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Than

Chhiùng Wikipedia lòi
Than,  6C
ngoi-kôn
graphite: black
diamond: clear

Graphite (left) and diamond (right), the two most well-known allotropes of carbon

Spectral lines of carbon
Kî-pún sin-sit
Miàng,fù-hoThan, C
Yîn-ngîcarbon
thùng-su-thígraphite, diamond
ngoi-hìngraphite: black
diamond: clear
Than chhaichû-khì-péu ke vi-chi
Khiâng (sûng-ngièn-chṳ́ fî-kîm-su̍k)
Hoi (hî-yù hi-thí)
Lithium (kán-kîm-su̍k)
Beryllium (kán-thú kîm-su̍k)
Phìn (lui-kîm-su̍k)
Than (tô-ngièn-chṳ́ fî-kîm-su̍k)
Tham (sûng-ngièn-chṳ́ fî-kîm-su̍k)
Yông (sûng-ngièn-chṳ́ fî-kîm-su̍k)
Fuk (sûng-ngièn-chṳ́ fî-kîm-su̍k)
Nái (hî-yù hi-thí)
Na̍p (kán-kîm-su̍k)
Magnesium (kán-thú kîm-su̍k)
Lî (heu-ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Si̍t (lui-kîm-su̍k)
Lìn (tô-ngièn-chṳ́ fî-kîm-su̍k)
Liù-vòng (tô-ngièn-chṳ́ fî-kîm-su̍k)
Liu̍k (sûng-ngièn-chṳ́ fî-kîm-su̍k)
Argon (hî-yù hi-thí)
Kap (kán-kîm-su̍k)
Koi (kán-thú kîm-su̍k)
Scandium (ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Titanium (ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Vanadium (ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Chromium (ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Manganese (ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Thiet (ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Cobalt (ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Nickel (ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Thùng (ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Â-yèn (ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Gallium (heu-ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Germanium (lui-kîm-su̍k)
Phî (lui-kîm-su̍k)
Selenium (tô-ngièn-chṳ́ fî-kîm-su̍k)
Chhiu (sûng-ngièn-chṳ́ fî-kîm-su̍k)
Krypton (hî-yù hi-thí)
Rubidium (kán-kîm-su̍k)
Strontium (kán-thú kîm-su̍k)
Yttrium (ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Zirconium (ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Niobium (ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Molybdenum (ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Technetium (ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Ruthenium (ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Rhodium (ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Palladium (ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Ngiùn (ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Cadmium (ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Indium (heu-ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Siak (heu-ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Antimony (lui-kîm-su̍k)
Tellurium (lui-kîm-su̍k)
Tién (sûng-ngièn-chṳ́ fî-kîm-su̍k)
Xenon (hî-yù hi-thí)
Caesium (kán-kîm-su̍k)
Barium (kán-thú kîm-su̍k)
Lanthanum (lanthanum-hi)
Cerium (lanthanum-hi)
Praseodymium (lanthanum-hi)
Neodymium (lanthanum-hi)
Promethium (lanthanum-hi)
Samarium (lanthanum-hi)
Europium (lanthanum-hi)
Gadolinium (lanthanum-hi)
Terbium (lanthanum-hi)
Dysprosium (lanthanum-hi)
Holmium (lanthanum-hi)
Erbium (lanthanum-hi)
Thulium (lanthanum-hi)
Ytterbium (lanthanum-hi)
Lutetium (lanthanum-hi)
Hafnium (ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Tantalum (ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Tungsten (ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Rhenium (ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Osmium (ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Iridium (ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Pha̍k-kîm (ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Kîm (ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Súi-ngiùn (ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Thallium (heu-ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Yèn (heu-ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Bismuth (heu-ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Polonium (heu-ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Astatine (lui-kîm-su̍k)
Radon (hî-yù hi-thí)
Francium (kán-kîm-su̍k)
Radium (kán-thú kîm-su̍k)
Actinium (actinium-hi)
Thorium (actinium-hi)
Protactinium (actinium-hi)
Uranium (actinium-hi)
Neptunium (actinium-hi)
Plutonium (actinium-hi)
Americium (actinium-hi)
Curium (actinium-hi)
Berkelium (actinium-hi)
Californium (actinium-hi)
Einsteinium (actinium-hi)
Fermium (actinium-hi)
Mendelevium (actinium-hi)
Nobelium (actinium-hi)
Lawrencium (actinium-hi)
Rutherfordium (ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Dubnium (ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Seaborgium (ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Bohrium (ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Hassium (ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Meitnerium (unknown chemical properties)
Darmstadtium (unknown chemical properties)
Roentgenium (unknown chemical properties)
Copernicium (ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Nihonium (unknown chemical properties)
Flerovium (heu-ko-thu kîm-su̍k)
Moscovium (unknown chemical properties)
Livermorium (unknown chemical properties)
Tennessine (unknown chemical properties)
Oganesson (unknown chemical properties)
–
↑
C
↓
Si
phìn ←Than →Tham
ngièn-chṳ́ sì-sú6
ngièn-chṳ́-liòng12.011[1](12.0096–12.0116)[2]
ngièn-su lui-phe̍t tô-ngièn-chṳ́ fî-kîm-su̍k,sometimes considered ametalloid
Chhu̍k,fûn-khî14 chhu̍k,p-block
chû-khìperiod 2
thien-chṳ́ phài-lie̍t[He] 2s2 2p2
per shell2, 4
vu̍t-lî sin-chṳt
Siôngku-thí
Sublimation point3915 K​(3642 °C,​6588 °F)
Me̍t-thunear Sit-vûnamorphous: 1.8–2.1 g·cm−3[3]
graphite: 2.267 g·cm−3
diamond: 3.515 g·cm−3
Sâm-siong-tiám4600 K,​10,800 kPa[4][5]
Yùng-fa-ngie̍tgraphite: 117 kJ·mol−1
Ngie̍t-yùng-lionggraphite: 8.517 J·mol−1·K−1
diamond: 6.155 J·mol−1·K−1
Ngièn-chṳ́ sin-chṳt
Yông-fa-su+4, +3,[6] +2, +1,[7]0,−1,−2,−3,−4[8]​(a mildly acidic oxide)
Thien-fu-sinPauling scale: 2.55
Thien-lì-nèn1st: 1086.5 kJ·mol−1
2nd: 2352.6 kJ·mol−1
3rd: 4620.5 kJ·mol−1
(more)
Khiung-ka pan-kangsp3: 77 pm
sp2: 73 pm
sp: 69 pm
Van der Waals pan-kang170 pm
Miscellanea
Chîn-thí keu-chhographite:​simple hexagonal
Simple hexagonal crystal structure for graphite: Than

(black)
Chîn-thí keu-chho​diamond cubic
Diamond cubic crystal structure for Than
Sâng-sukthin roddiamond: 18,350 m·s−1(at 20 °C)
Ngie̍t-phàng-chongdiamond: 0.8 µm·m−1·K−1(at 25 °C)[9]
Ngie̍t-chhòn-thô-li̍tgraphite: 119–165 W·m−1·K−1
diamond: 900–2300 W·m−1·K−1
Thien-chú-li̍tgraphite: 7.837 µΩ·m[10]
Chhṳ̀-sindiamagnetic[11]
Young's modulusdiamond: 1050 GPa[9]
Shear modulusdiamond: 478 GPa[9]
Bulk modulusdiamond: 442 GPa[9]
Poisson ratiodiamond: 0.1[9]
Mohs hardnessgraphite: 1–2
diamond: 10
CAS Registry Number7440-44-0
Le̍k-sú
Fat-hienEgyptians andSumerians[12](3750 BCE)
Recognized as an element byAntoine Lavoisier[13] (1789)
Chui vún-thin ke thùng-vi-su
Chú vùn-chông:Than ke thùng-vi-su
isoNAhalf-lifeDMDE (MeV)DP
11Csyn20 minβ+0.9611B
12C98.9%12C isstable with 6neutrons
13C1.1%13C is stable with 7 neutrons
14Ctrace5730 yβ−0.15614N
檔案:Element 6.webm
Than

Than (炭, 碳), fe̍t-chá ham-chothan-su (炭素), he yit-chúngfa-ho̍kngièn-su, fa-ho̍k fù-ho vìC, ngièn-chṳ́ su-muk he6, chhaingièn-su chû-khì-péu chûng thi-liuk vi.

Chhâm-kháu chṳ̂-liau

[phiên-siá |kói ngièn-sṳ́-mâ]
  1. ↑Conventional Atomic Weights 2013.Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights
  2. ↑Standard Atomic Weights 2013.Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights
  3. ↑Lide, D. R., pian. (2005).CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th pán.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press.ISBN 0-8493-0486-5. 
  4. ↑Haaland, D (1976). "Graphite-liquid-vapor triple point pressure and the density of liquid carbon".Carbon14 (6): 357.doi:10.1016/0008-6223(76)90010-5. 
  5. ↑Savvatimskiy, A (2005). "Measurements of the melting point of graphite and the properties of liquid carbon (a review for 1963–2003)".Carbon43 (6): 1115.doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2004.12.027. 
  6. ↑"Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of the System of CP"(PDF). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2008-02-16.2007-12-06 chhà-khon. 
  7. ↑"Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of the Electronic Transition of the Jet-Cooled CCI Free Radical"(PDF). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2008-02-16.2007-12-06 chhà-khon. 
  8. ↑"Carbon: Binary compounds".2007-12-06 chhà-khon. 
  9. 12345Properties of diamond, Ioffe Institute Database
  10. ↑"Archive copy". Archived fromthe original on 2004-01-06.2016-06-12 chhà-khon. 
  11. ↑Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press.
  12. ↑"History of Carbon and Carbon Materials - Center for Applied Energy Research - University of Kentucky". Caer.uky.edu. Archived fromthe original on 2012-11-01.2008-09-12 chhà-khon. 
  13. ↑Senese, Fred (2000-09-09)."Who discovered carbon?". Frostburg State University. Archived fromthe original on 2007-12-07.2007-11-24 chhà-khon. 
Ngièn-su chû-khì-péu
H He
LiBe BCNOFNe
NaMg AlSiPSClAr
KCa ScTiVCrMnFeCoNiCuZnGaGeAsSeBrKr
RbSr YZrNbMoTcRuRhPdAgCdInSnSbTeIXe
CsBaLaCePrNdPmSmEuGdTbDyHoErTmYbLuHfTaWReOsIrPtAuHgTlPbBiPoAtRn
FrRaAcThPaUNpPuAmCmBkCfEsFmMdNoLrRfDbSgBhHsMtDsRgCnNhFlMcLvTsOg
 
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