found:New Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2007(Herbartianism, theory of education [by Johann Friedrich Herbart] ... advocated five formal steps in teaching: (1) preparation, a process of relating new material to be learned to relevant past ideas of memories in order to give the pupil a vital interest in the topic under consideration; (2) presentation, presenting new material by means of concrete objects or actual experience; (3) association, thorough assimilation of the new idea through comparison with former ideas and consideration of their similarities and differences in order to implant the new idea in the mind; and (5) application, using acquired knowledge no in a purely utilitarian way, but so that every learned idea becomes a part of the functional mind and aid to a clear, vital interpretation of life)