Zoroaster,[lower-alpha 1] kuma aka sani daZarathustra,[lower-alpha 2] ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin mai kafa ruhaniya naZoroastrianism. An ce shi prophet dinIran ne wanda ya assasa wata kungiya ta addini wacce ta kalubalanci al'adun addininIran na zamanin da, kuma ya kaddamar da wani yunkuri wanda a karshe ya zama addini na farko a kasarIran. Shi ɗan asalin tsohon Avestan ne kuma ya rayu a gabashin yankin ƙasarIran, amma ainihin wurin da aka haife shi ba shi da tabbas.[1][2]
Babu ijma'in malamai akan lokacin da ya rayu.[3] Wasu malaman, ta yin amfani da shaidar harshe da zamantakewa, suna ba da shawarar saduwa da wani wuri a cikin karni na biyu BC. Wasu malaman sun ƙididdige shi a ƙarni na 7 da 6 BC a matsayin wanda ke kusa daCyrus Mai Girma da Darius Mai Girma.[4][5][6][7] Zoroastrianism a ƙarshe ya zama addini na hukuma na tsohuwarIran-musamman lokacin zamanindaular Achaemenid-da rarrabuwar ta daga kusan ƙarni na 6 BC har zuwa ƙarni na 7 AD, lokacin da addinin da kansa ya fara raguwa bayan mamayar Larabawa-Musulmi. Iran.[8] Zoroaster yana da alaƙa da marubucin <i>Gathas</i> da kumaYasna Haptanghaiti, jerin waƙoƙin waƙoƙin da aka tsara a cikin yaren Avestan na asali waɗanda suka ƙunshi ainihin tunanin Zoroastrian. An san kadan game da Zoroaster; Yawancin rayuwarsa an san shi ne kawai daga waɗannan ƙananan rubutun.[9] Ta kowane ma'auni na tarihin zamani, babu wata shaida da za ta iya sanya shi cikin ƙayyadadden lokaci kuma tarihin da ke kewaye da shi na iya zama wani ɓangare na yanayin da ya faru tun kafin ƙarni na 10 AD wanda ke ba da tarihin tatsuniyoyi da tatsuniyoyi.[10]
Sunan Zoroaster a cikin yarensa na asali, Avestan, tabbas shineZaraθuštra. Sunansa na Ingilishi, "Zoroaster", ya samo asali daga baya (ƙarni na 5 BC) fassarar Girkanci,Zōroastrēs (Ζωροάστρης ),[11] kamar yadda aka yi amfani da shi a Xanthus 'sLydiaca (Fragment 32) da kuma a cikinAlcibiades na Farko naPlato (122a1). Wannan fom yana fitowa daga baya a cikin LatinZōroastrēs kuma, a cikin rubutun kalmomin Helenanci daga baya, kamar yadda ΖωροάστριςZōroastris. Sigar Helenanci na sunan ya bayyana yana dogara ne akan fassarar sauti ko musanya ta Avestanzaraθ-tare da Greek ζωρόςzōros (a zahiri "undiluted") da maɓallin BMAC-uštra tare da ἄστρονastron ("tauraro").
A Avestan,Zaraθuštra an yarda da shi gabaɗaya don samowa daga Tsohon Iran*Zaratuštra-; An yi tunanin rabin sunan (-uštra-) shine tushen Indo-Iran don "raƙumi", tare da dukan sunan yana nufin "wanda zai iya sarrafa raƙuma".[12][a] Sake ginawa daga harsunan Iran na baya-musamman dagaFarisa ta Tsakiya (300 BC)Zardusht, wanda shine nau'in da sunan ya ɗauka a cikin rubutun Zoroastrian na ƙarni na 9 zuwa 12-yana ba da shawara cewa*Zaratuštra-na iya zama nau'in sifili na* Zarantuštra-.[12] Dangane da koZaraθuštra ya samo daga*Zaratuštra-ko daga*Zaratuštra-,an gabatar da fassarori da yawa.[b]
Zoroaster
IdanZarantuštra shine sigar asali, yana iya nufin "tare da tsofaffin raƙuma",[13]Schmitt 2003 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSchmitt2003 (help).</ref> mai alaƙa da Avesticzarant-[14] (cf. Pashtozōṛ da Ossetianzœrond, "tsohuwa"; Tsakiyar Persianzāl, "tsohuwar"):[15]
Fassarar-θ- (/θ/ ) a Avestanzaraθuštra ya kasance na ɗan lokaci da kansa ya fuskanci zazzafar muhawara saboda-θ- ci gaba ne mara daidaituwa: A ka'ida,* zarat- (wani abu na farko wanda ya ƙare a cikin hakori. ya kamata a sami Avestan zarat-kozarat-a matsayin ci gaba daga gare ta. Me yasa hakan ba haka yake ba donzaraθuštra har yanzu ba a tantance ba. Duk da rashin bin ka'ida, cewa Avestanzaraθuštra tare da-θ- ya kasance a cikin harshe ainihin nau'i yana nunawa ta hanyar shaida na baya da ke nuna wannan tushe.[16] Duk a yau, bambance-bambancen harshen Iran na sunansa sun samo asali ne daga bambance-bambancenIran ta Tsakiya naZarθošt, wanda, bi da bi, duk suna nuna fricative Avestan-θ-.[ana buƙatar hujja]
Zoroaster
A cikin Farisa ta Tsakiya, sunan shine 𐭦𐭫𐭲𐭥𐭱𐭲Zardu(x)št, in ParthianZarhušt, a cikin Manichaean Middle PersianZrdrwšt,[17] aFarkon Sabon FarisaZardušt, (NewPersian a Zardušt),[17] sunan shine زرتشتZartosht.
An tabbatar da sunan a cikin tushen Armenian na gargajiya azamanZradašt (sau da yawa tare da bambance-bambancenZradešt). MarubutanArmenia Eznik na Kolb, Elishe, da Movses Khorenatsi ne suka bayar da mafi mahimmancin waɗannan shaidar.[18] An yi rubutun Zradašt ta hanyar tsohuwar sigar da ta fara da*zur-,hujjar da masanin Iran ɗan ƙasar Jamus Friedrich Carl Andreas (1846-1930) ya yi amfani da shi azaman shaida ga kalmar Farisa ta Tsakiya*Zur(a) dušt.Cite error: Closing</ref> missing for<ref> tag Duk da haka, masanin Iran na zamani Rüdiger Schmitt ya yi watsi da zato Andreas, kuma ya bayyana cewa tsohuwar sigar da ta fara da*zur-ta kasance kawai ta hanyar Armeniyazur ("kuskure, azzalumi, rashin aiki"), wanda ke nufin cewa "dole ne an sake fassara sunan". a ma'anar anti-Zoroastrian ta Kiristocin Armeniya".Cite error: Invalid parameter in<ref> tag
Hoton Mithraic na ƙarni na 3 na Zoroaster da aka samu a Dura Europos,Siriya daga Franz Cumont.
Babu wata yarjejeniya akan soyayyar Zoroaster; Avesta ba ta ba da bayanin kai tsaye game da shi ba, yayin da tushen tarihi ke cin karo da juna. Wasu malaman sun kafa tarihin sake gina su a kan harshen Proto-Indo-Iranian da kuma addinin Proto-Indo-Iran,[8] don haka ana ganin asalinsa ya kasance a wani wuri a arewa maso gabashin Iran kuma wani lokaci tsakanin 1500 zuwa 500 BC.[19][20][21][22]
↑ name="WestDate13">West 2013 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFWest2013 (help)
↑Boyce 1996 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBoyce1996 (help)
↑West 2010 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFWest2010 (help)
↑Lincoln 1991 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFLincoln1991 (help): "At present, the majority opinion among scholars probably inclines toward the end of the second millennium or the beginning of the first, although there are still those who hold for a date in the seventh century."
↑ name="Fischer Dating">Fischer 2004 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFFischer2004 (help)
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