| Harshen Mohawk | |
|---|---|
'Yan asalin magana | 3,500 |
| |
| Baƙaƙen boko | |
| Lamban rijistar harshe | |
| ISO 639-2 | moh |
| ISO 639-3 | moh |
| Glottolog | moha1258[1] |
Mohawk (/ˈmoʊhɔːk/ i) koKanienʼkéha ("[harshe] na Flint Place") yare ne na Iroquoian a halin yanzu ana magana da kusan mutane 3,500 na ƙasar Mohawk, wanda ke cikin yankunan Haudenosaunee na yanzu ko na dā, galibiKanada (kudancin Ontario daQuebec), kuma zuwa ƙarami aAmurka (yamma da arewacin New York). Kalmar "Mohawk" wani suna ne. A cikin harshen Mohawk, mutane suna cewa sun fito ne dagaKanien:ke ('Mohawk Country' ko "Flint Stone Place") kuma su neKanienʼkehá꞉ka "Mutanen Flint Stone Place" ko "Mutanen Flint Nation".[2]
Mohawks sun kasance 'yan kasuwa masu arziki sosai, kamar yadda wasu kasashe a cikin ƙungiyarsu ke buƙatar dutsen su don yin kayan aiki. Makwabtansu masu magana da harshen Algonquian (da masu fafatawa), mutanenMuh-heck Heek Ing ("wurin abinci"), mutanen da Dutch ke kira "Mohicans" ko "Mahicans", da ake kira Mutanen Ka-nee-en Ka "Maw Unk Lin" koMutanen Bear. Yaren mutanen Holland sun ji kuma sun rubuta cewa a matsayin "Mohawks" don haka ana kiran mutanen Kan-ee-en Ka da Mohawks. Har ila yau, Yaren mutanen Holland sun kira MohawkEgils koMaquas . Faransanci sun daidaita waɗannan kalmomin a matsayin Aigniers koMaquis, ko kuma sun kira su ta hanyarIroquois. [ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2018)">citation needed</span>]
Mohawks sune mafi girma kuma mafi iko daga cikin kasashe biyar na asali, suna sarrafa babban yanki na ƙasa a kan iyakar gabashin Iroquois Confederacy. Yankin Arewa da Adirondack na yanzu na Upstate New York sun kasance mafi yawan yankin da ake magana da Mohawk har zuwa ƙarshen karni na 18.
Harshen Mohawk a halin yanzu ana rarraba shi azaman barazana, kuma yawan masu magana da asali ya ci gaba da raguwa a cikin shekaru da yawa da suka gabata.[3]
Mohawk yana da mafi yawan masu magana a cikin yarukan Iroquoian na Arewa, kuma a yau shi ne kawai tare da fiye da dubban masu magana. A Akwesasne, mazauna sun kafa makarantar nutsewar harshe (pre-K zuwa aji na 8) aKanien'kéha don farfado da harshe. Tare da yaransu suna koyon shi, iyaye da sauran dangin suna karbar darussan harshe, ma.
Tashar rediyo ta CKON-FM (97.3 a cikin iska a Hogansburg, New York da Saint Regis, Quebec kuma ana samun ta a kan layi ta hanyar yawo), lasisi daga Akwesasne Mohawk Nation, tana watsa shirye-shiryen ta aKanien'kéha. Alamar kira tana nuni ne ga kalmar Mohawk "sekon" (ko "she:kon"), wanda ke nufin "hello".An kafa makarantar nutsewar harshen Mohawk.[4] Iyayen Mohawk, wadanda suka damu da rashin ilimin al'adu a makarantun jama'a da na parochial, sun kafa Makarantar 'Yancin Akwesasne a shekarar 1979. Shekaru shida bayan haka, makarantar ta aiwatar da tsarin karatun harshen Mohawk wanda ya dogara da tsarin gargajiya na bukukuwan yanayi goma sha biyar, da kuma Adireshin godiya na Mohawk, ko Ohén꞉ton Karihwatékwen, "Maganar da ke gaban duk abin da ya faru". Kowace safiya, malamai da ɗalibai suna taruwa a cikin hallway don karanta Adireshin Godiya a Mohawk.[5]
An kuma kirkiro wani shirin nutsewa na manya a cikin 1985 don magance batun raguwar yaren Mohawk tsakanin tsararraki.
Kanatsiohareke (Gah-nah-jo-ha-lay-gay), ma'ana "Wurin tukunya mai tsabta", ƙaramin al'umma ce ta Mohawk a arewacin Kogin Mohawk, yammacin Fonda, New York .[1] An halicci Kanatsiohareke don zama "Carlisle Indian Boarding School in Reverse", yana koyar da harshen Mohawk da al'adu.[2] An samo shi a tsohuwar ƙasar Kanienkehaka (Mohawk), an sake kafa shi a watan Satumbar 1993 a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Thomas R. Porter (Sakokwenionkwas-"The One Who Wins").[3] Dole ne al'umma ta tara kudaden shiga kuma akai-akai ta gudanar da gabatarwar al'adu, bita, da abubuwan ilimi, gami da bikin Strawberry na shekara-shekara.[4] Shagon sana'a a shafin yana nuna ainihin sana'o'in 'yan asalin da aka yi da hannu daga ko'ina cikin Arewacin Amurka.
Babban manufar al'umma ita ce ƙoƙarin adana dabi'un gargajiya, al'adu, harshe da salon rayuwa a cikin jagorancinKaienerekowa (Babban Dokar Zaman Lafiya).[5] Kanatsiohareke, Inc. kungiya ce mai zaman kanta a karkashin lambar IRS 501c3.
A shekara ta 2006, an ruwaito cewa sama da mutane 600 suna magana da yaren a Kanada, da yawa daga cikinsu tsofaffi ne.
Kahnawake tana cikin babban birni, kusa da tsakiyarMontreal,Quebec, Kanada. Kamar yadda Kahnawake ke kusa da Montreal, mutane da yawa suna magana da Turanci da Faransanci, kuma wannan ya ba da gudummawa ga raguwar amfani da harshen Mohawk a cikin karni da ya gabata. Makarantar Tsaro ta Mohawk, an kafa shirin nutsewa na farko a shekarar 1979. Manufar makarantar ita ce ta sake farfado da harshen Mohawk. Don bincika yadda shirin ya ci nasara, an ba da tambayoyin ga mazaunan Kahnawake bayan shekara ta farko. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa koyarwa ga matasa sun ci nasara kuma sun nuna karuwar ikon yin magana da harshe a cikin saitunan sirri, da kuma karuwar haɗuwa da Mohawk a cikin tattaunawar Turanci an sami.
A cikin 2011, akwai kusan masu magana da Mohawk 3,500, da farko a Quebec, Ontario da yammacin New York.[6] Darussan Immersion (harshe ɗaya) ga yara ƙanana a Akwesasne da sauran wuraren ajiya suna taimakawa wajen horar da sabbin masu magana da harshe na farko. Muhimmancin azuzuwan nutsewa tsakanin iyaye ya karu bayan wucewar Bill 101, kuma a cikin 1979 an kafa Makarantar Tsaro ta Mohawk don sauƙaƙe horar da harshe a matakin makarantar sakandare. Kahnawake da Kanatsiohareke suna ba da darussan nutsewa ga manya. A cikin ƙididdigar Kanada ta 2016, mutane 875 sun ce Mohawk ita ce kawai yarensu.
