yankin Silicon Valleyhoton park in daga. Samasilicon valley
Silicon Valley yanki ne aArewacinCaliforniawanda ke aiki amatsayin cibiyar duniya don manyan fasaha da sabbin abubuwa. Ya kasance a kudancin yankinSan Francisco Bay, ya yi daidai da yankin yanki na kwarinSanta Clara[1][2].San Jose shine birni mafi girma na Silicon Valley, birni na uku mafi girma a California, kuma 12th-mafi yawan jama'a a Amurka. Sauran manyan biranen Silicon Valley sun haɗa daSunnyvale,Santa Clara,Redwood City,Mountain View,Palo Alto, Menlo , da Cupertino. Yankin San Jose yana da mafi girman GDP na uku a kowane mutum a duniya (bayan Zürich,Switzerland da Oslo, Norway), a cewar Cibiyar Brookings,[3]kuma, kamar na Yuni 2021, yana da mafi girman kaso na gidaje masu daraja. a $1 miliyan ko fiye a Amurka.[4]
Silicon Valley gida ne ga yawancin manyan kamfanoni masu fasaha na duniya, gami da hedkwatar kasuwanci sama da 30 a cikin Fortune 1000, da dubban kamfanoni masu farawa. Har ila yau, Silicon Valley yana da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na duk jarin jarin da ake samu a Amurka, wanda ya taimaka mata ta zama jagorar cibiya da fara samar da yanayin halittu don ƙirƙirar sabbin fasahohi, kodayake yanayin fasahar zamani ya zama mafi tarwatsewa a kwanan nan[5]. A cikin Silicon Valley ne aka haɓaka da'ira mai haɗaɗɗiyar tushen silicon, microprocessor, da microcomputer, da sauran fasahohi. Tun daga shekarar 2021, yankin ya dauki ma'aikatan fasahar sadarwa kusan rabin miliyan aiki.
Yayin da aka kafa wasu kamfanoni masu fasaha a fadin San Jose da kwarin Santa Clara, sannan a arewa zuwa sauran manyan biranen Bay Area guda biyu, San Francisco da Oakland, kalmar "Silicon Valley" ta zo da ma'anoni biyu: kunkuntar yanki daya. , Yana nufin gundumar Santa Clara da kudu maso gabashin San Mateo County, da ma'anar ma'anar ma'anar manyan kasuwancin fasaha a duk yankin Bay. Ana amfani da kalmarSilicon Valley sau da yawa azaman synecdoche don sashin tattalin arziƙin fasaha na Amurka. Sunan kuma ya zama ma'anar ma'anar duniya don jagorancin manyan bincike da masana'antu, don haka ya yi wahayi zuwa ga wurare masu suna iri ɗaya, da wuraren shakatawa na bincike da cibiyoyin fasaha waɗanda ke da kwatankwacin tsari a duk faɗin duniya. Yawancin hedkwatar kamfanonin fasaha a Silicon Valley sun zama wuraren yawon shakatawa.
"Silicon" yana nufin sinadari da ake amfani da su a cikin transistor na tushen silicon da haɗaɗɗun kwakwalwan kwamfuta, wanda shine babban adadin na'urorin kwamfuta da masu haɓaka software da masana'anta a yankin. Don Hoefler ya shahara da shaharar sunan. Fitowar farko da aka sani a bugawa ita ce labarinsa na "Silicon Valley U.S.A.", a cikin Janairu 11, 1971, fitowar jaridar ciniki ta mako-mako Electronic News. A cikin shirye-shiryen wannan rahoto, yayin wani taron cin abinci tare da masu tallatawa da suka ziyarci yankin, ya ji suna amfani da wannan kalmar. Koyaya, kalmar ba ta sami yaɗuwar amfani ba har zuwa farkon 1980s,[6] a lokacin ƙaddamar da PC na IBM da samfuran kayan masarufi da software masu alaƙa da yawa ga kasuwar mabukaci.
An gina yankin da ke cikin birni a kan wani fili mai faɗi[7][8] a cikin kwarin tsayin daka da aka samu ta hanyar kurakuran girgizar ƙasa. Wurin da ke tsakanin kurakuran ya ragu zuwa wani yanki ko kwarin da ya faɗo[9]. Hoefler ya ayyana Silicon Valley a matsayin ɓangarorin da aka yi cikin birni na "Tunikin San Francisco da Kwarin Santa Clara"[10]. Kafin haɓakar haɓakar masana'antar fasaha, yankin ya kasance yanki mafi girma da samar da 'ya'yan itace a duniya har zuwa shekarun 1960, tare da ƴaƴan gwangwani 39. Laƙabin da aka fi sani da shi a lokacin shine "Kwarin Ni'ima na Zuciya"
An haifi Silicon Valley ta hanyar haɗakar abubuwan da ke ba da gudummawa da yawa, gami da ƙwararrun tushen binciken kimiyya da ke cikin jami'o'in yanki, ɗimbin jarin kasuwanci, da tsayayyen kashewar Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Amurka. Jagorancin Jami'ar Stanford yana da mahimmanci musamman a farkon ci gaban kwarin. A tare waɗannan abubuwa sun zama tushen girma da nasara[11].
Yankin San Francisco Bay ya kasance babban wurin bincike da fasaha na sojojin ruwan amurka. A cikin 1909,Charles Herrold ya fara gidan rediyo na farko a Amurka tare da shirye-shirye akai-akai a san joseSan Jose . Daga baya a waccan shekarar,Cyril Elwell wanda ya kammala digiri na Jami'ar Stanford ya sayi haƙƙin mallaka na Amurka don fasahar watsa rediyota Poulsen arc kuma ya kafa Federal Telegraph Corporation (FTC) aPalo Alto . A cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, FTC ta kirkiro tsarin sadarwa na rediyo na farko a duniya, kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwangila tare da sojojin ruwa a 1912.[12]
A cikin 1933,Air Base Sunnyvale, California, gwamnatin amurka ta ba da izini don amfani da shi azaman tashar jiragen ruwa na Naval (NAS) don sanya jirgin ruwanUSS Macon aHangar One . An sake sanya wa tashar suna NAS Moffet field, kuma tsakanin 1933 da 1947, blimps Navy na Amurka ya kasance a can.[13]
Kamfanonin fasaha da yawa sun kafa shago a yankin da ke kusa da filin Moffett don hidimar sojojin ruwa. Lokacin da Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta ba da burinta na jirgin sama kuma ta motsa yawancin ayyukanta na yammacin teku zuwaSan Diego,kwamitin bada shawarwari na kasa don aeronautics (NACA, mai gabatar daNASA ) ya karbi sassan Moffett Field don bincike na sararin samaniya. . Yawancin kamfanoni na asali sun tsaya, yayin da sababbi suka shiga. Ba da daɗewa ba yankin ya cika da kamfanoninsararin samaniya, irin suLockheed, wanda shine babban ma'aikacin yankin daga 1950s zuwa 1980s.[14]
Jami'ar Stanford, masu haɗin gwiwa, da waɗanda suka kammala karatun digiri sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɓaka al'adun haɗin gwiwar tsakanin manyan kamfanoni masu fasaha.[15] Ƙarfi mai ƙarfi na haɗin kai na yanki ya tsara tunanin masu ƙirƙira da injiniyoyi a California; ya bambanta sosai daga yanayi mara kyau da gasa na kamfanonin injiniya a gabashin amurka.[16][17] Daga 1890s,shugabannin Jami'ar Stanford sun ga manufarta a matsayin hidima ga (Amurka)Yamma kuma sun tsara makarantar daidai. A sa'i daya kuma, da ake ganin cin zarafi da kasashen yamma ke yi a hannun masu son gabas, yakara karfafa kokarin gina masana'antu na cikin gida masu dogaro da kai. Don haka kishin yanki ya taimaka wajen daidaita muradun Stanford da na manyan kamfanoni na yankin.[18]
Frederick Terman, a matsayin shugaban jami'ar Stanford na makarantar injiniya daga 1946,[19] ya ƙarfafa malamai da masu digiri don fara kamfanoni na kansu. A cikin 1951 Terman ya jagoranci kafa Stanford Industrial Park (yanzuStanford Research Park, yankin da ke kewaye daPage Mill Road, kudu maso yammacinEl Camino Real kuma ya wuce hanyarFoothil Expressway zuwa Arastradero Road), inda jami'a ta yi hayar wani yanki na ƙasarta zuwa babban- kamfanonin fasaha.[20] Terman ya haɓaka kamfanoni kamarHewlett-Packard,Varian Associates,Eastman Kodak,General Electric,Lockheed Corporation, da sauran manyan kamfanoni masu fasaha, har sai abin da zai zama Silicon Valley ya girma a kusa da harabar Jami'ar Stanford.
A cikin 1951, don magance buƙatun kuɗi na buƙatun ci gaban Stanford, da kuma samar da ayyukan yi na gida-damar ga ɗaliban da suka kammala karatun digiri,Frederick Terman ya ba da shawarar ba da hayar filayen Stanford don amfani da shi azamanwurin shakatawa na ofis mai sunaStanford Industrial Park (daga bayaStanford Research Park ). Terman ya gayyaci kamfanoni masu fasaha ne kawai. Mai haya na farko shineVarian Associates, wanda tsofaffin ɗaliban Stanford suka kafa a cikin 1930s don gina kayan aikin soja-radar. Har ila yau, Terman ya samijarin kamfani don fara farar hula-fasaha.Hewlett-Packard ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan labarun nasara. An kafa shi a cikin 1939 a cikingareji na Packard ta Stanford wanda ya kammala karatunBill Hewlett daDavid Packard, Hewlett-Packard ya koma ofisoshinsa zuwa Filin Bincike na Stanford jim kadan bayan 1953. A cikin 1954 Stanford ya samo asali Shirin Haɗin gwiwar Daraja don ba da damar ma'aikatan cikakken lokaci na kamfanoni su ci gaba da karatun digiri daga jami'a na ɗan lokaci. Kamfanonin farko sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyoyin shekaru biyar inda za su biya ninki biyu na karatun kowane ɗalibi don biyan kuɗin. Hewlett-Packard ya zama babban mai kera kwamfuta na sirri a duniya, kuma ya canza kasuwar bugu ta gida lokacin da ta fito dafirintar tawada tawada ta farko ta thermal a cikin 1984.[21] Sauran masu haya na farko sun haɗa daEastman Kodak,General Electric, daLockheed .[22]
A cikin 1956,William Shockley, wanda ya kirkiro na farko transistor aiki (tare daJohn Bardeen daWalter Houser Brattain ), ya tashi dagaNew Jersey zuwaMountain View, California, don faraShockley Semiconductor Laboratory don zama kusa da mahaifiyarsa marar lafiya a palo altoPalo Alto . . Ayyukan Shockley sun kasance tushen tushen ci gaban lantarki da yawa shekaru da yawa.[23][24] Dukansu Frederick Terman da wiiliam shokley galibi ana kiransu "mahaifin Silicon Valley".[25] Ba kamar sauran masu bincike da yawa waɗanda suka yi amfani da germanium a matsayin kayan aikin semiconductor, Shockley ya yi imanin cewa silicon shine mafi kyawun abu don yin transistor. Shockley yayi niyyar maye gurbin transistor na yanzu tare da sabon ƙirar abubuwa uku (a yau da ake kiraShockley diode ), amma ƙirar ya fi wahalar ginawa fiye da transistor "mai sauƙi". A cikin 1957, Shockley ya yanke shawarar kawo karshen bincike kan siliki transistor. A sakamakon salon mulkin Shockley na cin zarafi, injiniyoyi takwas sun bar kamfanin don samar daFairchild Semiconductor ; Shockley ya kira su da "maciya amana takwas ". Biyu daga cikin ma'aikatan asali na Fairchild Semiconductor,Robert Noyce daGordon Moore, za su ci gaba da samunIntel .[26][27]
A ranar 23 ga Afrilu, 1963,JCR Licklider, darektan farko naOfishin Dabarun Dabaru na Bayanai (IPTO) aPentagon 'sARPA ya ba da sanarwar ofishin da aka yiwaMembobi da Alaka na Intergalactic Computer Network . Ya sake tsara wani taro a Palo Alto game da hangen nesa na hanyar sadarwar kwamfuta, wanda ya yi tunanin a matsayin hanyar sadarwar lantarki da aka bude ga kowa, babban kuma mahimmancin hulɗar bayanai ga gwamnatoci, cibiyoyi, kamfanoni, da daidaikun mutane.[32] A matsayinsa na shugaban IPTO daga 1962 zuwa 1964, "Licklider ya ƙaddamar da abubuwa uku mafi mahimmanci a cikin fasahar sadarwa: ƙirƙirar sassan kimiyyar kwamfuta a manyan jami'o'i da dama, raba lokaci, da sadarwar."[33] A cikin 1969,Cibiyar Nazarin Stanford (yanzu SRI International), ta sarrafa ɗaya daga cikin nodes na asali guda huɗu waɗanda suka ƙunshiARPANET, wanda ya rigaya zuwaIntanet .[34]
↑Laws, David (January 7, 2015)."Who named Silicon Valley?".Computer History Museum.Archived from the original on October 16, 2018. RetrievedOctober 16, 2018.
↑https://valleyofheartsdelight.com/Quote: “The Valley of Heart’s Delight” was the way in which Santa Clara County, home to San Jose and now Silicon Valley, was once described. For those of us who grew up climbing trees in the orchards, and who grow a few fruit trees in their own yards, it stillis the Valley of Heart’s Delight. This valley was once famous for wheat, later for grapevines, citrus, nuts, cherry trees, and fruits of all kinds. Hints of the valley’s past are everywhere to be found.
↑Castells, Manuel (2011). The Rise of the Network Society. John Wiley & Sons. p. 52.ISBN 978-1-4443-5631-1. Archived from the original on September 5, 2015. Retrieved March 25, 2015.
↑Laws, David (January 7, 2015). "Who named Silicon Valley?".Computer History Museum. Archived from the original on October 16, 2018. Retrieved October 16, 2018
↑The Frivolous Valley and Its Dreadful Conformity, by Michael Anton (Law & Liberty, published September 4, 2018)
↑"Timeline of the history of water in Santa Clara County - Santa Clara Valley Water District".Valleywater.org. Archived from the original on February 8, 2010. Retrieved February 8, 2023.
↑Stephen B. Adams, "Regionalism in Stanford's Contribution to the Rise of Silicon Valley",Enterprise & Society 2003 4(3): 521–543
↑Frederick TermanArchived 2023-07-01 at theWayback Machine - "When Terman returned to Stanford University in 1946 as dean of engineering, he applied his wartime reputation and experience to augmenting the university's income by encouraging research for the U.S. government [...].
↑Sturgeon, Timothy J. (2000). "How Silicon Valley Came to Be". In Kenney, Martin (ed.).Understanding Silicon Valley: The Anatomy of an Entrepreneurial Region. Stanford University. ISBN978-0-8047-3734-0. Archived from the original on September 5, 2015. Retrieved March 24, 2015
↑Black, Dave. "Moffett Field History".moffettfieldmuseum.org. Archived from the original on April 6, 2005. Retrieved April 19, 2015.
↑Leonhardt, David (April 6, 2008)."Holding On".The New York Times.Archived from the original on May 25, 2017. RetrievedDecember 7, 2014.In 1955, the physicist William Shockley set up a semiconductor laboratory in Mountain View, partly to be near his mother in Palo Alto. …
↑Markoff, John (January 13, 2008)."Two Views of Innovation, Colliding in Washington".The New York Times.Archived from the original on January 1, 2016. RetrievedDecember 7, 2014.The co-inventor of the transistor and the founder of the valley's first chip company, William Shockley, moved to Palo Alto, Calif., because his mother lived there. ...
↑Markoff, John (April 17, 2009). "Searching for Silicon Valley".The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 29, 2011. Retrieved April 17, 2009
↑Stephen B. Adams, "Regionalism in Stanford's Contribution to the Rise of Silicon Valley",Enterprise & Society 2003 4(3): 521–543
↑Frederick Terman - "When Terman returned to Stanford University in 1946 as dean of engineering, he applied his wartime reputation and experience to augmenting the university's income by encouraging research for the U.S. government
↑Sandelin, John,The Story of the Stanford Industrial/Research Park, 2004 Archived June 9, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
↑"History of Computing Industrial Era 1984–1985".thocp.net. Archived from the original on April 28, 2015. Retrieved April 19, 2015
↑Intel (April 15, 1974). "From CPU to software, the 8080 Microcomputer is here".Electronic News. New York: Fairchild Publications. pp. 44–45.Missing or empty|url= (help) Electronic News was a weekly trade newspaper. The same advertisement appeared in the [./file://intel_8080_talla_ta_mayu_1974.jpg/ May 2, 1974, issue ofElectronics magazine].
↑Leonhardt, David (April 6, 2008). "Holding On".The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 25, 2017. Retrieved December 7, 2014.In 1955, the physicist William Shockley set up a semiconductor laboratory in Mountain View, partly to be near his mother in Palo Alto
↑Christophe Lécuyer, "What Do Universities Really Owe Industry? The Case of Solid State Electronics at Stanford,"Minerva: a Review of Science, Learning & Policy 2005 43(1): 51–71
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