff due to hisRussophile policies
238. Ahmed ŞefikMidhat Pasha (1st time)31 July 187219 October 1872Turk (?),[96] family fromRusçuk, born in Istanbul.
239.Mütercim Mehmed Rüşdi Pasha (3rd time)19 October 1872February 1873Turk[96]
240.Sakızlı Ahmed Esat Pasha (1st time)15 February 187315 April 1873Turk,[96] fromSakız/Chios
241.Şirvanlı Mehmed Rüşdi Pasha15 April 187314 February 1874Turk[96] orKurd[butuh rujukan], fromŞirvan.
242.Hüseyin Avni Pasha14 February 187425 April 1875Turk[97]
243.Sakızlı Ahmed Esat Pasha (2nd time)April 1875August 1875Turk,[97] fromSakız (Chios)
244.Mahmud Nedim Pasha (2nd time)21 August 187511 May 1876Georgian[97]
245.Mütercim Mehmed Rüşdi Pasha (4th time)12 May 187619 December 1876Turk[97]
246. Ahmed ŞefikMidhat Pasha (2nd time)19 December 18765 February 1877Turk (?)[98] The last grand vizier who was executed -while in exile inTaif-. Whether or not there was a direct order from the SultanAbdulhamid II remains subject of discussion to this day.)
247.İbrahim Edhem Pasha5 February 187711 January 1878Greek,[98] fromChios/Sakız; sold as a slave in childhood to -later- Grand VizierHusrev Pasha during the 1822 events in that island)
248.Ahmed Hamdi Pasha11 January 18784 February 1878Abazin[99]
249.Ahmed Vefik Pasha4 February 187818 April 1878Turk,[99] from Istanbul.
250.Mehmed Sadık Pasha18 April 187828 May 1878Turk[100]
251.Mütercim Mehmed Rüşdi Pasha (5th time)28 May 18784 June 1878Turk[100]
252.Saffet Pasha4 June 1878October 1878Turk[101]
253.Tunuslu Hayreddin PashaOctober 187828 July 1879Abazin[101]
254.Ahmed Arifi Pasha28 July 1879September 1879Turk[101]
255.Mehmed Said Pasha (1st time)18 October 18799 June 1880Turk[102]
256.Kadri Pasha9 June 188012 September 1880Turk,[102] fromAntep
257.Mehmed Said Pasha (2nd time)12 September 18802 May 1882Turk[103]
258.Abdurrahman Nureddin Pasha2 May 188212 July 1882Turk,[103] fromKütahya (Germiyanid family)
259.Mehmed Said Pasha (3rd time)12 July 188230 November 1882Turk[104]
260.Ahmed Vefik Pasha (2nd time)1 December 18823 December 1882Turk[104]
261.Mehmed Said Pasha (4th time)3 December 188224 September 1885Turk[104]
262.Kâmil Pasha (1st time)25 September 18854 September 1891Turk,[105] fromCyprus.
263.Ahmed Cevat Şakir Pasha4 September 18918 June 1895Turk,[105] fromKabaağaç inAfyonkarahisar (Şakirpaşazade family)
264.Mehmed Said Pasha (5th time)9 June 18953 October 1895Turk[105]
265.Kâmil Pasha (2nd time)3 October 18957 November 1895Turk,[106] from Cyprus.
266.Halil Rifat Pasha7 November 18959 November 1901Turk (?),[106] fromSerez
267.Mehmed Said Pasha (6th time)13 November 190115 January 1903Turk[106]
268.Avlonyalı Mehmed Ferid Pasha15 January 190322 July 1908Albanian,[107] fromAvlonya (Vlorë)
269.Mehmed Said Pasha (7th time)22 July 19086 August 1908Turk[107]
270.Kâmil Pasha (3rd time)5 August 190814 February 1909Turk,[107] from Cyprus
271.Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha (1st time)14 February 190914 April 1909Greek[108] or Turk[109] from Cyprus
272.Ahmet Tevfik Pasha (1st time)14 April 19095 May 1909Turk[109]
273.Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha (2nd time)5 May 190912 January 1910Greek or Turk, fromMidilli
274.İbrahim Hakkı Pasha12 January 191030 September 1911Turk (?)[110]
275-276.Mehmed Said Pasha (8th time)30 September 191122 July 1912Turk[110]
277.Ahmed Muhtar Pasha22 July 191229 October 1912Turk,[111] fromBursa
278.Kâmil Pasha (4th time)29 October 191223 January 1913Turk,[112] from Cyprus
279.Mahmud Shevket Pasha23 January 191311 June 1913Chechen (?),[112]Circassian[113] and/orArab[114] Ottoman, fromBaghdad
280.Said Halim Pasha12 June 19134 February 1917Albanian (?)[115] Albanian origins (from the family of theKhedives of Egypt)
281.Mehmed Talaat Pasha4 February 191714 October 1918(?),[115] fromEdirne
282-283.Ahmed Izzet Pasha14 October 191811 November 1918Albanian[116][117] Ottoman, from Istanbul
284.Ahmet Tevfik Pasha (2nd time)11 November 19184 March 1919Turk[118]
285-287.Damat Ferid Pasha (1st time)4 March 19192 October 1919Albanian[118]Serbian with family origins in the village ofPotoci, nearPljevlja (Damat, bridegroom to theOttoman dynasty)
288.Ali Rıza Pasha2 October 19198 March 1920Turk (?),[119] from Istanbul
289.Salih Hulusi Pasha8 March 19205 April 1920Circassian,[119] from Istanbul
290-291.Damat Ferid Pasha (2nd time)5 April 192021 October 1920Albanian[119]Serbian with family origins in the village ofPotoci, nearPljevlja (Damat, bridegroom to theOttoman dynasty)
292.Ahmet Tevfik Pasha (3rd time)21 October 19201 November 1922Turk,[120] last grand vizier

Catatan kaki

[sunting |sunting sumber]
  1. ^Diplomatic documents relating to the outbreak of the European war, Volume 2. By Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. hal.1411
  2. ^abArchivum Ottomanicum, hlm. 240, padaGoogle Books
  3. ^Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire, hlm. 235, padaGoogle Books
  4. ^İsmail Hâmi Danişmend,Osmanlı Devlet Erkânı, Türkiye Yayınevi, İstanbul, 1971, p. 7.(Turki)
  5. ^abcDanişmend (1971), p. 8.(Turki)
  6. ^abcdeDanişmend (1971), p. 9.(Turki)
  7. ^http://books.google.al/books?id=q2YopOyq66AC&pg=PT246&dq=bayezid+pasha+albanian&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ryECVNa8GOLm7AaJrIC4Dw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=bayezid%20pasha%20albanian&f=false
  8. ^http://books.google.al/books?id=ptXG0uA70lAC&pg=PA55&dq=bayezid+pasha+albanian&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ryECVNa8GOLm7AaJrIC4Dw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=bayezid%20pasha%20albanian&f=false
  9. ^abcdefghDanişmend (1971), p. 10.(Turki)
  10. ^abcRadushev, Evg (2003).Inventory of Ottoman Turkish documents about Waqf preserved in the Oriental Department at the St. St. Cyril and Methodius National Library. Sv. sv. Kiril i Metodiĭ. hlm. 228. Kesalahan pengutipan: Tanda<ref> tidak sah; nama "Evg Radushev" didefinisikan berulang dengan isi berbeda
  11. ^abcdefghijkDanişmend (1971), p. 11.(Turki)
  12. ^Theoharis Stavrides (2001).The Sultan of Vezirs: The Life and Times of the Ottoman Grand Vezir Mahmud Pasha Angelovic (1453-1474)ISBN 978-90-04-12106-5.Brill Academic Publishers. 
  13. ^abcdDanişmend (1971), p. 12.(Turki)
  14. ^abTürkçülük ve Türkçülük mücadeleleri tarihi. 1969. hlm. 53.10 - Hadım Ali Paşa (Arnavut-devşirme, köle) 
  15. ^Türkçülük ve Türkçülük mücadeleleri tarihi. 1969. hlm. 53.11 - Koca Mustafa Paşa (Rum) 
  16. ^abDanişmend (1971), p. 13.(Turki)
  17. ^Danişmend (1971), p. 14.(Turki)
  18. ^abcDanişmend (1971), p. 15.(Turki)
  19. ^Alper, Omer Mahir, "Yunus Paşa", (1999)Yaşamları ve Yapıtlarıyla Osmanlılar Ansiklopedisi, İstanbul:Yapı Kredi Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık A.Ş. C.2 s.678ISBN 975-08-0072-9
  20. ^Danişmend (1971), p. 16.(Turki)
  21. ^abcdDanişmend (1971), p. 17.(Turki)
  22. ^A military history of modern Egypt: from the Ottoman Conquest to the Ramadan War by Andrew James McGregor p.30[1]
  23. ^abDanişmend (1971), p. 18.(Turki)
  24. ^Samarčić, Radovan (2004). Sokollu Mehmet Paşa (3rd ed.) Istanbul: Aralik.ISBN 975-8823-62-0
  25. ^Kočan, Ismet (Dec. 21, 2005).Mit i stvarnost - Mehmed-paša Sokolović[pranala nonaktif permanen], Večernje Novosti Online.
  26. ^Danişmend (1971), p. 19.(Turki)
  27. ^abcdDanişmend (1971), p. 21.(Turki)
  28. ^abcDanişmend (1971), p. 22.(Turki)
  29. ^abDanişmend (1971), p. 23.(Turki)
  30. ^abcDanişmend (1971), p. 24.(Turki)
  31. ^abDanişmend (1971), p. 25.(Turki)
  32. ^Islamic Desk Reference: Compiled from "The Encyclopaedia of Islam", E. J. Van Donzel, BRILL, 1994, p.165.Bosnian origin 
  33. ^abcDanişmend (1971), p. 26.(Turki)
  34. ^abcDanişmend (1971), p. 27.(Turki)
  35. ^abcDanişmend (1971), p. 28.(Turki)
  36. ^abcDanişmend (1971), p. 29.(Turki)
  37. ^abcDanişmend (1971), p. 30.(Turki)
  38. ^abcdDanişmend (1971), p. 31.(Turki)
  39. ^abcdDanişmend (1971), p. 32.(Turki)
  40. ^abcDanişmend (1971), p. 33.(Turki)
  41. ^abcdDanişmend (1971), p. 34.(Turki)
  42. ^abDanişmend (1971), p. 35.(Turki)
  43. ^abDanişmend (1971), p. 36.(Turki)
  44. ^abcDanişmend (1971), p. 37.(Turki)
  45. ^abcDanişmend (1971), p. 38.(Turki)
  46. ^abcdDanişmend (1971), p. 39.(Turki)
  47. ^abcDanişmend (1971), p. 40.(Turki)
  48. ^abcDanişmend (1971), p. 41.(Turki)
  49. ^abcDanişmend (1971), p. 42.(Turki)
  50. ^Danişmend (1971), p. 44.(Turki)
  51. ^abDanişmend (1971), p. 45.(Turki)
  52. ^abcDanişmend (1971), p. 46.(Turki)
  53. ^abDanişmend (1971), p. 47.(Turki)
  54. ^abDanişmend (1971), p. 48.(Turki)
  55. ^abDanişmend (1971), p. 49.(Turki)
  56. ^abDanişmend (1971), p. 50.(Turki)
  57. ^abcDanişmend (1971), p. 51.(Turki)
  58. ^Catharine Theimer Nepomnyashchy, Nicole Svobodny, Ludmilla A. Trigos (2006).Under the sky of my Africa: Alexander Pushkin and blackness. Northwestern University Press. hlm. 53.ISBN 0-8101-1971-4.Shortly afterward a new grand vizier, Hasan, came to take the place of the old one, and he held his post during the period we are interested in: from November 16, 1703, to September 28, 1704. He was the new sultan's son-in-law… "he was a very honest and comparatively humane pasha of Greek origin and cannot be suspected of selling the sultan's pages to a foreigner." Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link)
  59. ^abcdDanişmend (1971), p. 52.(Turki)
  60. ^abcDanişmend (1971), p. 53.(Turki)
  61. ^abcdDanişmend (1971), p. 54.(Turki)
  62. ^abDanişmend (1971), p. 55.(Turki)
  63. ^abcDanişmend (1971), p. 56.(Turki)
  64. ^abcDanişmend (1971), p. 57.(Turki)
  65. ^abcdDanişmend (1971), p. 58.(Turki)
  66. ^abcdDanişmend (1971), p. 59.(Turki)
  67. ^abcdDanişmend (1971), p. 60.(Turki)
  68. ^abDanişmend (1971), p. 61.(Turki)
  69. ^abcdDanişmend (1971), p. 62.(Turki)
  70. ^abcDanişmend (1971), p. 63.(Turki)
  71. ^abcDanişmend (1971), p. 64.(Turki)
  72. ^abMehmet Süreyya (1996) [1890], Nuri Akbayar; Seyit A. Kahraman, ed.,Sicill-i Osmanî (dalam bahasa Turkish), Beşiktaş, Istanbul: Türkiye Kültür Bakanlığı and Türkiye Ekonomik ve Toplumsal Tarih Vakfı, hlm. 848–849 Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui (link)
  73. ^abcDanişmend (1971), p. 65.(Turki)
  74. ^abcdDanişmend (1971), p. 66.(Turki)
  75. ^abcDanişmend (1971), p. 67.(Turki)
  76. ^abcDanişmend (1971), p. 68.(Turki)
  77. ^Mehmet Süreyya (1996) [1890], Nuri Akbayar; Seyit A. Kahraman, ed.,Sicill-i Osmanî (dalam bahasa Turkish), Beşiktaş, Istanbul: Türkiye Kültür Bakanlığı and Türkiye Ekonomik ve Toplumsal Tarih Vakfı, hlm. 849 Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui (link)
  78. ^abcDanişmend (1971), p. 69.(Turki)
  79. ^abcDanişmend (1971), p. 70.(Turki)
  80. ^abcdDanişmend (1971), p. 71.(Turki)
  81. ^abcdDanişmend (1971), p. 72.(Turki)
  82. ^abcdDanişmend (1971), p. 73.(Turki)
  83. ^abcDanişmend (1971), p. 74.(Turki)
  84. ^abDanişmend (1971), p. 75.(Turki)
  85. ^abcDanişmend (1971), p. 76.(Turki)
  86. ^abcDanişmend (1971), p. 77.(Turki)
  87. ^abDanişmend (1971), p. 78.(Turki)
  88. ^History and identity among the Hemshin -HOVANN H. SIMONIAN -172
  89. ^Danişmend (1971), p. 79.(Turki)
  90. ^abDanişmend (1971), p. 80.(Turki)
  91. ^abcdDanişmend (1971), p. 81.(Turki)
  92. ^abcDanişmend (1971), p. 82.(Turki)
  93. ^abcDanişmend (1971), p. 83.(Turki)
  94. ^abDanişmend (1971), p. 84.(Turki)
  95. ^abcDanişmend (1971), p. 85.(Turki)
  96. ^abcdDanişmend (1971), p. 86.(Turki)
  97. ^abcdDanişmend (1971), p. 87.(Turki)
  98. ^abDanişmend (1971), p. 88.(Turki)
  99. ^abDanişmend (1971), p. 89.(Turki)
  100. ^abDanişmend (1971), p. 90.(Turki)
  101. ^abcDanişmend (1971), p. 91.(Turki)
  102. ^abDanişmend (1971), p. 92.(Turki)
  103. ^abDanişmend (1971), p. 93.(Turki)
  104. ^abcDanişmend (1971), p. 94.(Turki)
  105. ^abcDanişmend (1971), p. 95.(Turki)
  106. ^abcDanişmend (1971), p. 96.(Turki)
  107. ^abcDanişmend (1971), p. 97.(Turki)
  108. ^Prothero, George Walter (1920).Peace Handbooks: The Balkan states. H. M. Stationery Office. hlm. 45.OCLC 4694680.Hussein Hilmi Pasha, descended from a Greek convert to Islam in the island of Mitylene, was sent to Macedonia as High Commissioner. 
  109. ^abDanişmend (1971), p. 98.(Turki)
  110. ^abDanişmend (1971), p. 99.(Turki)
  111. ^Danişmend (1971), p. 100.(Turki)
  112. ^abDanişmend (1971), p. 101.(Turki)
  113. ^Nâzım Tektaş,Sadrazamlar: Osmanlı'da ikinci adam saltanatı, Çatı Kitapları, 2002,p. .
  114. ^Ali Bilgenoğlu,Osmanlı Devleti'nde Arap milliyetçi cemiyetler, Müdafaa-i Hukuk Yayınları, 2007,p. 87.(Turki)
  115. ^abDanişmend (1971), p. 102.(Turki)
  116. ^Danişmend (1971), p. 103.(Turki)
  117. ^Nâzım Tektaş,Sadrazamlar: Osmanlı'da ikinci adam saltanatı, Çatı Kitapları, 2002,p. .
  118. ^abDanişmend (1971), p. 104.(Turki)
  119. ^abcDanişmend (1971), p. 105.(Turki)
  120. ^Danişmend (1971), p. 106.(Turki)


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