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Kubah

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KubahKatedral Firenze, salah satu kubah terbesar di dunia. Kubah gereja ini menjadi salah satu kubah terpenting dalam sejarah panjangGereja Katolik dan merupakan penanda awal kelahiranArsitektur Renaisans.

Kubah merupakan salah satu unsurarsitektur yang selalu digunakan. Ia berbentuk seperti separuh bola, atau seperti kerucut yang permukaannya melengkung keluar. Terdapat juga bentuk 'kubah piring' (karena puncak yang rendah dan dasar yang besar) dan 'kubah bawang' (karena hampir menyerupai bentuk bawang).

Biasanya kubah akan diletakkan di tempat tertinggi di atas bangunan (sebagai atap). Ia diletakkan di atas rangka bangunan petak dengan menggunakan singgah kubah (pendentive).

Kubah dapat dianggap seperti suatugerbang yang diputarkan pada rangka penyangganya. Ini bermakna kubah mempunyai kekuatan struktur yang besar. Sama sepertijembatan gerbang tertekan, kubah dapat dibuat daribatu bata dan beton saja, bergantung kepada daya tekanan dan geseran. Namun, kubah modern biasanya dibuat menggunakan aloi aluminium, keluli atau konkret diperkuat sebagai rangka dan dipadatkan dengan kepingan alumunium, tembaga, polikarbonat ataupun cermin sesuai keperluan.

Jika dilihat dari dalam, kubah yang berbentuk hemisfer kelihatan lebih menarik, tetapi perlu lebih tinggi untuk kelihatan menarik dari luar. Jadi sebagian kubah, contohnyaBasilika Santo Petrus dibangun dari dua kubah sedangkanKatedral Santo Paulus dibangun dari tiga kubah.

Banyakmasjid di dunia kini juga mempunyai kubah, termasuk diIndonesia. Tradisi ini berasal dari daerahAnatolia.

Beberapastadion tertutup hari ini juga mempunyai kubah, terutama di negara yang mempunyai iklim empat musim. Stadion pertama seperti ini ialah "Astrodome" di Houston,Texas, AS. Contoh ternama lain ialah "SkyDome" di Toronto,Ontario, Kanada, stadion kubah pertama dengan atap yang dapat dibuka.

Sejarah

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Kubah awal

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Kubah terawal kemungkinan besar merupakanatap pondok primitif, yang dibuat dari dahan kayu sebagai rangka dan dipadatkan denganselut dan lumpur. Ataupun menggunakan batu sebagai sangga. Contoh kubah seperti ini dapat dijumpai di dalam kubur Mikene diYunani dan dalam arsitektur Sisilia di Italia. Kubah-kubah tersebut hanya digunakan untuk bangunan-bangunan yang kecil.

Abad Pertengahan dan Renaissance

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PadaAbad Pertengahan semasa pemerintahankerajaan Romawi, singgah kubah telah diciptakan untuk memungkinkan struktur kubah yang bulat diletakkan di atas bangunan berbentuksegi empat. Ini menjadikan penggunaan kubah semakin meluas.

Kemudian pada zamanRenaisans, orang-orang Eropa telah memperkenalkan ide tanglung di puncak kubah, dan juga meletakkan kubah di atas suatu struktur bulat (sepertisilinder) supaya kelihatan lebih tinggi.

Zaman modern

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Sedangkan pada zaman modern, bentukkubah geodesi telah diperkenalkan. Kubah ini berbentuk hemisfer dan menggunakankekisi sebagai rangka, menjadikannya lebih ringan. Perkembangan teknologi juga memungkinkan penggunaan cermin dan plastik sebagai padatan.

Kubah terkenal

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Daftar kubah terkenal menurut tahun siapnya:

27 SM -Pantheon, Roma, Italia.
537 -Hagia Sophia,Konstantinopel, Turki.
691 -Kubah Batu,Yerusalem.
1436 -Katedral Firenze,Firenze, Italia.
1502 -Tempietto,Roma, Italia.
1593 -Basilika Santo Petrus,Vatikan
1616 -Masjid Biru, Istanbul, Turki.
1653 -Taj Mahal, Agra, India.
1708 -Les Invalides, Paris,Prancis.
1708 -Katedral Santo Paulus, London, Inggris.
1749 -Radcliffe Camera, Oxford, Inggris.
1850 -Capitol Amerika Serikat, Washington DC, AS.
2000 -Millennium Dome, London, Inggris.

Galeri

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KubahBasilika Santo Petrus,Vatikan
Kubah Batu, Yerusalem
Taj Mahal, di Agra, India
Radcliffe Camera, Oxford, Inggris
Capitol Amerika Serikat
Les Invalides, Paris, Prancis
Millennium Dome, London, Inggris
Hagia Sophia, Turki

Lihat pula

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Arsitektur Islam

Elemen

Struktural	Ablaq Chahartaq Chhajja Hasht-Bihisht Hypostyle Iwan Jharokha Kucheh Liwan Mashrabiya Moroccan riad Qadad Riwaq Sahn Semi-dome Shabestan Squinch Tadelakt Vaulting Voussoir Windcatcher	Dome of the Rock inJerusalem
Atap	Kubah (Arabic dome /Kubah bawang /Persian dome /South Asian dome) Guldasta Tajug
Objek religius	Bedug Dikka Gonbad Hussainiya Imamzadeh Kiswah Pengeras suara Maqsurah Menara masjid Mihrab Minbar Müezzin mahfili Qibla Zarih
Dekorasi	Alfiz Arabesque Banna'i Girih Ubin Girih Kaligrafi Islam Islamic geometric patterns Islamic interlace patterns Jali Mocárabe Mosque lamp Muqarnas Nagash painting Qashani Shabaka Socarrat Yeseria Zellige
Kamar	Andaruni Harem Qa’a Zenana

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