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• Table Of Contents
  • Introduction
    • Introduction
    • Entrepreneurial Capitalism
    • From Ideas to Entrepreneurs to Adaptive Corporations
    • Firms constructing social networks as Populations
    • Three Revolutions in Computer Technologies and Corporate Usage 1968-1988
    • Institutional Change in Communications: Deregulation and Break-up of AT&T
    • A Brief Overview of Computer Communications 1968-1988
    • Personal Comments
  • Background
    • Terminology
    • The Changing Rules of Competition -- AT&T and the FCC
      • Preconditions
      • The Institutions of Competitive Capitalism
      • The Telegraph and the Information Revolution
      • Crisis
      • The Institutions of Corporate Capitalism
      • Alexander Graham Bell and Bell Telephone Co. -- 1873-1878
      • Vail Joins the Bell Telephone Company -- 1878-1887
      • Monopoly Asserted -- 1918-1934
      • The FCC and AT&T Regulation -- 1934-1946
      • The U.S. vs. Western Union Lawsuit -- 1949-1956
      • Computer Inquiry I and the Carterfone -- 1965-1973
      • The FCC, Jurisdictional Disputes and Direct Connection of CPE -- 1973-1978
      • Antitrust, Computer Inquiry II and the Break-up of AT&T - 1973-1984
    • The Remarkable Growth in the Use of Computers
      • Preconditions
      • The Emergence of First Generation Computers 1946-1959
      • The Entrance of IBM - 1952
      • Real-Time Computing -- The SAGE Project -- 1952 - 1958
      • The Transistor - 1947
      • Second Generation Computing -- 1959-1963
      • The Integrated Circuit -- 1959
      • Management Information Systems -- 1959-1972
      • The IBM System/360 and the Third Generation of Computing --1964
      • Timesharing -- Project MAC -- 1962-1968
      • The Minicomputer -- 1959-1979
      • The Microprocessor -- 1971
      • Personal Distributed Computing -- Xerox PARC -- 1980
      • Personal Computers -- 1973-1988
  • Data Communications: Emergence 1956-1968
    • Overview
    • Beginnings of Modem Competition: Codex and Milgo 1956-1967
    • Carterfone, ATT and the FCC 1948-1967
    • The Remarkable Growth in the Use of Computers
    • The FCC and Computer Inquiry I 1966-1967
    • Codex and Milgo: Needing Money 1967-1968
    • Multiplexer Innovation: American Data Systems 1966-1968
    • Euphoric Markets and Venture Capital 1967-1968
    • Codex and Milgo Become Public Companies 1968
    • American Data Systems Off and Running 1968
    • Carterfone, Computer Inquiry I and Deregulation 1967-1968
    • In Perspective
  • Networking: Vision and Packet Switching 1959 - 1968
    • Overview
    • The Intergalactic Network: 1962-1964
    • The Seminal Experiment: 1965
    • Circuit Switching
    • Paul Baran - 1959-1965
    • Donald Davies - 1965-1966
    • Packet Switching
    • Planning the ARPANET: 1967-1968
    • The RFQ and Bidding: 1968
    • Bolt Beranek and Newman: The Winning Bid -1968
    • In Perspective
  • Data Communications: Market Competition 1969-1972
    • Overview
    • Entrepreneurism Flourishes 1968-1972
    • The Economic Roller Coaster 1969-1975
    • AT&T and Computer Inquiry I 1969
    • Codex Encounters Unexpected Problems: 1969
    • ADS Has a Blockbuster 1969
    • Codex Turns the Corner: 1970
    • ADS Hits a Wall: 1970
    • AT&T and Computer Inquiry I 1970-1971
    • Firms and Collective Behavior: The Creation of the IDCMA 197
    • Codex and the 9600: 1971
    • ADS Falls on Hard Times: 1971-1972
    • Codex Passes a Milestone: 1972
    • Data Communications 1972
    • In Perspective
  • Networking: Arpanet 1969-1972
    • Overview
    • The Communications Subnet: BBN 1969
    • Host-to-Host Software: The Network Working Group 1968-1969
    • Delivery of the First IMP to UCLA - September 1969
    • IPTO Management Changes - 1969
    • Host-to-Host Software - 1970
    • Network Topology - 1969-1970
    • Network Measurement Center - 1969-1970
    • Early Surprises - 1969-1970
    • Host-to-Host Software: The Network Control Program - 1970-1971
    • ALOHANET and Norm Abramson: 1966 - 1972
    • NPL Network and Donald Davies 1966 - 1971
    • ICCC Demonstration 1971-1972
    • In Perspective
  • Data Communications: Market Order 1973-1979
    • Overview
    • Minicomputers, Distributed Data Processing and Microprocessors
    • The Justice Department: IBM and AT&T
    • Codex: LSI modems and Front-End Processors 1973
    • Wesley Chu and the Statistical Multiplexer 1966-1975
    • Codex: The LSI Modem and Competition 1974-1975
    • ADS: Rebirth as Micom 1973-1976
    • CPE Certification and Computer Inquiry II
    • Codex: The Statistical Multiplexer and Competition 1975-1976
    • Modems, Multiplexers and Networks 1976-1978
    • Micom: The Statistical Multiplexer 1976-1978
    • Codex and Motorola 1977-1978
    • Micom: Meteoric Success and Competition 1978-1979
    • In Perspective
  • Networking: Diffusion 1972-1979
    • Overview
    • Commercializing Arpanet 1972 - 1975
    • Packet Radio and Robert Kahn: 1972-1974
    • CYCLADES Network and Louis Pouzin 1971 - 1972
    • Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 1973-1976
    • A Proliferation of Communication Projects
    • Token Ring and David Farber, UC Irvine and the NSF 1969-1974
    • Ethernet and Robert Metcalfe and Xerox PARC 1971-1975
    • Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1974 - 1977
    • Metcalfe Joins the Systems Development Division of Xerox 1975-1978
    • Xerox Network System (XNS) 1977-1978
    • TCP to TCP/IP 1976-1979
    • Open System Interconnection (OSI) 1975 - 1979
    • National Bureau of Standards and MITRE 1971 - 1979
    • In Perspective
  • Networking: Emergence 1979-1981
    • Overview
    • The NBS and MITRE Workshop of January 1979
    • Prime Computers
    • The Workshop
    • Robert Metcalfe and the MIT Laboratory of Computer Science
    • Robert Metcalfe and Digital Equipment Corporation
    • Zilog
    • The Symposium
    • The Return of Venture Capital
    • Robert Metcalfe and the Founding of 3Com
    • Michael Pliner and the Founding of Sytek
    • Ralph Ungermann and Charlie Bass and the Founding of Ungermann-Bass
    • Micom: The DataPBX and IPO 1978-1981
    • Codex: The DataPBX 1978-1981
    • Sytek: A Broadband Network and Needing Cash
    • Ungermann-Bass: Xerox, Broadband and Needing a Chip
    • 3Com: Product Strategy and Waiting for a PC
    • In Perspective
  • Networking: Market Competition 1981-1983
    • Overview
    • Emerging LAN Competition 1981
    • Interlan
    • Bridge Communications
    • Proteon
    • Concord Data Systems
    • The Office of the Future, the PBX to CBX, and AT&T
    • The IBM PC and IBM’s Token Ring LAN 1981-1982
    • 3Com, Ungermann-Bass and Sytek – 1981-'82
    • 3com
    • Ungermann-Bass
    • Sytek
    • The Data Communication Competitors 1981-1982
    • Micom
    • Codex
    • Other Data Communication Competitors
    • The Early LAN Competitors – 1982
    • Interlan
    • Bridge Communications
    • Concord Data Systems
    • A Second Wave of LAN Competition - 1982
    • Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC)
    • Excelan
    • Communications Machinery Corporation (CMC)
    • General Electric
    • The AT&T Settlement: January 1982
    • AT&T Introduces CBXs and LANs
    • Does IBM Need Both LANs and PBXs?
    • 3Com - 1982
    • Ungermann-Bass - 1982
    • Sytek - 1982
    • Ethernet Chips, Boundless Hope and Market Confusion
    • In Perspective
  • Standards: An Enabling Institution 1979-1984
    • Overview
    • Standards Making and the OSI Reference Model
    • IEEE Committee 802: 1979 - 1980
    • DIX (Digital Equipment Corporation, Intel, and Xerox): 1979 - 1980
    • IEEE Committee 802 and DIX: 1980 - 1981
    • ISO/OSI (Open Systems Interconnection): 1979 - 1980
    • TCP/IP and XNS: 1979-1980
    • ISO/OSI (Open Systems Interconnection): 1981 - 1982
    • TCP/IP and XNS 1981 - 1983
    • IEEE Committee 802: 1981 - 1982
    • ISO/OSI (Open Systems Interconnection): 1982 - 1983
    • The Emergence of Technological Order: 1983 - 1984
    • In Perspective
  • Networking: Market Order: LANs 1983-1986
    • Overview
    • Alex Brown & Sons Conference: March 1983
    • 3Com, Ungermann-Bass, and Sytek: 1983 – 1984
    • 3Com
    • Ungermann-Bass
    • Sytek
    • The Early LAN Competitors: 1983 – 1984
    • Interlan
    • Bridge Communications
    • Concord Data Systems
    • The Second Wave of LAN Competitors: 1983 – 1984
    • Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC)
    • Excelan 1983-1984
    • The Data Communication Competitors: 1983 – 1984
    • Codex
    • Micom
    • New DataPBX Competitors
    • State of Competition: 1985
    • 3Com, Ungermann-Bass and Sytek: 1985 –1986
    • 3Com
    • Ungermann-Bass
    • Sytek
    • The Early LAN Competitors: 1985 - 1986
    • Interlan
    • Bridge Communications
    • Concord Data Systems
    • The Second Wave of LAN Competitors: 1985 - 1986
    • Excelan
    • Communications Machinery Corporation
    • The Data Communication Competitors: 1985-1986
    • Codex
    • Micom - Interlan
    • In Perspective
  • Data Communications: Adaptation 1979-1986
    • Overview
    • The Revolution of Digital Transmission
    • AT&T and the T-1 Tariffs 1982-1984
    • The T-1 Multiplexer
    • The Beginnings of “Be Your Own Bell”
    • Data Communications: First Signs of Digital Networks 1982-1985
    • Data Communications - Industry Overview
    • General DataComm
    • Timeplex
    • Codex
    • Micom
    • Digital Communication Associates
    • Other Data Communication Firms
    • Tymnet and the Caravan Project 1982
    • Entrepreneurs: The T-1 start-ups 1982-1985
    • Network Equipment Technologies
    • Cohesive Networks
    • Network Switching Systems
    • Spectrum Digital
    • Market Analysis 1984-1987
    • Samples of Experts' Opinions
    • The Yankee Group
    • Datapro Research
    • Alex. Brown & Sons
    • Salomon Brothers Inc.
    • T-1 Multiplexer OEM Relationships - 1985
    • Data Communication: Wide Area Networks 1985-1988
    • which firms will adapt successfully?
    • Digital Communication Associates
    • Network Equipment Technologies
    • Codex
    • Micom
    • Timeplex
    • Other Data Communication Firms
    • In Perspective
  • Internetworking: Emergence 1985-1988
    • Overview
    • The Emergence of Internetworking
    • Interconnecting Local Area Networks (LANs)
    • Repeaters - Physical Layer: Solutions to Extend a Network
    • Bridges - Data Link Layer: Adding a Few Networks Together
    • Gateways/Routers - Network Layer: Integrating Countless Networks
    • Open System Interconnection (OSI) Gaining Momentum
    • The Department of Defense - OSI and TCP/IP
    • The Role of the National Bureau of Standards (NBS)
    • Autofact Trade Show - November 1985
    • The NBS in Action: OSINET, COS, and GOSIP
    • LANs and WANs: The Public Demonstrations - 1988
    • ENE and Interop
    • Enterprise Network Event (OSI) - June
    • Interop (TCP/IP) Trade Show - September
    • Data Communications: Firms Adapting or Dying? 1987-1988
    • Codex
    • Micom
    • Network Equipment Technologies
    • DCA, Racal Electronics, Timeplex, Paradyne, and Stratacom
    • Networking: Firms Responding to Market Consolidation: 1987-1988
    • 3Com
    • Ungermann-Bass
    • Proteon
    • Concord Communications, Inc.
    • DEC, Excelan, Sytek, and CMC
    • Internetworking: Entrepreneurs and Start-Ups: 1985-1988
    • cisco Systems
    • Wellfleet
    • Vitalink
    • Retix
    • In Perspective
  • Appendix A: Market Research
    • Product Revenues 1970-1988
    • Computer and Terminal Forecasts 1968-1988
    • Computer Communications Market
    • Computer Communications Revenues Reconcilliation
    • Product Categories and Firms
    • Computer Communications Start-Ups
    • Timing of Start-Up Financing
    • Computer Communications Market-Structure Consolodation
    • Income Statement Analysis
    • Balance Sheet Analysis
    • Financial Histories Aligned by IPO Year
    • Cash Uses of Pre-IPO Capital
    • Market Windows and Organization Ecology
    • Entrepreneurial Profit
    • Market Research Forecasting Uncertainties
    • Dominant Design Examples
    • Synoptics and 3Com Analysis
    • Data Communications Firm Interrelationships
    • Data Communications Sector Income Statements
    • Networking Sector Income Statements
    • Networking Market-Structure Analysis
    • Selection Pressures in Networking
    • Investment in Innovation by Data Communications and Networking Firms
    • Internetworking Sector Income Statements
  • Appendix B: Supporting Documents
    • Bolt Beranek & Newman (BBN) documents
    • Manley Irwin Papers
    • Market Analysis
  • Appendix C: Selected Company Overviews
    • Codex
    • Micom
    • 3Com
    • Ungermann-Bass
    • Network Equipment Technologies
    • Wellfleet
• Market Sector
  • Data Communications
    • Background
      • Institutional Change in Communications: Deregulation and Break-up of AT&T
      • A Brief Overview of Computer Communications 1968-1988
    • Emergence
      • Overview
      • Beginnings of Modem Competition: Codex and Milgo 1956-1967
      • Carterfone, ATT and the FCC 1948-1967
      • The Remarkable Growth in the Use of Computers
      • The FCC and Computer Inquiry I 1966-1967
      • Codex and Milgo: Needing Money 1967-1968
      • Multiplexer Innovation: American Data Systems 1966-1968
      • Euphoric Markets and Venture Capital 1967-1968
      • Codex and Milgo Become Public Companies 1968
      • American Data Systems Off and Running 1968
      • Carterfone, Computer Inquiry I and Deregulation 1967-1968
      • In Perspective
    • Competition
      • Overview
      • Entrepreneurism Flourishes 1968-1972
      • The Economic Roller Coaster 1969-1975
      • AT&T and Computer Inquiry I 1969
      • Codex Encounters Unexpected Problems: 1969
      • ADS Has a Blockbuster 1969
      • Codex Turns the Corner: 1970
      • ADS Hits a Wall: 1970
      • AT&T and Computer Inquiry I 1970-1971
      • Firms and Collective Behavior: The Creation of the IDCMA 197
      • Codex and the 9600: 1971
      • ADS Falls on Hard Times: 1971-1972
      • Codex Passes a Milestone: 1972
      • Data Communications 1972
    • Order
      • Overview
      • Standards Making and the OSI Reference Model
      • IEEE Committee 802: 1979 - 1980
      • DIX (Digital Equipment Corporation, Intel, and Xerox): 1979 - 1980
      • IEEE Committee 802 and DIX: 1980 - 1981
      • ISO/OSI (Open Systems Interconnection): 1979 - 1980
      • TCP/IP and XNS: 1979-1980
      • ISO/OSI (Open Systems Interconnection): 1981 - 1982
      • TCP/IP and XNS 1981 - 1983
      • IEEE Committee 802: 1981 - 1982
      • ISO/OSI (Open Systems Interconnection): 1982 - 1983
      • The Emergence of Technological Order: 1983 - 1984
      • In Perspective
    • Adaptation
      • Overview
      • The Revolution of Digital Transmission
      • The Revolution of Digital Transmission
      • AT&T and the T-1 Tariffs 1982-1984
      • The T-1 Multiplexer
      • The Beginnings of “Be Your Own Bell”
      • Data Communications: First Signs of Digital Networks 1982-1985
      • Data Communications - Industry Overview
      • General DataComm
      • Timeplex
      • Codex
      • Micom
      • Digital Communication Associates
      • Other Data Communication Firms
      • Tymnet and the Caravan Project 1982
      • Entrepreneurs: The T-1 start-ups 1982-1985
      • Network Equipment Technologies
      • Cohesive Networks
      • Network Switching Systems
      • Spectrum Digital
      • Market Analysis 1984-1987
      • Samples of Experts' Opinions
      • The Yankee Group
      • Datapro Research
      • Alex. Brown & Sons
      • Salomon Brothers Inc.
      • T-1 Multiplexer OEM Relationships - 1985
      • Data Communication: Wide Area Networks 1985-1988
      • which firms will adapt successfully?
      • Digital Communication Associates
      • Network Equipment Technologies
      • Codex
      • Micom
      • Timeplex
      • Other Data Communication Firms
      • In Perspective
    • Reports/Analysis
      • Data Communications Firm Interrelationships
      • Data Communications Sector Income Statements
      • Investment in Innovation by Data Communications and Networking Firms
  • Networking
    • Evolution of Packet Switching
      • Overview
      • The Intergalactic Network: 1962-1964
      • The Seminal Experiment: 1965
      • Circuit Switching
      • Paul Baran - 1959-1965
      • Donald Davies - 1965-1966
      • Packet Switching
      • Planning the ARPANET: 1967-1968
      • The RFQ and Bidding: 1968
      • Bolt Beranek and Newman: The Winning Bid -1968
    • Arpanet
      • Overview
      • The Communications Subnet: BBN 1969
      • Host-to-Host Software: The Network Working Group 1968-1969
      • Delivery of the First IMP to UCLA - September 1969
      • IPTO Management Changes - 1969
    • Subtitle
      • Host-to-Host Software - 1970
      • Network Topology - 1969-1970
      • Network Measurement Center - 1969-1970
      • Early Surprises - 1969-1970
      • Host-to-Host Software: The Network Control Program - 1970-1971
      • ALOHANET and Norm Abramson: 1966 - 1972
      • NPL Network and Donald Davies 1966 - 1971
      • ICCC Demonstration 1971-1972
      • In Perspective
    • Gestation
      • Overview
      • Commercializing Arpanet 1972 - 1975
      • Packet Radio and Robert Kahn: 1972-1974
      • CYCLADES Network and Louis Pouzin 1971 - 1972
      • Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 1973-1976
      • A Proliferation of Communication Projects
      • Token Ring and David Farber, UC Irvine and the NSF 1969-1974
      • Ethernet and Robert Metcalfe and Xerox PARC 1971-1975
      • Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1974 - 1977
      • Metcalfe Joins the Systems Development Division of Xerox 1975-1978
      • Xerox Network System (XNS) 1977-1978
      • TCP to TCP/IP 1976-1979
      • Open System Interconnection (OSI) 1975 - 1979
      • National Bureau of Standards and MITRE 1971 - 1979
    • Emergence
      • Overview
      • The NBS and MITRE Workshop of January 1979
      • Prime Computers
      • The Workshop
      • Robert Metcalfe and the MIT Laboratory of Computer Science
      • Robert Metcalfe and Digital Equipment Corporation
      • Zilog
      • The Symposium
      • The Return of Venture Capital
      • Robert Metcalfe and the Founding of 3Com
      • Michael Pliner and the Founding of Sytek
      • Ralph Ungermann and Charlie Bass and the Founding of Ungermann-Bass
      • Micom: The DataPBX and IPO 1978-1981
      • Codex: The DataPBX 1978-1981
    • Competition
      • Overview
      • Emerging LAN Competition 1981
      • Interlan
      • Bridge Communications
      • Proteon
      • Concord Data Systems
      • The Office of the Future, the PBX to CBX, and AT&T
      • The IBM PC and IBM’s Token Ring LAN 1981-1982
      • 3Com, Ungermann-Bass and Sytek – 1981-'82
      • 3com
      • Ungermann-Bass
      • Sytek
      • The Data Communication Competitors 1981-1982
      • Micom
      • Codex
      • Other Data Communication Competitors
      • The Early LAN Competitors – 1982
      • Interlan
      • Bridge Communications
      • Concord Data Systems
      • A Second Wave of LAN Competition - 1982
      • Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC)
      • Excelan
      • Communications Machinery Corporation (CMC)
      • General Electric
      • The AT&T Settlement: January 1982
      • AT&T Introduces CBXs and LANs
      • Does IBM Need Both LANs and PBXs?
      • 3Com - 1982
      • Ungermann-Bass - 1982
      • Sytek - 1982
      • Ethernet Chips, Boundless Hope and Market Confusion
      • In Perspective
    • Order
      • Overview
      • Alex Brown & Sons Conference: March 1983
      • 3Com, Ungermann-Bass, and Sytek: 1983 – 1984
      • 3Com
      • Ungermann-Bass
      • Sytek
      • The Early LAN Competitors: 1983 – 1984
      • Interlan
      • Bridge Communications
      • Concord Data Systems
      • The Second Wave of LAN Competitors: 1983 – 1984
      • Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC)
      • Excelan 1983-1984
      • The Data Communication Competitors: 1983 – 1984
      • Codex
      • Micom
      • New DataPBX Competitors
      • State of Competition: 1985
      • 3Com, Ungermann-Bass and Sytek: 1985 –1986
      • 3Com
      • Ungermann-Bass
      • Sytek
      • The Early LAN Competitors: 1985 - 1986
      • Interlan
      • Bridge Communications
      • Concord Data Systems
      • The Second Wave of LAN Competitors: 1985 - 1986
      • Excelan
      • Communications Machinery Corporation
      • The Data Communication Competitors: 1985-1986
      • Codex
      • Micom - Interlan
      • In Perspective
    • Reports/Analysis
      • Synoptics and 3Com Analysis
      • Networking Sector Income Statements
      • Networking Market-Structure Analysis
      • Selection Pressures in Networking
      • Investment in Innovation by Data Communications and Networking Firms
  • Internetworking
    • Emergence
      • Overview
      • The Emergence of Internetworking
      • Interconnecting Local Area Networks (LANs)
      • Repeaters - Physical Layer: Solutions to Extend a Network
      • Bridges - Data Link Layer: Adding a Few Networks Together
      • Gateways/Routers - Network Layer: Integrating Countless Networks
      • Open System Interconnection (OSI) Gaining Momentum
      • The Department of Defense - OSI and TCP/IP
      • The Role of the National Bureau of Standards (NBS)
      • Autofact Trade Show - November 1985
      • The NBS in Action: OSINET, COS, and GOSIP
      • LANs and WANs: The Public Demonstrations - 1988
      • ENE and Interop
      • Enterprise Network Event (OSI) - June
      • Interop (TCP/IP) Trade Show - September
      • Data Communications: Firms Adapting or Dying? 1987-1988
      • Codex
      • Micom
      • Network Equipment Technologies
      • DCA, Racal Electronics, Timeplex, Paradyne, and Stratacom
      • Networking: Firms Responding to Market Consolidation: 1987-1988
      • 3Com
      • Ungermann-Bass
      • Proteon
      • Concord Communications, Inc.
      • DEC, Excelan, Sytek, and CMC
      • Internetworking: Entrepreneurs and Start-Ups: 1985-1988
      • cisco Systems
      • Wellfleet
      • Vitalink
      • Retix
      • In Perspective
    • Reports/Analysis
      • Product Revenues 1970-1988
      • Computer Communications Market
      • Computer Communications Revenues Reconcilliation
      • Computer Communications Start-Ups
      • Timing of Start-Up Financing
      • Computer Communications Market-Structure Consolodation
      • Financial Histories Aligned by IPO Year
      • Cash Uses of Pre-IPO Capital
      • Market Windows and Organization Ecology
      • Entrepreneurial Profit
      • Networking Sector Income Statements
      • Internetworking Sector Income Statements
      • Computer Communications Market-Structure Consolodation
      • Financial Histories Aligned by IPO Year
• Companies/Organization
  • Startups
    • Data Communications
      • American Data Systems
        • American Data Systems Off and Running 1968
        • ADS Has a Blockbuster 1969
        • ADS Hits a Wall: 1970
        • ADS Falls on Hard Times: 1971-1972
        • ADS: Rebirth as Micom 1973-1976
      • Codex
        • Codex
        • Beginnings of Modem Competition: Codex and Milgo 1956-1967
        • Codex and Milgo: Needing Money 1967-1968
        • Codex and Milgo Become Public Companies 1968
        • Codex Encounters Unexpected Problems: 1969
        • Codex Turns the Corner: 1970
        • Codex and the 9600: 1971
        • Codex Passes a Milestone: 1972
        • Codex: LSI modems and Front-End Processors 1973
        • Codex: The LSI Modem and Competition 1974-1975
        • Codex: The Statistical Multiplexer and Competition 1975-1976
        • Codex and Motorola 1977-1978
        • Codex: The DataPBX 1978-1981
        • Codex
        • Codex
        • Codex
        • Codex
        • Codex
        • Codex
      • Concord Data Systems
        • Concord Data Systems
        • Concord Data Systems
        • Concord Data Systems
        • Concord Data Systems
        • Concord Communications, Inc.
      • Digital Communications Associates
        • Digital Communication Associates
        • Digital Communication Associates
        • DCA, Racal Electronics, Timeplex, Paradyne, and Stratacom
      • General Datacomm
        • Entrepreneurism Flourishes 1968-1972
        • Modems, Multiplexers and Networks 1976-1978
        • General DataComm
        • Other Data Communication Firms
      • Infotron
        • Entrepreneurism Flourishes 1968-1972
        • Modems, Multiplexers and Networks 1976-1978
        • Network Switching Systems
        • Other Data Communication Firms
      • Intertel
        • Codex Encounters Unexpected Problems: 1969
        • Modems, Multiplexers and Networks 1976-1978
      • Micom
        • Micom
        • ADS: Rebirth as Micom 1973-1976
        • Micom: The Statistical Multiplexer 1976-1978
        • Micom: Meteoric Success and Competition 1978-1979
        • Micom: The DataPBX and IPO 1978-1981
        • Micom
        • Alex Brown & Sons Conference: March 1983
        • Micom
        • Micom - Interlan
        • Micom
        • Micom
        • Micom
      • Milgo
        • Beginnings of Modem Competition: Codex and Milgo 1956-1967
        • Codex and Milgo: Needing Money 1967-1968
        • Codex and Milgo Become Public Companies 1968
        • Firms and Collective Behavior: The Creation of the IDCMA 197
        • Data Communications 1972
        • Modems, Multiplexers and Networks 1976-1978
        • Codex and Motorola 1977-1978
        • Other Data Communication Firms
      • Paradyne
        • Entrepreneurism Flourishes 1968-1972
        • Data Communications 1972
        • Modems, Multiplexers and Networks 1976-1978
        • Other Data Communication Competitors
        • Alex Brown & Sons Conference: March 1983
        • Spectrum Digital
        • Other Data Communication Firms
      • Timeplex
        • Entrepreneurism Flourishes 1968-1972
        • Micom: Meteoric Success and Competition 1978-1979
        • Alex Brown & Sons Conference: March 1983
        • Timeplex
        • Timeplex
      • Universal Data Systems
        • Entrepreneurism Flourishes 1968-1972
      • Vadic
        • Entrepreneurism Flourishes 1968-1972
        • Data Communications 1972
        • ADS: Rebirth as Micom 1973-1976
        • DCA, Racal Electronics, Timeplex, Paradyne, and Stratacom
    • Networking
      • 3Com
        • 3Com
        • Robert Metcalfe and the Founding of 3Com
        • 3Com: Product Strategy and Waiting for a PC
        • 3com
        • 3Com - 1982
        • Ethernet Chips, Boundless Hope and Market Confusion
        • 3Com
        • 3Com
        • 3Com
        • Computer Communications Revenues Reconcilliation
        • Timing of Start-Up Financing
        • Financial Histories Aligned by IPO Year
        • Cash Uses of Pre-IPO Capital
        • Entrepreneurial Profit
        • Synoptics and 3Com Analysis
        • Networking Sector Income Statements
        • Networking Market-Structure Analysis
        • Investment in Innovation by Data Communications and Networking Firms
      • Bridge Communications
        • Bridge Communications
        • Bridge Communications
        • Bridge Communications
        • Bridge Communications
        • 3Com
      • Communications Machinery Corporation
        • Communications Machinery Corporation (CMC)
        • Communications Machinery Corporation
        • DEC, Excelan, Sytek, and CMC
      • Concord Data Systems
        • Concord Data Systems
        • Concord Data Systems
        • Concord Data Systems
        • Concord Data Systems
        • Concord Communications, Inc.
      • Excelan
        • Excelan
        • Communications Machinery Corporation (CMC)
        • Excelan 1983-1984
        • Excelan
        • DEC, Excelan, Sytek, and CMC
      • Equinox
        • New DataPBX Competitors
        • State of Competition: 1985
      • Interlan
        • Interlan
        • Interlan
        • Interlan
        • Interlan
        • Micom - Interlan
      • Metapath
        • New DataPBX Competitors
      • Proteon
        • Robert Metcalfe and the MIT Laboratory of Computer Science
        • Proteon
        • Proteon
      • Sytek
        • Michael Pliner and the Founding of Sytek
        • Sytek: A Broadband Network and Needing Cash
        • Sytek
        • Sytek - 1982
        • Alex Brown & Sons Conference: March 1983
        • Sytek
        • Sytek
      • Ungermann-Bass
        • Ungermann-Bass
        • Ralph Ungermann and Charlie Bass and the Founding of Ungermann-Bass
        • Ungermann-Bass: Xerox, Broadband and Needing a Chip
        • Ungermann-Bass
        • Ungermann-Bass - 1982
        • Alex Brown & Sons Conference: March 1983
        • Ungermann-Bass
        • Ungermann-Bass
        • Ungermann-Bass
    • Internetworking
      • cisco
        • cisco Systems
        • In Perspective
      • Network Equipment Technologies (NET)
        • Network Equipment Technologies
        • Tymnet and the Caravan Project 1982
        • Network Equipment Technologies
        • T-1 Multiplexer OEM Relationships - 1985
        • Network Equipment Technologies
      • Proteon
        • Robert Metcalfe and the MIT Laboratory of Computer Science
        • Proteon
        • Proteon
      • Retix
        • Retix
      • Wellfleet
        • Wellfleet
        • Wellfleet
  • Existing Companies
    • AT&T
      • Institutional Change in Communications: Deregulation and Break-up of AT&T
      • Alexander Graham Bell and Bell Telephone Co. -- 1873-1878
      • Vail Joins the Bell Telephone Company -- 1878-1887
      • Monopoly Asserted -- 1918-1934
      • The FCC and AT&T Regulation -- 1934-1946
      • The U.S. vs. Western Union Lawsuit -- 1949-1956
      • Computer Inquiry I and the Carterfone -- 1965-1973
      • The FCC, Jurisdictional Disputes and Direct Connection of CPE -- 1973-1978
      • Antitrust, Computer Inquiry II and the Break-up of AT&T - 1973-1984
      • Carterfone, ATT and the FCC 1948-1967
      • The FCC and Computer Inquiry I 1966-1967
      • Carterfone, Computer Inquiry I and Deregulation 1967-1968
      • AT&T and Computer Inquiry I 1969
      • AT&T and Computer Inquiry I 1970-1971
      • Data Communications 1972
      • The Justice Department: IBM and AT&T
      • CPE Certification and Computer Inquiry II
      • In Perspective
      • The Office of the Future, the PBX to CBX, and AT&T
      • The AT&T Settlement: January 1982
      • AT&T Introduces CBXs and LANs
      • The Emergence of Technological Order: 1983 - 1984
      • AT&T and the T-1 Tariffs 1982-1984
      • The Beginnings of “Be Your Own Bell”
    • Bolt Beranek & Newman
      • The RFQ and Bidding: 1968
      • Bolt Beranek and Newman: The Winning Bid -1968
      • The Communications Subnet: BBN 1969
      • Host-to-Host Software: The Network Working Group 1968-1969
      • Delivery of the First IMP to UCLA - September 1969
      • Host-to-Host Software - 1970
      • Network Measurement Center - 1969-1970
      • Early Surprises - 1969-1970
      • Host-to-Host Software: The Network Control Program - 1970-1971
      • ICCC Demonstration 1971-1972
      • Overview
      • Commercializing Arpanet 1972 - 1975
      • TCP/IP and XNS 1981 - 1983
      • Bolt Beranek & Newman (BBN) documents
    • DEC
      • The Minicomputer -- 1959-1979
      • Robert Metcalfe and Digital Equipment Corporation
      • Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC)
      • DIX (Digital Equipment Corporation, Intel, and Xerox): 1979 - 1980
      • IEEE Committee 802 and DIX: 1980 - 1981
      • Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC)
      • DEC, Excelan, Sytek, and CMC
    • HP
      • IEEE Committee 802: 1979 - 1980
      • IEEE Committee 802 and DIX: 1980 - 1981
      • IEEE Committee 802: 1981 - 1982
    • IBM
      • The Entrance of IBM - 1952
      • Real-Time Computing -- The SAGE Project -- 1952 - 1958
      • The Transistor - 1947
      • Second Generation Computing -- 1959-1963
      • The Integrated Circuit -- 1959
      • Management Information Systems -- 1959-1972
      • The IBM System/360 and the Third Generation of Computing --1964
      • Timesharing -- Project MAC -- 1962-1968
      • The Minicomputer -- 1959-1979
      • Personal Computers -- 1973-1988
      • The Remarkable Growth in the Use of Computers
      • The Justice Department: IBM and AT&T
      • Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1974 - 1977
      • The IBM PC and IBM’s Token Ring LAN 1981-1982
      • Does IBM Need Both LANs and PBXs?
      • IEEE Committee 802 and DIX: 1980 - 1981
      • IEEE Committee 802: 1981 - 1982
      • ISO/OSI (Open Systems Interconnection): 1982 - 1983
      • The Emergence of Technological Order: 1983 - 1984
      • Sytek
      • Bridge Communications
      • Sytek
    • Rockwell International
      • ADS Has a Blockbuster 1969
      • ADS Hits a Wall: 1970
      • ADS Falls on Hard Times: 1971-1972
      • Codex: LSI modems and Front-End Processors 1973
      • Codex: The LSI Modem and Competition 1974-1975
      • ADS: Rebirth as Micom 1973-1976
      • Concord Data Systems
      • DEC, Excelan, Sytek, and CMC
    • Xerox
      • Personal Distributed Computing -- Xerox PARC -- 1980
      • Personal Computers -- 1973-1988
      • Ethernet and Robert Metcalfe and Xerox PARC 1971-1975
      • Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1974 - 1977
      • Metcalfe Joins the Systems Development Division of Xerox 1975-1978
      • Xerox Network System (XNS) 1977-1978
      • Robert Metcalfe and the MIT Laboratory of Computer Science
      • Robert Metcalfe and Digital Equipment Corporation
      • Robert Metcalfe and the Founding of 3Com
      • Michael Pliner and the Founding of Sytek
      • The IBM PC and IBM’s Token Ring LAN 1981-1982
      • Ethernet Chips, Boundless Hope and Market Confusion
      • DIX (Digital Equipment Corporation, Intel, and Xerox): 1979 - 1980
      • IEEE Committee 802 and DIX: 1980 - 1981
      • TCP/IP and XNS: 1979-1980
      • TCP/IP and XNS: 1979-1980
      • IEEE Committee 802: 1981 - 1982
      • The Emergence of Technological Order: 1983 - 1984
      • 3Com
      • Interlan
  • Government
    • ARPA/DARPA
      • A Brief Overview of Computer Communications 1968-1988
      • Timesharing -- Project MAC -- 1962-1968
      • Personal Distributed Computing -- Xerox PARC -- 1980
      • The Intergalactic Network: 1962-1964
      • The Seminal Experiment: 1965
      • Planning the ARPANET: 1967-1968
      • The RFQ and Bidding: 1968
      • Bolt Beranek and Newman: The Winning Bid -1968
      • Overview
      • The Communications Subnet: BBN 1969
      • Host-to-Host Software: The Network Working Group 1968-1969
      • Delivery of the First IMP to UCLA - September 1969
      • IPTO Management Changes - 1969
      • Host-to-Host Software - 1970
      • Network Topology - 1969-1970
      • Network Measurement Center - 1969-1970
      • Early Surprises - 1969-1970
      • Host-to-Host Software: The Network Control Program - 1970-1971
      • ICCC Demonstration 1971-1972
      • In Perspective
      • Overview
      • Commercializing Arpanet 1972 - 1975
      • Packet Radio and Robert Kahn: 1972-1974
      • CYCLADES Network and Louis Pouzin 1971 - 1972
      • Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 1973-1976
      • Ethernet and Robert Metcalfe and Xerox PARC 1971-1975
      • Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1974 - 1977
      • Metcalfe Joins the Systems Development Division of Xerox 1975-1978
      • TCP to TCP/IP 1976-1979
      • In Perspective
      • Standards Making and the OSI Reference Model
      • TCP/IP and XNS: 1979-1980
      • TCP/IP and XNS 1981 - 1983
      • The Department of Defense - OSI and TCP/IP
      • Bolt Beranek & Newman (BBN) documents
    • CCB
      • The FCC and AT&T Regulation -- 1934-1946
      • The U.S. vs. Western Union Lawsuit -- 1949-1956
      • Computer Inquiry I and the Carterfone -- 1965-1973
      • The FCC, Jurisdictional Disputes and Direct Connection of CPE -- 1973-1978
      • Carterfone, ATT and the FCC 1948-1967
      • The FCC and Computer Inquiry I 1966-1967
      • Carterfone, Computer Inquiry I and Deregulation 1967-1968
      • AT&T and Computer Inquiry I 1969
      • AT&T and Computer Inquiry I 1970-1971
      • CPE Certification and Computer Inquiry II
    • Department of Defense
      • The U.S. vs. Western Union Lawsuit -- 1949-1956
      • Beginnings of Modem Competition: Codex and Milgo 1956-1967
      • Planning the ARPANET: 1967-1968
      • ALOHANET and Norm Abramson: 1966 - 1972
      • Gateways/Routers - Network Layer: Integrating Countless Networks
      • The Department of Defense - OSI and TCP/IP
      • ENE and Interop
      • Manley Irwin Papers
    • Department of Justice
      • Vail Joins the Bell Telephone Company -- 1878-1887
      • The U.S. vs. Western Union Lawsuit -- 1949-1956
      • Antitrust, Computer Inquiry II and the Break-up of AT&T - 1973-1984
      • The Entrance of IBM - 1952
      • Real-Time Computing -- The SAGE Project -- 1952 - 1958
      • The Transistor - 1947
      • Timesharing -- Project MAC -- 1962-1968
      • The Justice Department: IBM and AT&T
      • CPE Certification and Computer Inquiry II
      • The AT&T Settlement: January 1982
    • FCC
      • Monopoly Asserted -- 1918-1934
      • The FCC and AT&T Regulation -- 1934-1946
      • The U.S. vs. Western Union Lawsuit -- 1949-1956
      • Computer Inquiry I and the Carterfone -- 1965-1973
      • The FCC, Jurisdictional Disputes and Direct Connection of CPE -- 1973-1978
      • Antitrust, Computer Inquiry II and the Break-up of AT&T - 1973-1984
      • Carterfone, ATT and the FCC 1948-1967
      • The FCC and Computer Inquiry I 1966-1967
      • Carterfone, Computer Inquiry I and Deregulation 1967-1968
      • AT&T and Computer Inquiry I 1969
      • AT&T and Computer Inquiry I 1970-1971
      • CPE Certification and Computer Inquiry II
    • IPTO
      • Introduction
      • Timesharing -- Project MAC -- 1962-1968
      • Overview
      • Planning the ARPANET: 1967-1968
      • Overview
      • IPTO Management Changes - 1969
      • Overview
      • Commercializing Arpanet 1972 - 1975
    • MITRE Corporation
      • Paul Baran - 1959-1965
      • National Bureau of Standards and MITRE 1971 - 1979
      • The NBS and MITRE Workshop of January 1979
      • The Workshop
      • The Symposium
      • Michael Pliner and the Founding of Sytek
    • NBS (NIST)
      • Introduction
      • National Bureau of Standards and MITRE 1971 - 1979
      • The NBS and MITRE Workshop of January 1979
      • IEEE Committee 802: 1979 - 1980
      • ISO/OSI (Open Systems Interconnection): 1979 - 1980
      • TCP/IP and XNS: 1979-1980
      • IEEE Committee 802: 1981 - 1982
      • ISO/OSI (Open Systems Interconnection): 1982 - 1983
      • The Emergence of Technological Order: 1983 - 1984
      • The Role of the National Bureau of Standards (NBS)
      • Autofact Trade Show - November 1985
      • The NBS in Action: OSINET, COS, and GOSIP
      • ENE and Interop
      • Enterprise Network Event (OSI) - June
      • Interop (TCP/IP) Trade Show - September
    • RAND
      • Real-Time Computing -- The SAGE Project -- 1952 - 1958
      • Paul Baran - 1959-1965
      • Token Ring and David Farber, UC Irvine and the NSF 1969-1974
      • The Role of the National Bureau of Standards (NBS)
  • Standards Organizations
    • IEEE 802
      • Standards Making and the OSI Reference Model
      • IEEE Committee 802: 1979 - 1980
      • DIX (Digital Equipment Corporation, Intel, and Xerox): 1979 - 1980
      • IEEE Committee 802 and DIX: 1980 - 1981
      • IEEE Committee 802: 1981 - 1982
      • ISO/OSI (Open Systems Interconnection): 1982 - 1983
      • The Emergence of Technological Order: 1983 - 1984
      • Proteon
    • CCITT
      • Codex: The LSI Modem and Competition 1974-1975
      • CYCLADES Network and Louis Pouzin 1971 - 1972
      • Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 1973-1976
      • Open System Interconnection (OSI) 1975 - 1979
      • Concord Data Systems
      • ISO/OSI (Open Systems Interconnection): 1979 - 1980
      • ISO/OSI (Open Systems Interconnection): 1981 - 1982
      • Dominant Design Examples
    • ECMA
      • CYCLADES Network and Louis Pouzin 1971 - 1972
      • Open System Interconnection (OSI) 1975 - 1979
      • ISO/OSI (Open Systems Interconnection): 1979 - 1980
      • ISO/OSI (Open Systems Interconnection): 1981 - 1982
      • IEEE Committee 802: 1981 - 1982
      • The Emergence of Technological Order: 1983 - 1984
    • ISO (and subcommittees)
      • Standards Making and the OSI Reference Model
      • ISO/OSI (Open Systems Interconnection): 1979 - 1980
      • ISO/OSI (Open Systems Interconnection): 1981 - 1982
      • ISO/OSI (Open Systems Interconnection): 1982 - 1983
      • The Emergence of Technological Order: 1983 - 1984
      • In Perspective
      • The Department of Defense - OSI and TCP/IP
      • Autofact Trade Show - November 1985
      • The NBS in Action: OSINET, COS, and GOSIP
    • NBS
      • Introduction
      • National Bureau of Standards and MITRE 1971 - 1979
      • The NBS and MITRE Workshop of January 1979
      • IEEE Committee 802: 1979 - 1980
      • ISO/OSI (Open Systems Interconnection): 1979 - 1980
      • TCP/IP and XNS: 1979-1980
      • IEEE Committee 802: 1981 - 1982
      • ISO/OSI (Open Systems Interconnection): 1982 - 1983
      • The Emergence of Technological Order: 1983 - 1984
      • The Role of the National Bureau of Standards (NBS)
      • Autofact Trade Show - November 1985
      • The NBS in Action: OSINET, COS, and GOSIP
      • ENE and Interop
      • Enterprise Network Event (OSI) - June
      • Interop (TCP/IP) Trade Show - September
  • Universities
    • MIT
      • Real-Time Computing -- The SAGE Project -- 1952 - 1958
      • Timesharing -- Project MAC -- 1962-1968
      • The Minicomputer -- 1959-1979
      • The Remarkable Growth in the Use of Computers
      • The Intergalactic Network: 1962-1964
      • The Seminal Experiment: 1965
      • Host-to-Host Software - 1970
      • Minicomputers, Distributed Data Processing and Microprocessors
      • Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1974 - 1977
      • TCP to TCP/IP 1976-1979
      • Robert Metcalfe and the MIT Laboratory of Computer Science
      • Proteon
    • MIT - Lincoln Labs
      • Real-Time Computing -- The SAGE Project -- 1952 - 1958
      • Timesharing -- Project MAC -- 1962-1968
      • The Minicomputer -- 1959-1979
      • Personal Computers -- 1973-1988
      • The Remarkable Growth in the Use of Computers
      • The Intergalactic Network: 1962-1964
      • The Seminal Experiment: 1965
      • Planning the ARPANET: 1967-1968
      • Network Measurement Center - 1969-1970
      • Ralph Ungermann and Charlie Bass and the Founding of Ungermann-Bass
    • Stanford
      • Network Measurement Center - 1969-1970
      • Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 1973-1976
      • 3Com: Product Strategy and Waiting for a PC
      • cisco Systems
    • UC Irvine
      • A Proliferation of Communication Projects
      • Token Ring and David Farber, UC Irvine and the NSF 1969-1974
    • UCLA
      • Planning the ARPANET: 1967-1968
      • The RFQ and Bidding: 1968
      • Overview
      • Host-to-Host Software: The Network Working Group 1968-1969
      • Delivery of the First IMP to UCLA - September 1969
      • Host-to-Host Software - 1970
      • Network Measurement Center - 1969-1970
      • Host-to-Host Software: The Network Control Program - 1970-1971
      • ICCC Demonstration 1971-1972
      • Codex: LSI modems and Front-End Processors 1973
      • Wesley Chu and the Statistical Multiplexer 1966-1975
      • The Department of Defense - OSI and TCP/IP
    • UCSB
      • The RFQ and Bidding: 1968
      • Delivery of the First IMP to UCLA - September 1969
    • University of Hawaii
      • ALOHANET and Norm Abramson: 1966 - 1972
      • Ethernet and Robert Metcalfe and Xerox PARC 1971-1975
    • University of Utah
      • The Remarkable Growth in the Use of Computers
      • The RFQ and Bidding: 1968
      • Delivery of the First IMP to UCLA - September 1969
  • Trade Organizations
    • CCIA
    • IDCMA
      • Computer Inquiry I and the Carterfone -- 1965-1973
      • Firms and Collective Behavior: The Creation of the IDCMA 197
  • Venture Capital Firms
    • American Research and Development Corporation
      • The Minicomputer -- 1959-1979
      • Minicomputers, Distributed Data Processing and Microprocessors
      • DEC, Excelan, Sytek, and CMC
    • J.H. Whitney & Company
      • Interlan
      • Network Equipment Technologies
      • Wellfleet
    • Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers
      • Ungermann-Bass: Xerox, Broadband and Needing a Chip
      • Ungermann-Bass
      • Proteon
    • Merrill, Pickard, Anderson & Eyre
      • Network Equipment Technologies
    • Oak Investment Partners
      • Ralph Ungermann and Charlie Bass and the Founding of Ungermann-Bass
      • New DataPBX Competitors
    • Robertson Colman & Stevens
      • 3Com
    • Sequoia Capital
      • 3com
      • cisco Systems
    • Sevin Rosen Bayless Borovoy
      • Proteon
  • Investment Banks
    • Alex. Brown & Sons
      • Alex Brown & Sons Conference: March 1983
      • Interlan
      • Micom
      • Alex. Brown & Sons
      • Digital Communication Associates
    • Goldman Sachs
      • Micom
      • Ungermann-Bass
    • Montgomery Securities
      • Codex
    • Robertson Colman & Stephens
      • 3Com
    • Salomon Brothers
      • Samples of Experts' Opinions
      • which firms will adapt successfully?
• Interview-transcripts
  • Alphabetical Listing
    • Abramson, Norm
    • Bachman, Charles
    • Baran, Paul
    • Bass, Charlie
    • Bell, Gordon
    • Bingham, John
    • Botwinick, Edward
    • Carr, Art
    • Carrico, Bill
    • Cerf, Vint
    • Chu, Wesley
    • Clark, Dave
    • Clark, Wesley
    • Crocker, Steve
    • Dalal, Yogen
    • Dambrackas, Bill
    • Davidson, John
    • Davies, Donald
    • Day, John
    • Dolan, Bob
    • Donnan, Robert
    • Dow, James
    • Estrin, Judy
    • Evans, Roger
    • Farber, David
    • Farr, Bill
    • Fernandez, Manny
    • Forkish, Robbie
    • Forney, David
    • Frank, Howard
    • Frankel, Steve
    • Graube, Maris
    • Grumbles, George
    • Heafner, John
    • Heart, Frank
    • Hill, Jay
    • Holsinger, Jerry
    • Huffaker, Craig
    • Hunt, Bruce
    • Johnson, Johnny
    • Jordan, Jim
    • Kahn, Robert
    • Kaufman, Phil
    • Kinney, Matt
    • Kleinrock, Leonard
    • Krause, Bill
    • Krechmer, Ken
    • LaBarre, Lee & Brusil, Paul
    • Licklider, J.C.R.
    • Liddle, David
    • Loughry, Don
    • Lynch, Dan
    • MacLean, Audrey
    • Maxwell, Kim
    • McDowell, Jerry
    • Metcalfe, Robert
    • Miller, Ken
    • Mulvenna, Jerry
    • Nordin, Bert
    • Norred, Bill
    • Nyborg, Phil
    • Pliner, Michael
    • Pogran, Ken
    • Postel, Jon
    • Pouzin, Louis
    • Pugh, John
    • Rekhi, Kanwal
    • Roberts, Larry
    • Rosenthal, Robert
    • Saltzer, Jerry
    • Salwen, Howard
    • Severino, Paul
    • Slomin, Mike
    • Smith, Bruce
    • Smith, Mark
    • Smith, Robert & Thompson, Thomas
    • Strassburg, Bernard
    • Taylor, Robert
    • Ungermann, Ralph
    • Warmenhoven, Dan
    • Wecker, Stuart
    • White, James
    • Wiggins, Robert
    • Wilkes, Art
    • Zimmerman, Hubert
  • Listing by Company/Organization
    • Startups
      • Data Communications
        • American Data Systems
          • Art Wilkes
        • Codex
          • Art Carr
          • John Day
          • David Forney
          • Jerry Holsinger
          • Ken Miller
        • ComDesign
          • Bob Dolan
        • Concord Data Systems
          • Ken Miller
        • Digital Communications Associates
          • Craig Huffaker
          • Bert Nordin
        • Equinox
          • Bill Dambrackas
        • General Datacom
          • Robert Smith & Thomas Thompson
        • Infotron
          • Bill Dambrackas
        • Intertel
          • Jerry Holsinger
        • Metapath
          • Bruce Hunt
        • Micom
          • Roger Evans
          • Steve Frankel
          • Bill Norred
          • Paul Severino
        • Microcom
          • James Dow
        • Milgo
          • Bill Dambrackas
          • Matt Kinney
        • Network Analysis Corporation
          • Howard Frank
        • Paradyne
          • Jay Hill
          • Robert Wiggins
        • Telebit
          • Paul Baran
          • Johnny Johnson
          • Jim Jordan
        • Timeplex
          • Edward Botwinick
        • Universal Data Systems
          • George Grumbles
          • Mark Smith
        • Vadic
          • John Bingham
          • Ken Krechmer
          • Kim Maxwell
      • Networking
        • 3Com
          • Bill Krause
          • Robert Metcalfe
        • Bridge Communications
          • Bill Carrico
          • Judy Estrin
        • Concord Data Systems
          • Ken Miller
        • Excelan
          • Kanwal Rekhi
        • Equinox
          • Bill Dambrackas
        • Interlan
          • Paul Severino
        • Proteon
          • Howard Salwen
        • Sytek
          • Michael Pliner
        • Telebit
          • Paul Baran
          • Johnny Johnson
          • Jim Jordan
        • Telenet
          • Larry Roberts
          • James White
        • Ungermann-Bass
          • Charlie Bass
          • John Davidson
          • Judy Estrin
          • Jim Jordan
          • Ralph Ungermann
        • Wang Laboratories
          • Jerry McDowell
        • Wellfleet
          • Paul Severino
        • Zilog
          • Charlie Bass
          • Bill Carrico
          • Judy Estrin
          • Manny Fernandez
          • Bruce Hunt
          • Kanwal Rekhi
          • Ralph Ungermann
      • Internetworking
        • Network Equipment Technologies
          • Robbie Forkish
          • Audrey MacLean
          • Bruce Smith
        • Proteon
          • Dave Clark
          • Howard Salwen
        • Retix
          • Steve Frankel
        • Wellfleet
          • Paul Severino
    • Existing Companies
      • Bolt Beranek & Newman
        • Frank Heart
        • Robert Kahn
        • Ken Pogran
      • DEC
        • Gordon Bell
        • Paul Severino
        • Stuart Wecker
      • HP
        • Bill Krause
        • Don Loughry
      • IBM
        • James Dow
        • Dan Warmenhoven
      • INTEL
        • Phil Kaufman
      • Prime Computers
        • Bill Farr
        • Paul Severino
      • Xerox PARC
        • Yogen Dalal
        • David Liddle
        • Robert Metcalfe
        • Robert Taylor
    • Government
      • Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)
        • Vint Cerf
        • Steve Crocker
        • Robert Kahn
        • J.C.R. Licklider
        • Larry Roberts
        • Robert Taylor
      • Computer & Communication Industry Association (CCIA)
        • Phil Nyborg
      • FCC - Common Carrier Bureau (CCB)
        • Mike Slomin
        • Bernard Strassburg
      • IEEE 802 Committee
        • Maris Graube
        • Dan Lynch
        • Jerry Saltzer
      • International Standards Organization (ISO)
        • Charles Bachman
        • John Day
        • Louis Pouzin
        • James White
        • Hubert Zimmerman
      • Interop
        • Dan Lynch
      • MITRE Corporation
        • Lee LaBarre & Paul Brusil
      • National Bureau of Standards (NBS)
        • John Heafner
        • Jerry Mulvenna
        • Robert Rosenthal
      • National Physical Laboratory (NPL)
        • Donald Davies
    • Universities
      • Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
        • Dave Clark
        • Wesley Clark
        • J.C.R. Licklider
        • Robert Metcalfe
        • Larry Roberts
        • Jerry Saltzer
      • University of California Irvine
        • David Farber
      • University of California Los Angeles
        • Vint Cerf
        • Wesley Chu
        • Steve Crocker
        • Leonard Kleinrock
        • Jon Postel
      • University of California Santa Barbara
        • Bob Dolan
        • James White
      • University of Hawai’i
        • Norm Abramson
        • Charlie Bass
        • Robert Metcalfe