Languages of hunter-gatherers and their neighbors

Sape

Family: Isolate (SAM)
Region: South America
ISO 639-3: spc
Location: 4.94°,-63.24°
Notes: Extinct? Has been grouped with Arutani (Arutani-Sapé family) but a relationship is dubious.
Features: Basic Vocabulary
Flora Fauna Vocabulary
Cultural Vocabulary

Data Sources: Migliazza, Ernesto C. 1978. Maku, Sapé and Uruak languages. Current status and basic lexicon. AL 20/3:133-140.

Basic Vocabulary (191)

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	General Notes	Source
above	encima, arriba	acima	location				See Language page
and	y	e	grammar				See Language page
ash	ceniza(s)	cinzas	environment				See Language page
at	en, a	em, a	location				See Language page
back	espalda	costas	body				See Language page
bad	mal	mal	quality				See Language page
belly	barriga	barriga	body	tukuy	tukuy		See Language page
below	abajo, debajo	abaixo	location				See Language page
big	grande	grande	quality	konən	konən		See Language page
black	negro	preto	colour	tsaiña	tsaiɲa		See Language page
blood	sangre	sangue	body	tsom	tsom		See Language page
boil/pimple	espinilla, granos	espinha, borbulha	body				See Language page
bone	hueso	osso	body	wina (also used for horn)	wina (also used for horn)		See Language page
breast	pecho, seno	peito	body	wi	wi		See Language page
child	niño, niña	criança	human				See Language page
cloud	nube	nuvem	environment	usǝyna			See Language page
cold	frío	frio	quality	unkoya	unkoya		See Language page
correct/true	verdad, de veras	verdade	quality				See Language page
day	día	dia	time				See Language page
dirty	sucio	sujo	quality				See Language page
dingo/wolf			fauna				See Language page
dry	seco	seco	quality	patokwa	patokwa		See Language page
dull/blunt	sin filo, mocho, desafilado, embotado, romo	maçante, desamolado, não afiado	quality				See Language page
dust	polvo	poeira	environment				See Language page
ear	oreja	orelha	body	awi	awi		See Language page
earth/soil	tierra	terra	environment	inokučin (morphologically complex?)	inokutʃin (morphologically complex?)		See Language page
egg	huevo	ovo	fauna	kupi	kupi		See Language page
eye	ojo	olho	body	amku	amku		See Language page
far	lejos	longe	quality				See Language page
fat/grease	grasa	gordura	body	kun	kun		See Language page
father	padre, papá	pai	kinship				See Language page
feather	pluma	pena	fauna	ičam upa (possibly morphologically complex?)	itʃam upa (possibly morphologically complex?)		See Language page
fire	fuego	fogo	environment	šoko	ʃoko		See Language page
flower	flor	flor	environment				See Language page
fog	niebla, neblina	nevoeira, bruma, neblina	environment				See Language page
fruit	fruta	fruta	flora				See Language page
good	bueno	bom	quality	amayñakoa	amayɲakoa		See Language page
hair (of head)	cabello	cabelo	body	pa (also used for to stand)	pa (also used for to stand)		See Language page
hand	mano	mão	body	piča apa	pitʃa apa		See Language page
3sg	el/ella	ele/ela	grammar				See Language page
head	cabeza	cabeça	body	moynakuawi	moynaku		See Language page
heavy	pesado	pesado	quality				See Language page
how?	como	como	grammar				See Language page
1sg	yo	eu	grammar	mɨ	mɨ	For pronouns: include bound/cliticized pronominal forms where significantly different from the free forms	See Language page
if	si	se	grammar				See Language page
in/inside	dentro, adentro	dentro	location				See Language page
intestines	intestinos	intestinos	body				See Language page
lake	lago	lago	environment				See Language page
leaf	hoja	folha	environment	muyra	muyra		See Language page
left/left hand	izquierdo	esquerdo	location/body				See Language page
leg/foot	pierna	perna	body				See Language page
lightning	rayo, relámpago	relampago	environment				See Language page
liver	hígado	figado	body	mapi	mapi		See Language page
long	largo	comprido, longo	quality				See Language page
louse	piollo, piojo	piolho	fauna			order Phtiraptera	See Language page
man/male	hombre	homem	human	kwa	kwa		See Language page
meat/flesh	carne	carne	fauna	mɨan	mɨan		See Language page
moon	luna	lua	environment	tapo	tapo		See Language page
mother	madre, mamá	mãe	kinship				See Language page
mouth	boca	boca	body	itu	itu		See Language page
name	nombre	nome	human	marua	maɾua		See Language page
near/close	cerca de	perto	quality				See Language page
nape	base del cuello, nuca	nuca	body				See Language page
neck	cuello	pescoço	body				See Language page
new	nuevo	novo	quality	yenkoña	yenkoɲa		See Language page
night	noche	noite	time	useyna	useyna		See Language page
no/not	no	não	grammar				See Language page
nose	nariz	nariz	body	ayku	ayku		See Language page
old	viejo	velho	quality				See Language page
one	uno	um	number	koka	koka		See Language page
other	otro	outro	grammar				See Language page
pain/painful/sick	dolor, doloroso, enfermo	dor, doloroso, doente	body				See Language page
person/human being	persona	pessoa	human	kamon	kamon		See Language page
rain	lluvia	chuva	environment		nam posoe		See Language page
red	rojo	vermelho	colour	ayña	ayɲa		See Language page
right/right hand	derecha	direita	location/body				See Language page
road/path	camino	caminho	manufacture	mu	mu		See Language page
root	raíz	raiz	flora	tu	tu		See Language page
rotten	podrido	podre	quality				See Language page
sand	arena	areia	environment	inoku	inoku		See Language page
sharp	afilado, filudo, filoso	afiado	quality				See Language page
short	corto	curto	quality				See Language page
shoulder	hombro	ombro	body				See Language page
shy/ashamed	tímido, vergonzoso	timido, com vergonha	mental				See Language page
skin	piel	pele	body	kuy (also used for bark)	kuy (also used for bark)		See Language page
sky	cielo	céu	environment				See Language page
small	pequeño	pequeno	quality	to	to		See Language page
smoke	humo	fumaça	environment	yui	yui		See Language page
star	estrella	estrela	environment	ñayino	ɲayino		See Language page
stick/wood	palo	pau, vara	flora				See Language page
stone	piedra	pedra	environment	takuypa	takuypa		See Language page
tail	cola, rabo	rabo	body	upi	upi		See Language page
that	ese/esa	esse	grammar	tɨisami	tɨisami		See Language page
3pl	ellos/ellas	eles/elas	grammar				See Language page
thick	grueso, gordo, espeso	grosso	quality				See Language page
thin	delgado	fino	quality				See Language page
this	este/esta	este	grammar	tɨsa	tɨsa		See Language page
2sg	xx	xx	grammar	kapɨ	kapɨ		See Language page
throat	garganta	garganta	body				See Language page
three	tres	tres	number				See Language page
thunder	truenos	trovão	environment				See Language page
bite	morder	morder	body	pu			See Language page
blow	soplar	soprar	body				See Language page
breathe	respirar	respirar	body				See Language page
burn	quemar	queimar	environment				See Language page
chew	masticar, mascar	mastigar	body				See Language page
climb	subir	subir	motion				See Language page
come	venir	vir	motion	ma			See Language page
cook	cocinar	cozinhar	impact				See Language page
count	contar	contar	mental				See Language page
cry	llorar	chorar	mental				See Language page
cut/hack	cortar	cortar	impact				See Language page
die/be dead	morir	morrer	state	siya	siya		See Language page
dig	cavar	cavar	impact				See Language page
dream	soñar	sonhar	mental				See Language page
drink	beber, tomar	beber	body	pe	pe		See Language page
eat	comer	comer	body	ko, ku	ko, ku		See Language page
fall	caer	cair	motion				See Language page
fear	miedo	medo	mental				See Language page
flow	fluir	fluir	motion				See Language page
fly	volar	voar	motion	karu	kaɾu		See Language page
grow	crecer	crescer	state				See Language page
hear	oír	ouvir	mental	man	man		See Language page
hide	esconder	esconder	motion				See Language page
hit	golpear, pegar	bater	impact				See Language page
hold	correr, asegurar, sostener	segurar	other				See Language page
kill	matar	matar	impact	kaya	kaya		See Language page
know/be knowledgeable	saber, conecer	saber, conhecer	mental	mow (also used for to see)	mow (also used for to see)		See Language page
laugh	reír	rir	mental				See Language page
lie down	acostarse, echarse	deitar	motion				See Language page
live/be alive	vivir	viver, morar	body				See Language page
open/uncover	abrir	abrir	other				See Language page
pound/beat	machacar, golpear	bater	impact				See Language page
say	decir	dizer	mental				See Language page
scratch	rascar	rasgar	impact				See Language page
see	ver	ver	mental	mow (also used for to know)	mow (also used for to know)		See Language page
shoot	tirar, disparar, balear	atirar	impact				See Language page
sit	sentar(se)	sentar	state				See Language page
sleep	dormir	dormir	body	paku, ku	paku, ku		See Language page
sniff/smell	olfatear, oler	cheirar	body			primarily transitive	See Language page
spit	escupir	cuspir	body				See Language page
split	partir, dividir	rachar, dividir, partir	impact				See Language page
squeeze	estrujar, exprimir	espremer	impact				See Language page
stab/pierce	apuñalar, acuchillar	apunhalar	impact				See Language page
stand	estar de pié	ficar em pé	state				See Language page
steal	robar	roubar	other				See Language page
suck	chupar	chupar	body				See Language page
swell	hincharse	inchar	body				See Language page
swim	nadar	nadar	motion	pə	pə		See Language page
think	pensar	pensar	mental				See Language page
throw	tirar, lanzar	atirar, jogar	impact				See Language page
tie up/fasten	atar, amarrar	amarrar	impact				See Language page
turn	girar, volter, torcer	virar	other			may be transitive or intransitive	See Language page
vomit	vomitar	vomitar	body				See Language page
walk	caminar, andar	andar	motion	paru	paɾu		See Language page
work	trabajar	trabalhar	other				See Language page
yawn	bostezar	bocejar	body				See Language page
tongue	lengua	lingua	body	matu	matu		See Language page
tooth	diente	dente	body	pɨika	pɨika		See Language page
two	dos	dois	number	kɨrya	kɨɾya		See Language page
water	agua	agua	environment	nam	nam		See Language page
1pl.incl	nosotros (inclusivo)	nós (inclusivo)	grammar	mɨyono	mɨyono	no inclusive/exclusive distinction unless noted	See Language page
1pl.excl	nosotros (exclusivo)	nós (exclusivo)	grammar				See Language page
wet	mojado	molhado	quality				See Language page
what?	que, qué	que	grammar	pemente	pemente		See Language page
when?	cuando	quando	grammar				See Language page
where?	donde	onde	grammar				See Language page
white	blanco	branco	colour	sae	sae		See Language page
who?	quien, quién	quem	grammar	pante	pante		See Language page
wife	esposa	esposa	kinship				See Language page
wind	viento	vento	environment				See Language page
wing	ala	asa	body				See Language page
woman/female	mujer	mulher	human	kapay	kapay		See Language page
yellow	amarillo	amarelo	colour	pusia	pusia		See Language page
2pl	ustedes	vocês	grammar				See Language page
foot	pie	pé	body	ikora	ikoɾa		See Language page
again	de nuevo, otra vez	de novo	grammar				See Language page
all	todo	todos	other				See Language page
ankle	tobillo	tornozelo	body				See Language page
armpit	axila, sobaco	axila	body				See Language page
faeces	heces, mierda, excremento, estiércol	fezes	body				See Language page
lung	pulmón	pulmão	body				See Language page
sweat	sudar	suor, suar	body				See Language page
itch	hormiguear, sentir comezón	coçar	body				See Language page
bark	corteza	casca	environment	kui, kuy (also used for skin)	kui, kuy (also used for skin)		See Language page
fingernail	uña	unha	body	ičam aypa (claw?; morphologically complex?)	itʃam aypa (claw?; morphologically complex?)		See Language page
heart	corazón	coração	body	pokowi (morphologically complex?)	pokowi (morphologically complex?)		See Language page
sun	sol	sol	time	ñam	ɲam		See Language page
mountain/hill	montaña, colina, loma, cerro	morro, serra	environment	takwa	takwa		See Language page
green	verde	verde	quality	šanurua	ʃanuɾua		See Language page
hot	caliente	quente	quality	ɨrɨa	ɨɾɨa		See Language page

Flora Fauna Vocabulary (133)

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	Linnean Name	Orthographic Form	Phonemicized Form	Source	Distribution	General Notes
bat	murciélago	morcego	flora-fauna	Chiroptera spp.			See Language page
bird	pajaro, ave	passaro	flora-fauna				See Language page
curassow	mitu, montete (Peru), paujil/panjuil (Peru), paujil de Salvin (Peru for Mitu salvini)	mutum	flora-fauna	Crax sp., Nothocrax sp.			See Language page	Amazonia
toucan	tucán, pinsha (Peru)	tucano	flora-fauna	Ramphastos sp.			See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
gray-winged trumpeter	Grulla, Trompetero Ala Gris	jacamim	flora-fauna	Psophia crepitans			See Language page	Northern Amazonia (N of Solimões), not in northern Colombia; Dark-winged trumpeter is found south of Solimões
guan	pava, pucacunga (Peru), pava de Spix (Peru)	jacu	flora-fauna	Penelope sp.			See Language page	Different types have different localized ranges
tinamou	tinamu, perdiz, gallineta	inambu, inhambu	flora-fauna	family Tinamidae			See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
hummingbird	colibrí, picaflor (Peru)	beija-flor	flora-fauna	family Trochilidae			See Language page	Widespread
kingfisher	martín pescador, catalan (Peru)	martim-pescador	flora-fauna	family Alcedinidae			See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
owl (large)	búho, lechuza	corujão	flora-fauna	order Strigiformes			See Language page	Widespread
macaw	ara, guacamaya	Arara	flora-fauna	family Psittacidae; Ara sp.			See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
parrot	loro real, loro (Sp. form is a loan from Carib)	papagaio	flora-fauna	Amazona amazonica			See Language page	Widespread
dove	paloma	pomba	flora-fauna	family Columbidae			See Language page
hawk	halcón, gavilán	gavião	flora-fauna	family Accipitridae			See Language page
vulture	buitre, gallinazo, rinahui (Peru)	urubu	flora-fauna	family Cathartidae			See Language page	Widespread South America
duck	pato	pato, marreco	flora-fauna	Anatidae family			See Language page
great egret	Garza Blanca, Guyratî	Garça-Branca-Grande	flora-fauna	Ardea alba			See Language page	Widespread South America
woodpecker	pájaro carpintero, carpintero	pica-pau	flora-fauna	family Picidae			See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
dog (camp, domestic)	perro	cachorro	flora-fauna	Canis famililaris			See Language page	Not native; widespread
dog (wild; bush dog)	sachaperro, Perro de Monte, Zorro Vinagre, Guanfando; Zorro Ojizarco, Zorro Negro, Perro de Orejas Corta	cachorro-do-mato	flora-fauna	Speothos venaticus; Atelocynus microtis			See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
anteater	oso hormiguero; tapia pelejo or pelejo chico for Cyclopes didactylus	tamanduá	flora-fauna	Myrmecophaga tridactyla (giant anteater); Cyclopes didactylus (silky anteater)			See Language page	Widespread Amazonian lowlands
armadillo	armadillo, carachupa (Peru), yangunturi (Peru for Giant armadillo)	tatu	flora-fauna	family Dasypodidae; e.g. Priodontes maximus (Giant armadillo), Dasypus novemcinctus, Dasypus kappleri			See Language page	Widespread in Amazonia
sloth	pereza, pelejo (Peru), perezoso (Peru)	macaco preguica	flora-fauna	Choloepus sp., Bradypus sp.			See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
alligator, black caiman	babilla; cachirre	jacaré	flora-fauna	Melanosuchus niger, Caiman schlerops; Paleosuchus sp.			See Language page	Throughout Amazonia	Port term reportedly borrowed from Tupi
electric eel	anguila eléctrica	poraquê	flora-fauna	Electrophorus electricus			See Language page
fish (generic)	pez	peixe	flora-fauna				See Language page
pacu fish	palometa, garopita, garopa, curhuara (Peru)	pacu	flora-fauna	Mylossoma sp.			See Language page
pirana	piraña, caribe	piranha	flora-fauna	subfamily Serrasalmidae			See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
tigerfish	taraira, guabina, huasaco (Peru)	traíra	flora-fauna	Hoplias sp.			See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
mandi catfish	maparate (used in Peru for some types of catfish, including Auchenipterus sp.), cunchi (used in Peru for some types of catfish), bagre (catfish)	mandi	flora-fauna	Auchenipterus sp.			See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
speckled catfish	surubí, pintadillo	surubim, sorubim	flora-fauna	Pseudoplatystoma sp.			See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
toad	sapo	sapo	flora-fauna	order Anura			See Language page
iguana	iguana, garipiares (Colombia)	camaleão	flora-fauna	Iguana sp.			See Language page		iguana' is reportedly from Arawak iwana
small lizard	lagartija	calango	flora-fauna	order Squamata			See Language page
stingray (generic)	rayas látigo, raya	arraia	flora-fauna	Potamotrygon sp.			See Language page
crab	cangrejo	caranguejo	flora-fauna	infraorder Brachyura			See Language page
anaconda	anaconda, boa, boa acuática grande	sucuri	flora-fauna	genus Eunectes			See Language page	Widespread Amazonia
boa	boa; mantona (red-tailed boa); boa de altura	jiboia	flora-fauna	family Boidae, subf. Boinae			See Language page
snake (generic)	culebra, serpiente	cobra	flora-fauna				See Language page
snake (poisonous generic) or rattlesnake	víbora (Peru), jergón (Peru), yarara	jararaca	flora-fauna	Bothrops jararaca/atrox			See Language page	Widespread South America
tortoise (red foot, yellow foot/giant)	tortuga, morrocoy, motelo	jabutí, tartaruga	flora-fauna	Yellow-footed: Geochelone denticulata; Red-footed: Geochelone carbonaria			See Language page	Widespread
Amazon dolphin	bufeo, delfín, tonina (del Orinoco)	boto cor-de-rosa	flora-fauna	Inia geoffrensis			See Language page	Downstream of major rapids and waterfalls
mushroom	champiñón, hongo	cogumelo	flora-fauna	(any edible generic)			See Language page		prioritize generic term that includes any edible species
black palm	bacaba, mapora, pusui, patabá	bacaba	flora-fauna	Oenocarpus bacaba			See Language page	Mature forests of Rio Negro and Upper Amazon	may be confused in some entries with O. bataua
açai palm	huasí (Peru), asahi, manaca (Ven), asaí, palmiche (Colombia)	açaí	flora-fauna	Euterpe sp.			See Language page	floodplains, swamp; esp. northern Amazonia
miriti palm	moriche (Col, Ven), aguaje (Col, Peru), achual, miriti	buriti	flora-fauna	Mauritia flexuosa			See Language page	Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela; in and near swamps	trunks contain sago-like starch
palm for roof thatch	pui, irapay, hoja de irapay, caraná	caraná	flora-fauna	Mauritiella armata OR Lepidocaryum tenue (irapay), Mauritius carana			See Language page	Mauritia carana is limited principally to the Rio Negro and Upper Orinoco regions; dry catinga forests	palm
paxiuba palm	pona, huacrapona, cashapona, macanilla, pachiuba	paxiuba	flora-fauna	Iriartea exorrhiza OR Iriartea deltoidea			See Language page	Widespread Amazonia	palm
peach palm, pejibaye palm	chontaduro (Col, Ecuador); pipire (Col); pijuayo (Peru), pijiguao (Ven); tembe (Bol)	pupunha	flora-fauna	Bactris gasipaes			See Language page
seje palm	ungurahui (Peru), palma de seje, milpesos, patabá	patoá, patuá	flora-fauna	Jessenia bataua, aka Oenocarpus bataua			See Language page	mostly north of Equator; common in Amazonia	may be confused with O. bacaba - compare entries
coca	coca	coca	flora-fauna	Erythroxylum coca			See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation. lower alt. of eastern Andes	plant
cotton	algodón	algodão	flora-fauna	Gossypium (barbadense: long fibers; hirsutum: short fibers)			See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation	plant; some sources may confound with kapok Ceiba pentandra (esp. if a single gloss for 'cotton' is given')
kapok	ceiba, huimba, lupuna (Peru for Ceiba sp.)	sumaumeira	flora-fauna	Ceiba pentandra			See Language page	northern South America and central America; common in disturbed areas	tree
hot pepper	ají, pimentón/pimiento rojo, pucunucho (Peru), charapilla (Peru)	pimenta	flora-fauna	Capsicum sp., principally chinensis and frutescens			See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation, indigenous garden	plant
peanut	maní (may be loan from Taino Arawak), cacahuete	amendoim	flora-fauna	Arachis hypogaea			See Language page		plant
pineapple	piña	abacaxi	flora-fauna	Ananas comosus			See Language page		plant
arrow cane, wildcane	caña flecha, caña brava, caña isana	cana para flechas, frecheira, Cana-do-rio	flora-fauna	Gynerium sagittatum			See Language page	tropical regions, especially river banks	plant
banana, plantain	banano, banana, cambur, bellaco, variedad de plátano	banana	flora-fauna	Musa sp.			See Language page		Names for banana/plantain may be derived from bastard plantain by semantic shift.
beans	frijoles, frejol, caraotas (negras, rojas, blancas)	feijão	flora-fauna	Phaseolus spp.			See Language page		plant
grass	hierba, pasto	capim, grama	flora-fauna	(generic)			See Language page
maize, corn	mazorca, maiz	milho	flora-fauna	Zea mays			See Language page	widespread, esp. in river floodplains	plant
tobacco	tabaco	tabaco	flora-fauna	Nicotiana tabacum			See Language page		plant
tree	árbol	arvore	flora-fauna		tapa	tapa	See Language page
achiote, anatto	achiote	urucum	flora-fauna	Bixa orellana			See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	shrub
inga	guaba, guamo, guama, shimbillo (Peru)	inga	flora-fauna	Inga spp.			See Language page	Secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens. North and South America (Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Suriname, Colombia)
avocado	palta, aguacate	abacate	flora-fauna	Persea americana			See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	tree
bitterwood	tortuga caspi, pretina (Peru for tree and tumpline); carahuasca (Peru)	envira	flora-fauna	Duguetia sp. OR Fusaea longifolia OR Guatteria chrysopetala			See Language page	secondary forests, native to Brazil	tree
brazil nut	castaña	castanha do para (B. excelsa); castanha de cutia (C. edulis)	flora-fauna	Bertholletia excelsa [cf. Couepia edulis 'castanha do cutia']			See Language page	1) Couepia: restricted area within Brazil, Rio Purus basin and middle Solimões. 2) Bertholletia: elev: consistently about 200m; mature forests. Widely distributed from Peru, E. Colombia, Brazil to Nicaragua.	tree
cashew	anarcado, castaña de cajú, nuez de la India, marañon, cajú, merey (Venezuela)	caju	flora-fauna	Anacardium occidentale / giganteum			See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation and indigenous gardens	tree; most sources will not distinguish between occidentale and other varieties
genipap	jagua, majagua - Colombia, caruto, xagua - Venezuela, bigrande - Bolivia, huito, yaguayagua - Peru, ygualti - Nicaragua, maluco - Mexico	genipapo, jenipapo	flora-fauna	Genipapa americana			See Language page	widespread lowland SA	shrub
japurá	oreja de murcielago	japurá	flora-fauna	Erisma japura			See Language page		large tree
rubber tree (sorva)	caucho, siringa, shiringa	seringa, borracha	flora-fauna	Hevea sp.			See Language page	Widespread Amazonia	tree
ucuqui	yugo, caimitillo del monte (Peru)	ucuqui	flora-fauna	Pouteria ucuqui			See Language page	native to NW Amazonia, found primarily in Vaupes and Caqueta regions	other species of Pouteria exist and have much-used edible fruit; these can be subsituted where relevant
Amazon tree-grape	uva de monte, uvilla (Peru), puruma, caime, caimarona (and variants; Col.)	cucura	flora-fauna	Pourouma cecropiifolia			See Language page	grows wild in Western Amazon basin; cultivated in Colombia since pre-Colombian times	a tree; not a true grape
manioc (bitter or generic)	yuca brava	mandioca	flora-fauna	Manihot esculenta			See Language page	not generally cultivated in western (subAndean) Amazon. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) argues for a correlation with distribution of dark earths, mostly formed after 1AD, and the modeled-incised pottery tradition.	Provides more starch and is more pest-resistant than the sweet variety, but requires much processing. Arroyo-Kalin (2010) proposes that bitter type was developed from sweet through post-ceremic agricultural intensification (motivated by high starch yield
manioc (sweet)	yuca, caribe	macaxeira	flora-fauna	Manihot esculenta			See Language page	Primary staple in western/subAndean Amazonia, less important elsewhere	No processing required, but lower starch yield and pest resistance than bitter variety
potato	papa	batata	flora-fauna	Solanum tuberosum			See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation	compare entries for sweet potato
potato, sweet potato	camote, batata dulce, batata, cumara	batata-doce	flora-fauna	Ipomoea batatas			See Language page		plant
cará tuber, purple or white	camote, sachapapa	cará roxo, branco	flora-fauna	Dioscorea sp.			See Language page	secondary scrub vegetation; forest clearings	plant
tannia, yautia	huitina (Peru), ñame	taioba branca	flora-fauna	Xanthosoma spp.			See Language page
bottle-gourd (vine) or calabash (tree)	calabazo, calabaza; auyama (Dominican Republic and Venezuela), ayote (parts of Central America), zapallo (parts of South America), tutumo/totumo/totuma (Cresc tree), huingo (Peru for Crescentia cujete), tapara	cabaça	flora-fauna	Crescentia cujete (round variety - tree); (Cucurbita) Lagenaria siceraria (bottle variety - vine)			See Language page	indigenous gardens	plant; tree
squash	calabaza, calabacines, auyamas, zapallos, huingo (Peru)	abóbora	flora-fauna	Cucurbita sp.			See Language page		plant
cipó vine	tamishi, bejuco, yare	cipó	flora-fauna	Heteropsis spp.			See Language page	secondary forest, floodplain	vine
fish poison, barbasco	barbasco, matapez (Colombia)	timbó	flora-fauna	Lonchocarpus spp.			See Language page	secondary forests and secondary srcrub vegetation	shrub/tree
hallucinogenic vine, banisterium, ayahuasca	ayahuasca, yage	ayahuasca, caapi	flora-fauna	Banisteriopsis caapi			See Language page	semi-domesticated, native to Amazonian basin, esp. NW	vine
hallucinogenic snuff	vilca, cebil, yopo	paricá, yopo	flora-fauna	Anadenanthera sp. or virola			See Language page
insect (generic)	insecto	insecto	flora-fauna	generic			See Language page
ant (generic)	hormiga	formiga	flora-fauna	Formicidae			See Language page
bullet ant, lesser giant hunter ant	conga, hormiga yanabe (Colombia), isula (Peru), Hormiga Veinticuatro	tocandira	flora-fauna	Paraponera clavata			See Language page
leaf-cutter ant	Colombia: zampopo, hormiga arriera; Venezuela: bachaco; Peru: curuhuinse	saúva	flora-fauna	Atta sp.			See Language page
honeybee	abeja	abelha	flora-fauna	Apis mellifera; Tetragonisca angustula; Trigona amazonensis			See Language page
cockroach	cucaracha	barata-do-mato	flora-fauna	order Blattaria			See Language page
firefly, lightning bug	lampírido, luciérnaga (Peru), añañahui (Peru), cocuyo (attributed Taino origin)	vagalume	flora-fauna	fam: Elateridae, Fengodidae, Lampyridae			See Language page
butterfly, moth	mariposa	borboleta	flora-fauna	order Lepidoptera			See Language page
moth	mariposa nocturna, polilla	mariposa	flora-fauna	order Lepidoptera			See Language page
angleworm	lombriz	minhoca	flora-fauna	order Opisthopora			See Language page
centipede	ciempiés	centopéia	flora-fauna	class Chilopoda			See Language page
scorpion	escorpión; alacran	escorpião	flora-fauna	order Scorpiones			See Language page
cicada	cigarra, chicharra	cigarra	flora-fauna	super fam. Cicadoidea			See Language page
flea	pulga	pulga	flora-fauna	order Siphonaptera			See Language page
blowfly/housefly	mosca	mosca	flora-fauna	Diptera			See Language page
cricket	saltón, grillo	grilo	flora-fauna	family Gryllidae			See Language page
edible palm-dwelling larva (palm weevil)	suri, mojojoy	larva, broca-do-coqueiro, aramandaiá	flora-fauna	Rhynchophorus sp.			See Language page
praying mantis, stick insects	mantis religiosa	louva-a-deus	flora-fauna	order Mantodea, family Mantidae			See Language page
mosquito	mosquito, zancudo	mosquito, carapana	flora-fauna	Anopheles sp.			See Language page
termites, white-ants	comején (Peru), termitas	cupim	flora-fauna	order Isoptera			See Language page
tick	garrapata	carrapato	flora-fauna	superfam Ixodoidea			See Language page
wasp	avispa; specific type: ronzapa/ronsapa	caba	flora-fauna	order Hymenoptera, sub: Apocrita			See Language page
snail	caracol, churo (Peru)	caracol	flora-fauna	class Gastropoda			See Language page
spider	araña	aranha	flora-fauna	Arachnidae, Araneae			See Language page
jaguar	yaguar, yaguareté, jaguar, otorongo (Peru), tigre (Peru)	onca	flora-fauna	Panthera onca			See Language page
manatee	vaca marina, manatí	peixe-boi	flora-fauna	Trichechus sp.			See Language page
brown woolly monkey	Mono Lanudo Común, Choro, Churucu, mono choro (Peru), mono lanudo cafe, barrigudo de Humboldt	macaco barrigudo	flora-fauna	Lagothrix lagothricha			See Language page
howler monkey (red-handed)	mono aullador, mono coto (Peru)	guariba	flora-fauna	Alouatta belzebul [or other Alouatta sp.]			See Language page
tufted capuchin monkey	mono negro (Peru), Machín Negro, Maicero Cachón, mono maicero	macaco prego	flora-fauna	Cebus apella			See Language page
white-fronted capuchin	Machín Blanco, mono blanco, Maicero Cariblanco, mono blanco (Peru)	Caiarara	flora-fauna	Cebus albifrons			See Language page
white-fronted spider monkey	Machin Blanco, Mono Araña de Vientre Amarillo, maquisapa (Peru), braceadora (Colombia)	macaco aranha, coatá, quatá	flora-fauna	Ateles belzebuth/paniscus			See Language page
opossum	zarigüeya, rabipelado, zorro, zorrillo	mucura	flora-fauna	family Didelphidae			See Language page
giant otter	Lobo Grande de Río, nutria gigante, lutria	ariranha	flora-fauna	Pteronura brasiliensis			See Language page
neotropical otter (small)	Nutria, Lobo de Agua, lobito de rio, perro de agua (Colombia)	lontra	flora-fauna	Lontra longicaudis			See Language page
collared peccary	sajino, pecarí de collar, jabalf, Javelina, Saíno, Pecarí de Collar	caititu, caetitu	flora-fauna	Pecari tajacu, Tayassu tajacu			See Language page
white-lipped peccary	Chancho de Monte, Cariblanco, Huangana	queixada	flora-fauna	Tayassu pecari			See Language page
porcupine	puerco espín, erizo (Peru), casha cushillo (Peru)	cuandu, porco-espinho	flora-fauna	family Erethizontidae			See Language page
cotamundi, coatimundi	Coatí, Tejón, Achuni, zorro guache	quati	flora-fauna	genus Nasua			See Language page
agouti (black agouti, black-rumped agouti)	Guatusa Negra, Añuje, Agutí (black-rumped), picure, jochi colorado	cutia	flora-fauna	Dasyprocta spp.			See Language page
capybara	Capibara, Carpincho, Ronsoco	capivara	flora-fauna	Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris			See Language page
green acouchi	Guatín, Punchana, curi, picurito rabudo, picurito rabilargo	cutiara	flora-fauna	Myoprocta pratti			See Language page
paca (lowland)	Guanta, Paca, Majaz, majás (Peru), labba (Guyana)	paca	flora-fauna	Cuniculus paca (Agouti paca is sometimes used as well although cuniculus is the correct term.)			See Language page
mouse, rat	ratón	camundongo, rata	flora-fauna	Mus musculus			See Language page
squirrel	ardilla, danta (Ven)	serelepe, quatipuru, esquilo	flora-fauna	family Sciuridae			See Language page
tapir	sachavaca, danta	anta	flora-fauna	Tapirus terrestris			See Language page
deer	venado	veado, cariacu	flora-fauna	family Cervidae, esp. Odocoileus virginianus			See Language page
horse	caballo	cavalho	flora-fauna	Equus caballus			See Language page

Cultural Vocabulary (97)

English	Spanish	Portuguese	Semantic Field	General Notes	Source
basket (general)	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto	culture-material		See Language page
basket, small	canasta, canasto, cesta	cesto pequeno, tampado	culture-material		See Language page
bead	abalorio, mostacilla, cuenta, gota, puca; necklace=collar	miçanga	culture-material		See Language page
bed	cama	cama	culture-material		See Language page
hammock	hamaca, chinchorro	rede	culture-material		See Language page
bench, seat	banco, silla, asiento	banco	culture-material		See Language page
canoe	canoa	canoa	transport		See Language page
drum (large signal)	tambor, manguaré, maguaré (Colombia)	tambor	culture	Used to be used by Tukanoan peoples (and others?), sound carried for long distances	See Language page
drum	tambor	tambor	culture-mythology		See Language page
shaman, healer	chamán, brujo	xaman, pajé, feiticeiro	culture-mythology	In RN region, there is typically one person per village (if that) who is a full-fledged 'shaman'. He is very much a specialist and has considerable power to cure, as well as power to curse. He is respected and feared. Shamans are thought to turn themselv	See Language page
healer	curandero	benzador, curandeiro, kumu (Tukano)	culture-mythology	Refers to a lower-level healer; in RN region, most older men in a village have this capacity, and command a repertoire of healing spells. Power is primarily for good, whereas the true shaman is capable of malignant acts as well.	See Language page
broom	escoba	vassoura	culture-material		See Language page
clothing	ropa	roupa	culture-mythology		See Language page
fence, palisade	cerco	cerca	other	may be related to defense/warfare?	See Language page
firewood	leña	lenha	other		See Language page
Curupira (spirit type)	Curupira, Madremonte	Curupira	culture-mythology	malignant forest spirit, covered with long hair, feet turned backward; in Upper Rio Negro region	See Language page
ghost (of dead person)/evil spirit	espíritu malo, espíritu maligno, fantasma, demonio	espirito	culture-mythology		See Language page
deity/powerful spirit/culture figure	dios(es), deidad	divinidade, figura mítica	culture-mythology	In RN region, frequently translates as 'Bone-Son', 'One on the bone', etc.	See Language page
flute	flauta, quena (Peru)	flauta	culture-mythology	multiple types? japurutu, deer-bone, etc.	See Language page
panpipe	carrizo, zampoñas, flautas de pan, rondadora	caniço, flauta de pã	culture-mythology		See Language page
hollow log/trough for beer-making	canoa para chicha	cocho de caxiri	narcotics		See Language page
ritual song cycle (kapiwaya)	kapiwaya	capiwaya	culture-mythology		See Language page
knife	cuchillo	faca	culture-material		See Language page
machete	machete	facão	culture-material		See Language page
axe/stone axe	hacha (de piedra)	machado (de pedra)	subsistence tool	especially for clearing fields	See Language page
arrow	flecha	flecha	subsistence tool	hunting, warfare	See Language page
spear	lanza	lança	subsistence tool		See Language page
bow	arco	arco	subsistence tool	arco	See Language page
paddle/oar	remo	remo	transport		See Language page
plate	plato	prato	culture-material		See Language page
pot	olla, pote	panela, vasilha	subsistence tool		See Language page
basin/bowl	tazón, plato hondo, taza	tijela	culture-material		See Language page
griddle for cooking flatbread	tiesto (Colombia), budare (Venezuela), tortera (Peru)	forno para beiju	subsistence tool	agriculture?	See Language page
rattle	matraca, maraca	marico, chocalho	culture-mythology		See Language page
resin	resina, brea, copal	resina, brea, breu	subsistence tool		See Language page
wax	cera	cera	other		See Language page
honey	miel	mel	food	only gathered in wild throughout Amazonia?	See Language page
stone for lighting fires	piedra para hacer fuego	pedra para acender fogo	culture-material		See Language page
rope/string	mecate, cuerda, soga	corda	culture		See Language page
tattoo	tatuaje, tatu	tatuagem	culture-mythology		See Language page
thatch/roof	crisneja	palha, caraná	culture-material		See Language page
yurupari, jurupari (or any flutes forbidden to women)	yurupari	jurupari	culture-mythology	a ritual complex in various parts of Amazonia involving sacred flutes/trumpets, forbidden to women.	See Language page
fetish, charm	fetiche, encanto, filtro de amor, pusanga	feitiço, puçanga	culture-mythology		See Language page
feather headdress	plumaje, corona de plumas	enfeite/capacete de penas	culture-mythology		See Language page
paint body, body paint	pintura corporal	pintura corporal	culture-mythology		See Language page
afterworld, land of dead, Heaven	tierra do los muertos	terra dos mortos	culture-mythology		See Language page
school	escuela	escola	acculturation		See Language page
bottle	botella	garrafa	acculturation		See Language page
paper	papel	papel	acculturation		See Language page
dream	sueño, soñar	sonho, sonhar	culture-mythology		See Language page
chicken	gallina	galinha	acculturation		See Language page
grave	tumba, sepultura, sepulcro	sepultura, sepulcro, cova	culture-mythology		See Language page
pipe for tobacco	pipa	cachimbo	other		See Language page
sugarcane/sugar	azúcar, caña de azúcar	açucar (de cana)	acculturation		See Language page
skirt	falda, saya, fustan, pollera	saia	culture-material		See Language page
shoes	zapatos	sapatos	dress		See Language page
policeman	polícia	policía	acculturation		See Language page
soldier	soldado	soldado	acculturation		See Language page
cat	gato	gato	acculturation		See Language page
gun	arma, escopeta	espingarda, fusil	acculturation		See Language page
hat	sombero	chapéu	dress		See Language page
chief/leader	jefe, cacique	chefe	culture-mythology		See Language page
club	garrote, cachiporra	clava, porrete	subsistence tool		See Language page
loincloth	taparrabos, guayuco, pampanilla	tanga, tapa-sexo	dress		See Language page
fireplace	hogar	lareira	other		See Language page
fishing line	cordel/cuerda p/ pescar, sedal, tanze	linha de pesca	subsistence tool		See Language page
salt	sal	sal	food		See Language page
song (generic)	canción, canto	canção	culture-mythology		See Language page
blowgun	cerbatana, pucuna (Peru)	zarabatana	subsistence tool	currently limited to certain groups (favoring h-g orientation, e.g. Nadahup) within RN region	See Language page
dart (blowgun)	dardo, birote (Peru), bala (Peru)	dardo, seta	subsistence tool	hunting and warfare	See Language page
fan	abanico	abanador, abano	subsistence tool	esp. for fanning a cooking fire	See Language page
fish (with line)	anzuelear, pescar con linea	pescar (com linha)	food		See Language page
fish (with fish-poison)	pescar con barbasco, barbasquear	pescar com timbó; tinguijar	food		See Language page
hunt	cazar	caçar	food		See Language page
game animal	caza, animal de caza	caça, animal de caça	food	Interesting correlation to 'fish' in Tukanoan languages	See Language page
gourd (dipper/bowl)	cucharón, pate (Peru), totomo, totuma, totumo	cuia	subsistence tool		See Language page
grater	rallador, rallo	ralador, ralo	subsistence tool	esp. for grating manioc, but can be used for other things as well	See Language page
grid of sticks for smoking meat or placing objects (shelf)	barbacoa	jirau	subsistence tool		See Language page
mortar	mortero	pilão	subsistence tool		See Language page
pestle	pilón, mano de mortero, mazo, moledor	mão de pilão	subsistence tool		See Language page
fermented drink	masato, chicha	caxiri, chicha	culture	prioritizes manioc beer where distinction is made	See Language page
flour/meal from manioc	fariña, mañoco (Venezuela); harina	farinha	food	agriculture	See Language page
flat bread, cassava bread	pan de yuca, casabe/cazabe	beiju	food	usually manioc; agriculture, but also can be made from certain wild seeds/fruits	See Language page
starch (tapioca, other)	almidón	goma de tapioca	food		See Language page
tapioca drink, mingau	cahuana, caguana	mingau	food	agriculture	See Language page
tipiti (manioc squeezer)	tipiti, matafrio, sebucán, exprimador, prensa para yuca	tipiti	food	word of Tupi origin; agriculture: specifically for squeezing poison out of manioc	See Language page
tripod for washing manioc	trípode	tripé	subsistence tool	agriculture	See Language page
venom for darts, poison	veneno	curare	subsistence tool	hunting, currently is falling out of use in Vaupés region, associated primarily with h-g groups (but this may be recent?)	See Language page
woven strainer/sieve	colador tejido, cedazo (Peru), cernedor (Peru)	peneira, cumatá	subsistence tool	agriculture? commonly used for sifting dry manioc flour	See Language page
bait for fishing	cebo, carnada para pescar, empate (Peru)	isca	subsistence tool	can refer to worms; more generic	See Language page
fishtrap	trampa de peces, trampa	matapi, cacuri	subsistence tool		See Language page
bottom grinding stone			manufacture	if different word from top grinding stone	See Language page
digging stick			subsistence tool		See Language page
top grinding stone	metate, mano; piedra de moler	metate, mano	manufacture	use word for top grinding stone if different from bottom stone	See Language page
boomerang/throwing stick (generic)			subsistence tool		See Language page
spearthrower			subsistence tool		See Language page
house			other		See Language page

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