Kogin Paraná, a inda ya haɗu da kogin Paranaíba (a dama) da Kogin Verde, kusa da Panorama, BrazilFilin ambaliyar ruwa bayan ambaliyar shekara guda 10 a Tsibirin WightRuwan ruwa na kogi mai dusar ƙanƙara kusa da Dutsen Snow aAlaska, 1902Kogin Laramie ya ratsa ambaliyar ruwa a cikin Albany County, Wyoming, 1949Wannan ambaliyar ruwa mai zurfi na karamin rafi mai laushi a cikin La Plata County, Colorado, an kafa shi ne ta hanyar yashi da aka ajiye a sama da madatsar ruwa da aka kafa ta hanyar moraine na ƙarshe da Wisconsin Glacier ya bari.Shuke-shuke na bakin teku a kan ambaliyar Kogin Lynches, kusa da Johnsonville, South Carolina. Wadannan bishiyoyin tupelo da cypress suna nuna alamar ambaliyar ruwa.
Filin ambaliya ko fili ko ƙasa[] yanki ne na ƙasar da ke kusa da kogi. Ambaliyar ruwa ta tashi daga bakin kogi zuwa gindin kwarin da ke kewaye, kuma suna fuskantar ambaliya a lokutan da ake yawan zubar da ruwa.[] Ƙasar yawanci tana kunshe da yumbu, tarkace, yashi, da tsakuwa da aka ajiye a lokacin ambaliya..
Saboda ambaliya na yau da kullun, wuraren ambaliya akai-akai suna da yawan amfanin ƙasa tun lokacin da aka ajiye abubuwan gina jiki tare da ruwan ambaliya. Wannan na iya ƙarfafa noma;[1] wasu muhimman yankuna na noma, irin su kogin Nilu da kogin Mississippi, suna cin gajiyar filayen ambaliyar ruwa. Yankunan noma da na birane sun bunƙasa a kusa da ko kan filayen ambaliya don cin gajiyar ƙasa mai albarka da ruwan sha. Duk da haka, haɗarin ambaliya ya haifar da ƙara ƙoƙari don shawo kan ambaliyar ruwa
Yawancin filayen ambaliyar ruwa an kafa su ne ta hanyar ajiyewa a cikin kogin kogin da kuma kwararar ruwa.[1]
Duk inda kogin ya kewaya, ruwan da ke gudana yana lalata bakin kogin a waje da kogin. A lokaci guda, ana ajiye turɓaya a lokaci guda a cikin mashaya a cikin meander. An bayyana wannan a matsayin karuwar gefe tun lokacin da aka ɗora shi a gefe a cikin kogin. Rushewa a waje na meander yawanci yana daidaitawa a ciki don tashar ta sauya a cikin jagorancin meander ba tare da canzawa sosai a fadin ba. An gina mashaya har zuwa matakin da ke kusa da na bakin kogi. Babban lalacewar tarkace yana faruwa ne kawai lokacin da meander ya yanke zuwa ƙasa mafi girma. Sakamakon gabaɗaya shine cewa, kamar yadda kogin ke kewaye, yana haifar da ambaliyar ruwa wanda ya ƙunshi mafi yawa daga ajiyar ma'auni. Adadin da tashar ke canzawa ya bambanta sosai, tare da rahotanni da suka fito daga jinkiri don auna zuwa kusan ƙafa 2,400 (730 a kowace shekara don Kogin Kosi na Indiya.[2]
Ruwan da ya wuce gona da iri yana faruwa ne lokacin da kogin ya cika da ruwa fiye da yadda tashar kogin zai iya saukarwa. Yawo a kan bankunan kogin yana ajiye wani siriri mai laushi na laka wanda ya fi tsayi kuma mafi kauri kusa da tashar. Ana bayyana wannan a matsayin haɓakawa a tsaye, tun da ma'ajin ajiya suna haɓaka sama. A cikin tsarin kogin da ba a tada hankali ba, yawan kwararar ruwa yakan yi yawa, yawanci yana faruwa kowace shekara ɗaya zuwa biyu, ba tare da la'akari da yanayi ko yanayin yanayin ba.[7] Adadin raguwar ambaliyar ruwa na kwanaki uku na Meuse da Rhine Rivers a cikin 1993 sun sami matsakaicin adadin laka a cikin ambaliya tsakanin 0.57 da 1.0 kg/m2. An sami mafi girman ƙima akan leve (4 kg/m2 ko fiye) da kuma kan ƙananan wurare (1.6 kg/m2)
Rashin ruwa daga kwararar da ke kan iyakar yana mai da hankali kan raƙuman ruwa na halitta, raguwa, da kuma a cikin wuraren da ke da ruwa da tabkuna masu zurfi na tafkunan ambaliyar ruwa. Rashin ruwa na halitta sune tuddai a gefen kogin da suka samo asali ne daga saurin sauka daga kwararar da ke kan iyaka. Yawancin yashi da aka dakatar ana ajiye shi a kan raƙuman ruwa, yana barin yashi da yumbu da za a ajiye su a matsayin laka mai ambaliyar ruwa daga kogi. Levees yawanci ana gina su sosai don a yi amfani da su sosai idan aka kwatanta da wuraren da ke kusa, kuma dives a cikin yanayin da ba na busasshiyar yanayi galibi suna da tsire-tsire masu yawa.
An kafa haɗuwa ta hanyar abubuwan da suka faru daga babban tashar kogi. Kogin ya fadi, kuma ambaliyar ruwa ta kwashe tashar. Rashin ruwa daga tsagewar ya bazu a matsayin ajiyar siffarDelta tare da tashoshin rarrabawa da yawa. Tsarin raguwa ya fi yawa a sassan koguna inda kogin ke tara turɓaya (ƙara).[3]
Ambaliyar ruwa da aka maimaita a ƙarshe ta gina wani tudun alluvial, wanda raƙuman ruwa na halitta da kuma hanyoyin da aka watsar na iya tsayawa sama da mafi yawan ambaliyar ruwa.[3] Yankin da ke cikin ruwa yana saman belin tashar da aka kafa ta hanyar tsararraki masu zuwa na ƙaura da kuma yankewa. A lokutan da suka fi tsayi, kogin na iya barin belin tashar kuma ya gina sabon a wani matsayi a kan ambaliyar ruwa. Wannan tsari ana kiransa avulsion kuma yana faruwa a tsakanin shekaru 10-1000. Tarihin tarihi wanda ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa sun hada da ambaliwar Kogin Yellow na 1855 da ambaliar Kogin Kosi na 2008.[3]
Filayen ambaliyar ruwa na iya samuwa a kusa da koguna na kowane nau'i ko girman. Ko da madaidaiciyar kogin suna iya samar da ambaliyar ruwa. Tsakanin tashar sanduna a cikin koguna masu laushi suna ƙaura zuwa ƙasa ta hanyar matakai masu kama da waɗanda ke cikin sanduna masu layin koguna kuma suna iya gina filin ambaliyar ruwa.[2]
Yawan turɓaya a cikin ambaliyar ruwa ya wuce nauyin kogin turɓaya. Don haka, filayen ambaliyar ruwa muhimmiyar wurin ajiya ce ga turɓaya yayin jigilar su daga inda aka samar da su zuwa mafi kyawun yanayin su.[4]
Lokacin da adadin da kogin ke raguwa ya zama babba don haka kwararar bakin teku ba ta zama mai yawa ba, an ce kogin ya watsar da ambaliyar ruwa. Za a iya adana wasu sassan ambaliyar da aka watsar a matsayin wuraren kogi.[2]
Filayen ambaliyar ruwa suna tallafawa tsarin halittu daban-daban da masu amfani.[5][6] Ana nuna su da bambancin da ke cikin sararin samaniya da lokaci, wanda hakan ke samar da wasu daga cikin nau'ikan halittu masu arziki.[7] Daga hangen nesa na muhalli, mafi kyawun bangare na ambaliyar ruwa shine bugun ambaliyar da ke da alaƙa da ambaliyar shekara-shekara, don haka an bayyana tsarin yanayin ambaliyar a matsayin wani ɓangare na kwarin kogi wanda ke ambaliyar sau da yawa kuma ya bushe.[8]
Ambaliyar ruwa tana kawo kayan da ke da wadataccen abinci mai gina jiki kuma tana fitar da abubuwan gina jiki daga ƙasa mai bushe yayin da ambaliyar ruwa ta cika. Rushewar tsire-tsire na ƙasa da ambaliyar ruwa ta nutse yana ƙarawa ga samar da abinci mai gina jiki. Yankin ambaliyar ruwa na kogin (yanki mafi kusa da bakin kogin) yana ba da kyakkyawan yanayi ga nau'ikan ruwa da yawa, don haka lokacin kifi sau da yawa ya dace da farawar ambaliyar. Dole ne kifi ya girma da sauri a lokacin ambaliyar don ya tsira daga raguwar ruwa. Yayin da ambaliyar ruwa ta ragu, bakin teku suna fuskantar furanni na microorganisms, yayin da bakin kogin ya bushe kuma tsire-tsire na ƙasa suka tsiro don daidaita bankin.[8]
Wani filin da ke ƙasa a Achterwehr Jamus ya cika da ambaliyar ruwa daga hanyar ruwa da ke kusa.
Biota na ambaliyar ruwa yana da girma mai girma na shekara-shekara da yawan mace-mace, wanda ke da fa'ida ga saurin mulkin mallaka na manyan yankuna na ambaliwar ruwa. Wannan yana ba su damar amfani da sauyawa na yanayin ambaliyar ruwa.[8] Misali, itatuwan ambaliyar ruwa suna girma da sauri kuma suna jure wa rikicewar tushen.[9] Masu amfani da dama (kamar tsuntsaye) suna janyo hankalin wadataccen abinci da ambaliyar ta bayar.[5]
Tsarin halittu na ambaliyar ruwa yana da yankuna daban-daban. A Turai, yayin da mutum ke motsawa daga kogi, al'ummomin shuke-shuke masu zuwa sune shuke-huke na banki (yawanci na shekara-shekara); shuke-tsuke na willow; gandun daji na willow-poplar; gandun dajin oak-ash; da gandun daji mai laushi. Rikicin ɗan adam yana haifar da filayen rigar da ke maye gurbin yawancin yanayin halittu na asali.[10] Yankunan halittu suna nuna danshi na ƙasa da gradient na iskar oxygen wanda hakan ya dace da gradient din ambaliyar ruwa.[11] Kayan gandun daji na farko na ambaliyar Turai sun mamaye itacen oak (60%) elm (20%) da hornbeam (13%), amma tashin hankali na ɗan adam ya canza kayan shafa zuwa toka (49%) tare da maple yana ƙaruwa zuwa 14% kuma itacen oaks yana raguwa zuwa 25% .[6]
Yankunan ambaliyar Semiarid suna da ƙananan nau'o'in jinsuna. Dabbobi sun saba da fari da ambaliyar ruwa. Kashewa mai tsanani na iya lalata ikon yanayin yanayin ambaliyar ruwa don canzawa zuwa yanayin rigar lafiya lokacin ambaliyar.[12]
dazuzzukan ambaliyar ruwa sun kasance kashi 1% na yanayin Turai a cikin 1800s. Yawancin wannan an share su ta hanyar ayyukan ɗan adam, kodayake gandun daji na ambaliyar ruwa sun shafi ƙasa da sauran nau'ikan gandun daji. Wannan ya sa su zama mafaka masu mahimmanci ga bambancin halittu.[6][5] Halakar mutum na yanayin yanayin ambaliyar ruwa galibi sakamakon kula da ambaliyar mmiri ne, ci gaban hydroelectric (kamar tafkuna), da kuma sauya ambaliyar ambaliyar zuwa amfani da noma.[8][6] Sufuri da zubar da sharar gida suma suna da mummunar sakamako.[8] Sakamakon shi ne raguwar waɗannan yanayin halittu, wanda ke haifar da asarar yawan jama'a da bambancin[6] da kuma haɗari ga sauran raguwar yanayin halittu.[7] Kula da ambaliyar ruwa yana haifar da iyaka mai kaifi tsakanin ruwa da ƙasa fiye da a cikin ambaliyar ambaliyar da ba a dame ta ba, yana rage bambancin jiki.[8] dazuzzuka na ambaliyar ruwa suna kare hanyoyin ruwa daga rushewa da gurɓata kuma suna rage tasirin ambaliyar.[6]
Rashin jituwa da mutane ke yi a cikin yanayin ambaliyar ruwa yana rushe ƙoƙarin fahimtar halayensu na halitta. Koguna masu zafi ba su da tasiri daga mutane kuma suna ba da samfuran yanayin ambaliyar ruwa, waɗanda ake zaton suna raba yawancin halayen muhalli.[8]
Ban da yunwa da annoba, wasu bala'o'i mafi muni a tarihi] (wanda aka auna ta hanyar asarar rayuka) sun kasance ambaliyar kogi, musamman a kogin Yellow na kasar Sin - duba jerin ambaliyar ruwa mafi muni. Mafi munin waɗannan, kuma mafi munin bala'i (ban da yunwa da annoba), shi ne ambaliya na 1931 na kasar Sin, wanda aka kiyasta ya kashe miliyoyin. Wannan an riga shi ambaliya ta 1887 kogin Yellow, wanda ya kashe mutane kusan miliyan daya kuma shine bala'i na biyu mafi muni a tarihi..
Girman ambaliyar ruwa ya dogara da wani bangare akan girman ambaliyar, wanda aka bayyana ta Lokacin dawowa.
A {asar Amirka, Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Tarayya (FEMA) ce ke kula da Shirin Inshorar Ruwa ta Ƙasa (NFIP). NFIP tana ba da inshora ga kaddarorin da ke cikin yankin da ke fama da ambaliya, kamar yadda taswirar Inshorar Inshorar Ruwa (FIRM) ta ayyana, wanda ke nuna haɗarin ambaliya iri-iri ga al'umma. FIRM yawanci tana mai da hankali kan ƙayyadadden yanki na ambaliyar ruwa na shekaru 100, wanda kuma aka sani a cikin NFIP a matsayin Yankin Hatsarin Ruwa na Musamman.
Inda aka yi cikakken nazarin hanyar ruwa, ambaliyar ruwa ta shekaru 100 za ta haɗa da ambaliyar, ɓangaren ambaliyar da ya haɗa da tashar rafi da duk wuraren da ke kusa da su waɗanda dole ne a kiyaye su ba tare da mamayewa ba wanda zai iya toshe ambaliyar ko ƙuntata ajiyar ruwan ambaliyar. Wani lokaci da aka saba fuskanta shi ne Yankin Hadarin Ambaliyar Ruwa na Musamman, wanda shine kowane yanki da ambaliyar ruwa ta shekaru 100 ta mamaye.[13] Matsalar ita ce duk wani canji na ruwa mai zurfi na batun da ake tambaya na iya shafar ikon ruwa don sarrafa ruwa, kuma ta haka ne yana iya shafar matakan ambaliyar lokaci. Babban cibiyar cin kasuwa da filin ajiye motoci, alal misali, na iya haɓaka matakan shekaru 5, shekaru 100, da sauran ambaliyar ruwa, amma taswirar ba a daidaita su da yawa kuma ana sauya su sau da yawa ta hanyar ci gaba.
Domin kadarorin da ke fama da ambaliyar ruwa su cancanci samun inshorar da gwamnati ke ba da tallafi, dole ne al’ummar yankin su ɗauki doka da ke kare hanyar ambaliyar kuma ta buƙaci sabbin gine-ginen da aka gina a Wurare na Musamman na Hadarin Ambaliyar ruwa zuwa aƙalla matakin ambaliya na shekaru 100. Ana iya ɗaukaka tsarin kasuwanci ko hana ambaliya zuwa ko sama da wannan matakin. A wasu wuraren ba tare da cikakkun bayanan nazari ba, ana iya buƙatar tsarukan da za a ɗaga su zuwa akalla ƙafa biyu sama da matakin da ke kewaye.] Yawancin gwamnatocin Jihohi da na ƙananan hukumomi sun amince da ƙa'idodin gina filayen ambaliyar ruwa waɗanda suka fi ƙuntata fiye da waɗanda NFIP ta umarta. Gwamnatin Amurka kuma tana tallafawa kokarin rage haɗarin ambaliya don rage tasirin ambaliya. Shirin Rage Hazari na California shine tushen tallafi don ayyukan ragewa. Garuruwa da yawa kamar Ingilishi, Indiana, an ƙaura gaba ɗaya don kawar da su daga ambaliyar. Sauran ƙananan yunƙurin rage ɓangarorin sun haɗa da samun da ruguza gine-ginen da ke fama da ambaliya ko tabbatar da ambaliyar ruwa.
A wasu wuraren ambaliya, irin su Neja Delta na cikin gida na Mali, abubuwan da ke faruwa a kowace shekara, wani bangare ne na yanayin muhalli da tattalin arzikin yankunan karkara, wanda ke ba da damar noman amfanin gona ta hanyar noma ta koma bayan tattalin arziki. Koyaya, a Bangladesh, mai mamaye yankin Ganges Delta, fa'idodin da ke tattare da yalwar ƙasa mai ɗanɗano na kwararowar ambaliya yana da matuƙar wahala sakamakon yawan ambaliyar ruwa da guguwa da ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ke haifarwa. Wadannan matsanancin yanayi na haifar da mummunar tabarbarewar tattalin arziki da asarar rayukan mutane a yankin da ke da yawan jama'a.
Ambaliyar ruwa na Kogin Pampanga bayan Typhoon Quinta, 2020 (gani daga Santa Rosa, gadar Nueva Ecija).
Abubuwan da ke cikin ƙasa na ambaliyar ruwa na musamman ne kuma ya bambanta sosai bisa ga microtopography. dazuzzuka masu ambaliyar ruwa suna da bambancin yanayin ƙasa wanda ke haifar da bambancin yanayi a cikin yanayin ruwa.[14] Rashin ruwa a cikin saman 30 cm na bayanin ƙasa kuma ya bambanta sosai bisa ga microtopography, wanda ke shafar wadatar oxygen.[15][16] Ƙasa mai ambaliyar ruwa tana kasancewa cikin iska na dogon lokaci tsakanin abubuwan ambaliyar, amma a lokacin ambaliyar ƙasa, ƙasa mai cike da iskar oxygen na iya zama mai ƙarancin iskar oxygen idan ta tsaya na dogon lokaci. Ana samun karin iskar oxygen a wurare masu tsawo da ke nesa da kogi. dazuzzuka na ambaliyar ruwa gabaɗaya suna fuskantar sauyawa na aikin microbe na ƙasa da anaerobic, yana shafar ci gaban tushe mai kyau da bushewa.[17][18]
Filayen ambaliyar ruwa suna da babban ƙarfin buffering don phosphorus don hana asarar abinci mai gina jiki ga fitowar kogi.[19] Gudanar da abinci mai gina jiki na phosphorus matsala ce a cikin tsarin ruwa mai laushi. Yawancin phosphorus a cikin tsarin ruwa mai laushi ya fito ne daga tsire-tsire masu tsabtace ruwa na gari da kuma ragowar aikin gona.[20] Haɗin rafi yana sarrafa ko cycling na phosphorus yana shiga tsakani ta hanyar ambaliyar ruwa ko ta hanyoyin waje.[20] A karkashin yanayin haɗin rafi, phosphorus ya fi dacewa a sake shi, kuma ana iya riƙe turɓaya da abubuwan gina jiki.[21] Ruwa a cikin koguna na ruwa mai laushi ya ƙare a cikin ajiya na ɗan gajeren lokaci a cikin shuke-shuke ko algae ko na dogon lokaci a cikin turɓaya.[20] Ruwa / bushe cycling a cikin ambaliyar ruwa yana da tasiri sosai ga wadatar phosphorus saboda yana canza matakin ruwa, yanayin redox, pH, da kuma kayan jiki na ma'adanai.[20] Ƙasa mai bushewa da aka ambaliya a baya sun rage wadatar phosphorus kuma sun kara kusanci don samun phosphorum.[22] Canje-canje na ambaliyar ruwa na ɗan adam kuma yana tasiri ga sake zagayowar phosphorus.[23] Particulate phosphorus da soluble reactive phosphorum (SRP) na iya ba da gudummawa ga algal fure da guba a cikin hanyoyin ruwa lokacin da aka canza nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratios zuwa sama.[24] A yankunan da nauyin phosphorus shine mafi yawan phosphorum, kamar Kogin Mississippi, hanyoyin da suka fi dacewa don cire phosphoros sama da ruwa sune sedimentation, ƙaruwar ƙasa, da binnewa. A cikin kwari inda SRP shine ainihin nau'in phosphorus, ɗaukar halittu a cikin gandun daji na ambaliyar ruwa shine hanya mafi kyau ta cire abubuwan gina jiki.[24] Phosphorus na iya canzawa tsakanin SRP da ƙwayoyin phosphorus dangane da yanayin yanayi ko matakai kamar lalacewa, ɗaukar halittu, sakin redoximorphic, da kuma sedimentation da accretion.[25] A cikin ko dai nau'in phosphorus, gandun daji na ambaliyar ruwa suna da fa'ida a matsayin sinks na phosphorum, kuma rabuwar da mutum ya haifar tsakanin ambaliyar ambaliyar da koguna yana kara yawan phosphorurus.[26]
Masu gurɓata muhalli a cikin ƙasa mai ambaliyar ruwa
Ƙasa mai ambaliyar ruwa tana da yawa a cikin gurɓataccen muhalli, musamman gurɓatawar gurɓatacciyar halitta (POP).[27] Fahimtar da ta dace game da rarraba gurɓataccen ƙasa yana da rikitarwa saboda babban bambanci a cikin microtopography da yanayin ƙasa a cikin ambaliyar ruwa.[28]
↑5.05.15.2Kulhavy, Jiri; Cater, Matjaz."Floodplain forest ecosystems". International Union of Forest Research Organizations. Archived fromthe original on 21 May 2023. Retrieved15 November 2021.Cite error: Invalid<ref> tag; name "IUFRO" defined multiple times with different content
↑6.06.16.26.36.46.5 (Herbert ed.).Missing or empty|title= (help)Cite error: Invalid<ref> tag; name "KlimoHager2001" defined multiple times with different content
↑7.07.1Ward, J. V.; Tockner, K.; Schiemer, F. (1999). "Biodiversity of floodplain river ecosystems: ecotones and connectivity1".Regulated Rivers: Research & Management.15 (1–3): 125–139.doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1646(199901/06)15:1/3<125::AID-RRR523>3.0.CO;2-E.Cite error: Invalid<ref> tag; name "WardEtal1999" defined multiple times with different content
↑8.08.18.28.38.48.58.6Bayley, Peter B. (March 1995). "Understanding Large River: Floodplain Ecosystems".BioScience.45 (3): 153–158.doi:10.2307/1312554.JSTOR1312554.Cite error: Invalid<ref> tag; name "Bayley1995" defined multiple times with different content
↑Suchara, Ivan (11 January 2019). "The Impact of Floods on the Structure and Functional Processes of Floodplain Ecosystems".Journal of Soil and Plant Biology.2019 (1): 28–44.doi:10.33513/JSPB/1801-03 (inactive 12 July 2025).S2CID207914841.CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of ga Yuli, 2025 (link)
↑Colloff, Matthew J.; Baldwin, Darren S. (2010). "Resilience of floodplain ecosystems in a semi-arid environment".The Rangeland Journal.32 (3): 305.doi:10.1071/RJ10015.
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