found:Work cat: 2014934335 : Afro-Cuban religious arts, c2014:t.p. (Espiritismo) p. 5 (Afro-Caribbean Espiritismo, or Spiritism, is a popular belief system that broadly celebrates the spirits of the dead through mediumship and the construction of altars)
found:Encycl. of religion, c2005:under Creolization (Santería, Espiritismo, and Umbanda all incorporate their own pantheons of spirits who are wholly New World inventions)
found:Fernández Olmos, M. Creole religions of the Caribbean, c2011:t.p. (Espiritismo) p. 203 (distinctly Cuban and Puerto Rican varieties of Spiritism--Espiritismo--and, in the diaspora to the United States, Santerismo; a Creole spiritual healing practice with roots in the United States, Europe, Africa, and the indigenous Taíno Caribbean; three principal Cuban variants: "Scientific" or "Table" Espritismo (sometimes referred to as "White Table"), Espiritismo de Cordón or "Cord Spritism", and Espiritismo Cruzao (cruzado), "Cross" (Mixed) Spiritism")
found:Encyclopedia of New Religious Movements, online, viewed March 13, 2024(Although the wider spiritist movement found throughout the circum-Caribbean area, of which Puerto Rican Espiritismo is but one expression--including Black spiritual churches in the American South, Candomblé, Batuque, Umbanda, and Macumba in Brazil, Mexican Espiritualismo, Vodun in Haiti, Shango in Trinidad and Grenada, Kele in St. Lucia, and Santería in Cuba--is not a new religious movement, in that it is now several hundred years old, its various branches continue to change, spread, merge, and re-emerge in new guise, giving it the character of an emergent tradition)
found:Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices(Vol. 3. 2nd ed.), June 5, 2023(Espiritismo: Syncretized ritual systems form the basis of many religions indigenous to the colonial Caribbean. Espiritismo is a less common tradition that takes its place among other syncretized religions in the region such as Vodou, Santería, and Orisha. Espiritismo is a form of ritual healing indigenous to Puerto Rico and commonly found wherever Puerto Ricans live in substantial numbers.)
