 Rashin ruwa | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na | scarcity(en) |
| Facet of(en) | water stress(en) dawater crisis(en) |
| Has cause(en) | Canjin yanayi |
| Relates to sustainable development goal, target or indicator(en) | Target 6.4 of the Sustainable Development Goals(en) |
Rashin ruwa (Wanda ke da alaƙa da damuwa na ruwa ko Rikicin ruwa). Shine rashin albarkatun ruwa mai kyau ko saukowan ruwa don biyan bukatu. Akwai nau'ikan karancin ruwa guda biyu. Ɗaya daga cikinsu na zahiri ne. Sauran shine karancin ruwa na tattalin arziki.::560. Rashin ruwa na zahiri shine inda babu isasshen ruwa don biyan duk bukatu. Wannan ya haɗa da ruwa da ake buƙata don yanayin halittu ya yi aiki. Yankunan da ke da Yanayin hamada galibi suna fuskantar karancin ruwa. Asiya ta Tsakiya, Yammacin Asiya, da Arewacin Afirka misalai ne na yankuna masu bushewa. Rashin ruwa na tattalin arzRashin ruwa asali ne daga rashin saka hannun jari a cikin ababen more rayuwa ko fasaha don jawo ruwa daga koguna, aquifers, ko wasu hanyoyin ruwa. Har ila yau, yana haifar da rauni na iyawar ɗan adam don biyan buƙatun ruwa.[1]: 560 Mutane da yawa a Afirka ta Kudu suna rayuwa da karancin ruwa na tattalin arziki.:11
Akwai isasshen ruwa mai laushi a duniya kuma matsakaici a cikin shekara don biyan buƙatu. Saboda haka, karancin ruwa ya haifar da rashin daidaituwa tsakanin lokacin da kuma inda mutane ke buƙatar ruwa, da kuma lokacin da kuma wurin da yake.[2] Ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da karuwar bukatar ruwa a duniya shine karuwar yawan mutane. Sauran su ne hauhawar yanayin rayuwa, canza abinci (zuwa ƙarin kayan dabbobi), da fadada aikin gona mai ban ruwa.[3][4][5]Canjin yanayi (Ciki har da fari koambaliyar ruwa),sare daji, gurɓataccen ruwa da amfani da ruwa mara kyau na iya nufin babu isasshen ruwa.[6] Wadannan bambance-bambance a cikin ƙarancin na iya zama aikin Manufofin tattalin arziki da hanyoyin tsarawa.
Binciken karancin ruwa yana kallon nau'ikan bayanai da yawa. Sun hada da ruwan kore (rafi na ƙasa), ingancin ruwa, bukatun kwararar muhalli, da cinikin ruwa mai kama da juna.[3]Matsalar ruwa ita ce ma'auni ɗaya don auna karancin ruwa. Yana da amfani a cikin mahallin Ci Gaban Ci gaba mai dorewa 6.[7] Rabin mutane biliyan suna zaune a yankunan da ke da karancin ruwa mai tsanani a ko'ina cikin shekara, [1] kuma kusan mutane biliyan hudu suna fuskantar karancin ruwa aƙalla wata ɗaya a kowace shekara.[2]] Rabin Manyan birane duniya suna fuskantar karancin ruwa.[8] Akwai mutane biliyan 2.3 da ke zaune a kasashe da ke da karancin ruwa (ma'ana kasa da 1700 m3 na ruwa ga kowane mutum a kowace shekara).[9][10][11]
Akwai hanyoyi daban-daban don rage karancin ruwa. Ana iya yin hakan ta hanyar samarwa da buƙata, hadin kai tsakanin ƙasashe da kiyaye ruwa. fadada maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai amfani na iya taimakawa. Sake amfani da ruwa mai guba da cire gishiri sune hanyoyin yin wannan. Sauran suna rage gurɓataccen ruwa da canje-canje ga cinikin ruwa mai kama da juna.
An bayyana karancin ruwa a matsayin "yawanci, ko rashin shi, na albarkatun ruwa mai laushi" kuma ana zaton "mutum ne ke jagoranta".[1] : 4 Hakanan ana iya kiran wannan "rashin ruwa na zahiri".[2] Akwai nau'ikan karancin ruwa guda biyu. Ɗaya shine karancin ruwa na zahiri ɗayan kuma karancin ruwa ne na tattalin arziki.[3] : 560, Wasu ma'anoni na karancin ruwa suna kallon bukatun ruwa na muhalli. Wannan tsarin ya bambanta daga wata ƙungiya zuwa wata.[1] : 4
Akwai ma'anoni da yawa a cikin wallafe-wallafen kimiyya. Sun rufe kalmomin "rashin ruwa", "matsalar ruwa", da "hadarin ruwa". Shugaba Ruwa Mandate, wani shiri na Yarjejeniyar Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ya ba da shawarar daidaita waɗannan a cikin 2014.[12]: 2 A cikin takardar tattaunawarsu sun bayyana cewa bai kamata a yi amfani da waɗannan kalmomi uku ba.[1][12]:3
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Wasu kungiyoyi sun bayyana "matsalar ruwa" a matsayin babban ra'ayi. Zai dubi wadatar ruwa, ingancin ruwa da samun dama. Samun dama ya dogara da kayan aikin da ke akwai. Har ila yau, ya dogara da ko kwastomomi za su iya biyan kuɗin ruwa.[12]: 4 Wasu masana suna kiran wannan "rashin ruwa na tattalin arziki".[13]
FAO ta bayyana damuwa ta ruwa a matsayin "alamu na karancin ruwa ko karancin ruwa". Irin waɗannan alamun na iya zama "ƙaruwar rikici tsakanin masu amfani, da gasa don ruwa, raguwar ƙa'idodin amintacce da sabis, gazawar girbi da rashin tsaro na abinci".[14]: 6 An auna wannan tare da kewayon alamun damuwa na ruwa.
Wani rukuni na masana kimiyya sun ba da wani ma'anar damuwa game da ruwa a cikin 2016. "Rashin jituwa na ruwa yana nufin tasirin amfani da ruwa mai yawa (ko dai janyewa ko amfani) dangane da wadatar ruwa. "[1] Wannan yana kallon jituwa na ruwan a matsayin "rashin buƙata".
Masana sun bayyana nau'ikan karancin ruwa guda biyu. Ɗaya daga cikin su shine karancin ruwa na zahiri. Sauran shine karancin ruwa na tattalin arziki. Wadannan sharuɗɗa an fara bayyana su ne a cikin binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2007 wanda Cibiyar Kula da Ruwa ta Duniya ta jagoranta. Wannan ya bincika amfani da ruwa a aikinnoma a cikin shekaru 50 da suka gabata. Ya yi niyyar gano idan duniya tana da isasshen albarkatun ruwa don samar da abinci ga yawan jama'a a nan gaba.[13][14]:1
Rashin ruwa na zahiri yana faruwa ne lokacin da albarkatun ruwa na halitta ba su isa su biya dukkan bukatun ba. Wannan ya haɗa da ruwa da ake buƙata don yanayin halittu ya yi aiki sosai. Yankunan da suka bushe sau da yawa suna fama da karancin ruwa na zahiri. Tasirin ɗan adam a kan yanayi ya kara karancin ruwa a yankunan da ya riga ya zama matsala.[15] Hakanan yana faruwa inda ruwa yake da yawa amma inda albarkatun suka wuce gona da iri. Misali daya shine ci gaban kayan aikin ruwa. Wannan na iya zama don ban ruwa ko samar da makamashi. Akwai alamomi da yawa na karancin ruwa na zahiri. Sun haɗa da mummunar lalacewar muhalli, raguwar ruwan kasa da rarraba ruwa wanda ke son wasu kungiyoyi akan wasu.[14]:6
Masana sun ba da shawarar wani mai nunawa. Wannan ana kiransa karancin ruwa na muhalli. Yana la'akari da yawan ruwa, ingancin ruwa, da bukatun kwararar muhalli.
Ruwa yana da ƙarancin ruwa a yankunan da ke da yawan jama'a. Wadannan an tsara su da kasa da mita 1000 da ke samuwa ga kowane mutum a kowace shekara. Misalan sune Tsakiyar da Yammacin Asiya, da Arewacin Afirka).[16] Wani binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2007 ya gano cewa sama da mutane biliyan 1.2 suna zaune a yankunan da ke da karancin ruwa.[17] Wannan karancin ruwa yana da alaƙa da ruwan da ake samu don samar da abinci, maimakon ruwan sha wanda ya fi karami. [1][18]
Wasu masana kimiyya suna son ƙara nau'i na uku wanda za'a kira ƙarancin ruwa na muhalli. Zai mai da hankali kan bukatar ruwa na yanayin halittu. Zai koma ga mafi ƙarancin adadi da ingancin fitar da ruwa da ake buƙata don kula da tsarin halittu mai ɗorewa da aiki. Wasu wallafe-wallafen suna jayayya cewa wannan wani bangare ne kawai na ma'anar karancin ruwa na zahiri.[14][13]
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Rashin ruwa na tattalin arziki ya faru ne saboda rashin saka hannun jari a cikin ababen more rayuwa ko fasaha don jawo ruwa daga koguna, aquifers, ko wasu hanyoyin ruwa. Har ila yau, yana nuna rashin isasshen ikon ɗan adam don biyan buƙatun ruwa.[19]::560 Yana haifar da mutane ba tare da samun damar samun ruwa ba don tafiya mai nisa don samun ruwa don amfani da gida da aikin gona. Irin wannan ruwa sau da yawa ba shi da tsabta.
Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya ce karancin ruwa na tattalin arziki shine mafi yawan dalilin karancin ruwa. Wannan shi ne saboda yawancin ƙasashe ko yankuna suna da isasshen ruwa don biyan bukatun gida, masana'antu, noma, da muhalli. Amma ba su da hanyar samar da shi a hanyar da za a iya samu. Kusan kashi ɗaya cikin biyar na yawan jama'ar duniya a halin yanzu suna zaune a yankunan da karancin ruwa ya shafa.[1][20]
Kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na yawan jama'ar duniya yana fama da karancin ruwa na tattalin arziki. Yana da fasalin yawancin Afirka ta Kudu.[13]: 11 Don haka ingantaccen kayan aikin ruwa zai iya taimakawa wajen ragetalauci. Zuba jari a cikin riƙe ruwa da kayan aikin ban ruwa zai taimaka wajen kara samar da abinci. Wannan shi ne musamman ga kasashe masu tasowa waɗanda suka dogara da aikin gona mai ƙarancin amfanin gona.[21] Samar da ruwa wanda ya isa ga amfani zai amfana da lafiyar jama'a.[22] Wannan ba kawai batun sabon ababen more rayuwa ba ne. Harkokin tattalin arziki da siyasa sun zama dole don magance talauci da rashin daidaito na zamantakewa. Rashin kudade yana nufin akwai buƙatar tsarawa.[23]
Ana mai da hankali ne akan inganta hanyoyin ruwa don sha da dalilai na gida. Amma ana amfani da ruwa da yawa don dalilai kamar wanka, wanki, dabbobi da tsaftacewa fiye da sha da dafa abinci.[22] Wannan yana nuna cewa yawan jaddada ruwan sha yana magance wani ɓangare na matsalar. Don haka yana iya iyakance kewayon mafita da ake samu.[1][22]
Script error: No such module "Excerpt". Wannan sashe wani yanki ne daga Tsaron Ruwa.
Manufar tsaron ruwa ita ce a yi amfani da mafi yawan amfanin ruwa ga mutane da muhallin halittu. Manufa ta biyu ita ce a iyakance kasadar illolin ruwa zuwa matakin da ake yarda da shi.[5][5][24] Wadannan hatsarin sun hada da misali da ruwa mai yawa ( ambaliya), da karancin ruwa ko rashin ingancin ruwa ( gurbatattun ruwa).[19] Mutanen da ke rayuwa tare da babban matakin tsaro na ruwa koyaushe suna samun damar samun ingancin ruwa mai karɓuwa don lafiya, rayuwa da samarwa[24]. Misali, samun ruwa, tsaftar muhalli da kuma tsaftar muhalli wani bangare ne na tsaron ruwa.[25] Wasu kungiyoyi suna amfani da kalmar tsaron ruwa da ƙunci don abubuwan samar da ruwa kawai.
Wannan sashe wani yanki ne daga Tsaron Ruwa da Hadarin ruwa.
Hadarin ruwa yana nufin yiwuwar matsalolin da ke tattare da ruwa. Misalai sun hada da karancin ruwa, damuwa na ruwa, ambaliya, lalata kayayyakin more rayuwa.[26] Akwai wata alaka tsakanin kasadar ruwa da tsaron ruwa. Wannan yana nufin yayin da haɗarin ruwa ke ƙaruwa, tsaro na ruwa yana raguwa. Hadarin ruwa yana da rikitarwa. Ya haɗa da haɗarin ambaliya da fari. Wadannan na iya haifar da gazawar ababen more rayuwa da kuma kara tsananta yunwa[1]. Lokacin da waɗannan bala'o'i suka faru, suna haifar da ƙarancin ruwa ko wasu matsaloli. Mahimman tasirin tattalin arziki na haɗarin ruwa yana da mahimmanci a lura. Hadarin ruwa na barazana ga dukkan masana'antu. Misalai sune bangaren abinci da abin sha, noma, mai da iskar gas da kuma abubuwan amfani. Noma na amfani da kashi 69% na jimillar ruwa a duniya. Don haka wannan matsalar tana da matukar rauni ga ruwa[27].
Tafkin Chadi ya ragu da kashi casa'in% tun daga shekarun 1960.[10]
Akwai alamomi da yawa don auna ƙarancin ruwa. Ɗaya daga ciki shine amfanin ruwa zuwa rabon samuwa. Wannan kuma ana kiransa da ƙimar mahimmanci. Wani kuma shine manuniyar IWMI. Wannan yana auna ƙarancin ruwa na jiki da na tattalin arziki. Wani kuma shi ne ma’aunin talauci na ruwa[28]. "Tsarin ruwa" shine ma'auni don auna ƙarancin ruwa. Masana suna amfani da shi a cikin mahallin Maƙasudin ci gaba mai dorewa wato (Sustainable development goals) SDG[28]. Rahoton FAO a shekarar 2018 ya ba da ma'anar hadarin ruwa. Ya bayyana shi a matsayin "rabo tsakanin jimlar ruwan da aka janye, wato Total freshwater Withdrawn (TFWW) ta dukkan manyan sassa da kuma jimillar albarkatun ruwa mai sabuntawa, Total Renewable Water Resources (TRWR), bayan yin la'akari da bukatun muhalli, a turance Environmental Flow Requirements (EFR)". Wannan yana nufin cewa darajar TFWW ta rabu da bambanci tsakanin TRWR a debe EFR.[29] Gudun muhalli shine magudanar ruwa da ake buƙata don dorewar ruwa mai kyau da muhallin etuarine. Ma'anar da ta gabata a Burin Ci gaban Ƙarni 7, manufa 7.A, shine kawai adadin albarkatun ruwa da aka yi amfani da su, ba tare da la'akari da EFR ba. A ƙasa kaso goma% ƙananan damuwa; 10-20% yana da ƙananan-zuwa-matsakaici; 20-40% matsakaici-zuwa babba; 40-80% girma; sama da kashi tamanin cikin ɗari sosai.[15]
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