 'Yancin Dan Adam a Nepal | ||||
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human rights by country or territory(en) | ||||
| Bayanai | ||||
| Ƙasa | Nepal | |||
| Wuri | ||||
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A shekara ta 2022,Freedom House ta kimahakkin ɗan adam na Nepal a kashi 57 cikin 100, yana ƙayyadad da matsayin ƙasar dangane da 'yancin ɗan adam a matsayin "yantacciyar 'yanci"".
Rikici tsakanin sojojin gwamnatin Nepal da jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Nepal (CPN-Maoist) ya faru tsakanin 1996 zuwa 2006, wanda ya haifar da karuwar cin zarafin bil'adama a duk fadin kasar. Ana zargin bangarorin biyu da azabtarwa, kashe-kashen ba bisa ka'ida ba, kamawa ba bisa ka'ida ba, da kuma yin garkuwa da su. Kasar Nepal ita ce kasar da aka fi bacewa a duniya a lokacin rikicin. Ana kuma la'akari da rikicin daya daga cikin manyan dalilai na rashin ci gaba a Nepal, raguwar 'yancin ɗan adam a cikin fa'idodin talauci, kiwon lafiya, ilimi, da daidaiton jinsi. Batutuwa a cikin waɗannan dauloli suna ci gaba da wanzuwa a yau. Mutanen Nepal na fuskantar wariya dangane da kabilanci, ƙabila, da jinsi, kuma ƴan ƙasar dake zaune a yankunan karkara na Nepal na fuskantar rashin samun isassun kulawar lafiya, ilimi, da sauran albarkatu. Tashe-tashen hankula na ci gaba da addabar kasar musamman mata. Rashin daidaiton tattalin arziki ya zama ruwan dare, kuma al'amurankiwon lafiya sun ci gaba - gami da yawan mace-macen yara a wasu yankuna, rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa, da rashin isassun sabis na kula da lafiya. Sai dai kuma al'amura sun fara canjawa bayan shekara ta 2006, lokacin da aka rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya mai cike da rudani tsakanin gwamnati, jam'iyyun siyasa da 'yan Maoists don kawo karshen rikici daga 1996 zuwa 2006 da kuma maido da mulkin dimokuradiyya da bin doka a Nepal..
Daga 1996 zuwa 2006, Nepal ta fuskanci rikici tsakanin gwamnatin Nepal da ƙungiyar siyasa ta 'yan tawaye Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Nepal (Maoists). Maoists sun dauki makamai a kan gwamnatin Nepalese don yaki da abin da suka gani a matsayin cin hanci da rashawa da nuna bambanci.[1] Masu bincike sun ce bambancin kabilanci, kabilanci، jinsi, da yankunan karkara da birane a Nepal ya haifar da rikici.[2] A shekara ta 2006, bangarorin biyu sun sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Zaman Lafiya don kawo karshen tashin hankali da kafa gwamnatin hadin gwiwa. Koyaya, rikice-rikicen siyasa da ke gudana yana ci gaba da hana ci gaban zaman lafiya.[3]
A cewar Parker (2013), kimanin mutane 13,000 ne suka mutu (ciki har da yara 500) kuma 100,000-200,000 Nepali sun yi gudun hijira (ciki har da yara 40,000) a lokacin yakin. Ma’aikatan yara a Nepal sun ba da rahoton cewa an kwashe yara 27,323 daga yankunansu don ba da gudummawar yaƙi, wataƙila a matsayin yara soja. Kasar Nepal ta kasance kasar da aka fi bacewa a duniya tun daga shekarar 1996 zuwa 2006.] Bangarorin biyu na rikicin sun yi ta azabtarwa da kuma kashe-kashe ba gaira ba dalili, kuma fararen hula sukan zama wadanda suka mutu ba tare da ganganci ba ko kuma an kai musu hari bisa zargin suna goyon bayan bangaren adawa..[1][2]
Rikicin ya haifar da lalacewar yanayin haƙƙin ɗan adam a duk faɗin Nepal.[2][4] An hana iyawar ɗan adam a fannonin kiwon lafiya, ilimi, daidaito tsakanin jinsi, azabtarwa, haƙƙin yara da sauransu.[1][2][5][4]
Sojojin gwamnati da Maoists an zarge su da azabtar da fursunonin siyasa da wadanda suke zargin sun yi adawa da ra'ayoyinsu a lokacin rikicin 1996-2006, gami da yara.[1][2] Akwai shaidar cewa 'yan sanda na Nepal sun kuma azabtar da su, musamman a lokacin rikici.[1]
A cewar Stevenson (2001), nau'ikan azabtarwa da aka yi amfani da su a lokacin rikici sun haɗa da hanyoyin jiki, jima'i, da na tunani. Gwamnati ta yi amfani da fyade a matsayin hanyar azabtarwa.[1][2] Singh et al. (2005) sun ba da rahoton cewa kashi 70% na fursunonin Nepalese an azabtar da su a kurkuku, kuma Cibiyar Wadanda ke fama da azabtarwa ta kiyasta cewa an azabtar wa mutane 16,000 a kowace shekara a lokacin yakin.[2]
Dukansu Maoists da gwamnatin Nepal sun yi amfani da dabarun azabtarwa don fitar da ikirari da tilasta wa 'yan ƙasa yin aiki daidai da abin da suka faɗa. Stevenson (2001) ya bayar da rahoton cewa 50% na wadanda aka azabtar sun ce sun yi ikirari ne kawai saboda azabar da aka yi musu..[1]
Sakamakon azabtarwa na dogon lokaci na iya haɗawa da batutuwan jiki kamar nakasa, ciwo mai tsawo, da rauni. Hakanan an rubuta tasirin tunani, kamar damuwa, damuwa, baƙin ciki, matsalolin bacci, matsalolin cin abinci, da rikice-rikice.[1]
Daga 1996 zuwa 2006, Nepal ta kasance a matsayin kasar da ta fi yawan bacewar da aka rubuta.[5] Gwamnatin Nepalese kuma sau da yawa tana kamawa da kashe mutane ba tare da wani bayani ba kuma ba tare da tsari ba. Daga cikin kamawa, bacewar, da kisa sun kasance fararen hula waɗanda ake zargi da adawa da gwamnati, ma'aikatan NGO, da 'yan jarida.[2]
An zargi Maoists da kamawa da kashe fararen hula.[1] A lokacin rikici, sun kuma dauki dalibai don a horar da su don taimakawa sojojin Maoist, kuma mai yiwuwa su zama yara sojoji. A cewar Ma'aikatan Yara a Nepal, an dauki kimanin yara 27,323 .[5] Maoists ba za su yarda da horo da amfani da yara sojoji ba, duk da haka, kodayake masu bincike kamar Parker (2013) sun yi iƙirarin cewa akwai shaidar cewa sun yi.[5] Maoists sun ilimantar da dalibai a cikin ra'ayinsu na siyasa.[2][5]
Batutuwan kare hakkin dan adam na yanzu sun hada da talauci (musamman a yankunan karkara), bambancin ilimi, rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi, batutuwan kiwon lafiya, da keta hakkin yara.[5][4]
Talauci ci gaba ne ga haƙƙin ɗan adam a Nepal. 42-45% na Nepali suna da talauci (sun tsira daga kudin shiga da ke ƙarƙashin layin talauci) a cewar Parker (2013) da Paul (2012), yayin da Rahoton Ci gaban Dan Adam na 2014 na Nepal ya yi iƙirarin cewa kashi 25% na Nepalese suna cikin talauci.[5][6] Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ba da kashi 64.7% a matsayin rabo a cikin talauci ta amfani da Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI).[7] Bhusal (2012) ya ba da rahoton cewa aƙalla kashi 75% na 'yan ƙasar Nepal suna cikin talauci idan an ɗauki layin talauci a matsayin $ 2 a rana; a cewar Bhusal, wannan layin talaucin da ya fi girma ya fi dacewa da al'adun zamantakewa da al'adu da Nepal ke fuskanta.[7]
Wasu yankuna na Nepal ba su da Wasu yankunan Nepal ba su da isasshen abinci ga yara; A cikin mafi muni, kashi 60% na yara suna rayuwa ba tare da isasshen abinci ba.[A cewar Ci gaban Bil Adama, ƙimar Talauci na ƙasar (HPI) ya kai 31.12, adadi mai yawa (inda mafi girma HPI ya nuna karuwar talauci). Koyaya, HPI na Nepal yana raguwa cikin shekaru da suka gabata, yana raguwa da 21.4% daga 2001 zuwa 2011.[8]
Talauci ya fi girma a yankunan karkara na Nepal, wanda aka ruwaito cewa matakan talauci sun kasance tsakanin 1.8 zuwa 10 sau na birane.[5] Paul (2012) ya auna matakan talauci a 4% a babban birnin Kathmandu da 56% a yankunan karkara na Mountain.[6] Paul ya kuma yi iƙirarin cewa yawan kuɗin shiga na mutane a cikin birane ya ninka sau biyu na mutanen da ke yankunan karkara.[6] Yankunan karkara kuma ba sa samun taimako mai yawa daga kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu kamar yadda yankunan birane ke yi, suna ci gaba da ba da gudummawa ga bambance-bambance.[2] Bugu da kari, masu bincike sun lura cewa yankunan da suka fi talauci sun fi jinkirin nuna ci gaba. Mai bincike Lok P Sharma Bhattarai ya bayyana cewa "[l]ving in the rural areas really means living in absence, gwagwarmaya 'hannuwa da baki' da kasancewa ba tare da iko ba. " (Bhattarai 2012, 244.)[9]
Duk da karancin lambobin HPI, matakan rashin daidaito a duk fadin Nepal suna raguwa a tsawon lokaci, a cewar Rahoton 'Yancin Dan Adam na 2014 na Nepal. Koyaya, Bhattarai (2012) ya yi iƙirarin cewa yawan mutanen da ke cikin talauci yana ƙaruwa, kuma bisa ga Bhusal (2012), 80% na Nepali sun ga ingancin rayuwarsu ya ragu a cikin shekaru 15 da suka gabata.[7][9] Paul (2012) ya ba da rahoton cewa Gini coefficient na Nepal shine .51 - adadi mafi girma fiye da na ƙasashe da ke kewaye.[6] Bhusal ya kuma yi iƙirarin cewa saman 20% na masu samun kudin shiga sun kawo sau tara na adadin kuɗi a matsayin ƙasa 20% na masu karɓar kudin shiga a shekara ta 2005.[7]
Talauci kuma yana da alaƙa da kabilanci da kabilun, kodayake daidaito tsakanin kabilun da kabilan yana ƙaruwa. Koyaya, 'yan tsiraru da wasu ƙananan kabilu suna ci gaba da fuskantar mafi girman talauci.
Rikicin 1996-2006 a Nepal ya yi mummunar tasiri ga kiwon lafiya a Nepal. Rikicin ya kasance mai cutarwa ga lafiyar mata da yara. Rikicin ya hana kayan kiwon lafiya masu mahimmanci daga isa ga waɗanda ke buƙatar su, musamman yara. Yawan mutuwar haihuwa a lokacin rikici ya kasance a babban adadin 1 cikin 24.[4]
Hakanan an hana ikon ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya yin aiki sosai a lokacin rikici, wanda ya kara cutar da lafiyar Nepalis. An kashe ma'aikata ko kuma an kama su kuma asibitoci sun gaza. Rikicin ya tilasta ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya da yawa su bar ayyukansu.[4]
Rashin alamun kiwon lafiya suna ci gaba da ci gaba a Nepal a yau. Halin kiwon lafiya ya bambanta sosai dangane da inda mutum yake zaune a Nepal da kuma wane aji ya kasance.[2] Bhuttarai (2012) ya ba da rahoton cewa wani binciken ya nuna cewa kashi 50% na matalautan Nepalis ba sa rayuwa a cikin minti 30 na asibiti.[9] Bugu da kari, yankuna da yawa a kasar ba su da isasshen damar samun ruwa mai tsabta da abinci.[8]
Wannan yana da matsala musamman ga yankunan karkara na Nepal, inda akwai karancin likitoci. Wannan binciken na Bhuttarai ya nuna cewa kashi 21 cikin dari na yankunan karkarar Nepal ne kawai ke rayuwa a cikin sa'o'i uku na asibitin jama'a; sauran dole ne su yi tafiya mai nisa sosai don isa wurin likita. Yawan mace-macen yara kanana a yankunan karkara ma ya haura na birane. Tsofaffin ’yan kasa kuma suna zama a yankunan karkara yadda ya kamata, wanda ke kawo cikas ga samun kulawar lafiya. A ƙarshe, Bhattarai ya ba da rahoton cewa mutanen da ke zaune a yankunan karkara sun fi kashe kuɗi don kiwon lafiya fiye da mazauna birni.[9]
Lafiyar kwakwalwa kuma babbar matsala ce a Nepal. Masu bincike sun auna tashin hankali a cikin al'amurran da suka shafi lafiyar kwakwalwa irin su rashin tausayi, damuwa, da damuwa na baya-bayan nan, wanda suke tunanin zai iya haifar da tashin hankali na rikici na 1996-2006. Nepal, a cewar Luitel (2015). A ko'ina cikin Nepal, likitocin kulawa na farko ba su da wadatar magunguna na psychotropic da suke buƙata, ma'aikatan kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa sun sha wuya, kuma likitocin kulawa na farko ba su sami jagora da horon da suke buƙata don magance rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa yadda ya kamata ba..[10]
Singh (2005) ya ba da rahoton cewa zuwa ƙarshen rikici, kashi 30% na Nepalis suna da wani nau'i na matsalar lafiyar kwakwalwa.[2] A cewar Luitel, mutanen Nepal da ke fama da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa suna fuskantar zargi da nuna bambanci; irin wannan zargi na iya hana mutane neman kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa.[10]
Wasu yunkurin inganta tsarin kiwon lafiya a Nepal suna ci gaba. Simkhada (2015) yana ba da shawara don ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar kare lafiyar jama'a a Nepal, saboda yaduwar cutar a duniya. A cewar Simkhada, "Wannan sabis ɗin ana buƙata sosai don daidaitawa, ƙarfafawa, da tallafawa ayyukan da ke da niyyar kare dukan jama'ar Nepal dagaCututtukan cututtuka, bala'o'i na halitta da haɗarin muhalli. " (Simkhada 2015, 442.) Kungiyar za ta taimaka wajen ɗaukar ƙwararrun ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya, horar da masu sana'a, ilimantar da jama'a, inganta isar da albarkatun kiwon lafiya.[11]
Samun damar yara zuwa ilimi ya lalace sosai a lokacin rikici na 1996-2006 tsakanin Maoists da gwamnatin Nepalese.[5] An kai wa dalibai da malamai hari a makaranta, kuma saboda tashin hankali, an hana wasu dalibai zuwa makaranta a lokacin rikici.[5][4] An tilasta makarantu da yawa su rufe ko kuma sun fuskanci raguwar halarta saboda hare-hare ko barazanar. Makarantu da suka kasance a buɗe sau da yawa suna gudanar da aji na ƙananan sa'o'i, kuma lokacin ɗalibai a cikin aji gabaɗaya ya ragu sosai a lokacin yaƙi.[4]
Maoists kuma sun mamaye makarantu kuma sun yi amfani da su a matsayin mafaka mai aminci da kuma wuraren daukar ma'aikata. Sun koya wa yara su zama 'yan leƙen asiri ko manzanni, kuma sun ɗauki yara don horar da su don taimakawa manufar Maoist, watakila a matsayin yara sojoji da yara ma'aikata.[5] Maoists sun tilasta malamai su yi amfani da tsarin karatun Maoist kuma su bayyana Ra'ayoyin siyasa na Maoist, sau da yawa suna tilasta musu yin hakan ta hanyar tashin hankali.[1] Kodayake tashin hankali da rikici ya kawo ya kasance mai lahani sosai ga ilimi, wasu 'yan Nepal sun yaba wa Maoists don sanya makarantarsu ta fi hadawa da' yan mata da na ƙananan matsayi, da kuma taimakawa makarantar ta gudana cikin sauƙi.[5]
Tun daga Yarjejeniyar Zaman Lafiya ta 2006, duk da haka, tashin hankali ya ragu kuma yara da yawa suna iya halartar makaranta.[5] Koyaya, binciken da yawa sun ba da rahoton cewa yara da yawa har yanzu ba su da damar ilimi.[5][4] Parker (2013) ya ce kashi 18% na yara masu shekaru biyar zuwa tara ba sa samun ilimi.[5] Koyaya, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta yi iƙirarin cewa kashi 95% na yara maza da kashi 94% na 'yan mata sun shiga makaranta. Paul (2012) ya ba da rahoton cewa jahilci a Nepal a halin yanzu yana da 64%. Wannan adadi ya bambanta sosai tsakanin yankunan karkara da birane; Paul ya auna yawan jahilci a 37% a yankunan birane da 67% a yankunan karye.[6]
Har yanzu ba a ba da 'yan mata, yara na ƙananan kabilanci, da' yan tsiraru damar ilimi daidai ba.[5][4] Yara a yankunan karkara suma sun rage damar samun ilimi, kuma yaran da suka kasance masu gudun hijira a cikin gida (IDPs) a lokacin yakin sun sami wahalar komawa makaranta.[8]
Mata a Nepal suna fuskantar nuna bambanci, rashin daidaito, da tashin hankali. Dokokin da ke adawa da waɗannan laifuka ba a tilasta su ba, kuma a sakamakon haka masu aikata laifuka da yawa ba sa fuskantar sakamakon shari'a. Mata kuma galibi sukan kasa bayar da rahotonfyade da cin zarafin jima'i. A cewar Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka, daya daga cikin dalilan rashin rahotanni na cin zarafin jima'i shine cewa 'yan Nepal ba sa samun isasshen ilimi game da ma'anar cin zarafin lalata. Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta yi iƙirarin cewa ci gaba da al'adar bayar da sadaki (wanda ba bisa ka'ida ba ne) yana ƙara tashin hankali ga mata.[12] Mata ma sun fuskanci tashin hankali a lokacinrikici; Singh (2005) ya ba da rahoton cewa ana fataucin mata 5000-10,000 a kowace shekara.[2]
Bugu da kari, mata suna fuskantar rashin daidaito a cikin kiwonlafiya, samun kudin shiga, da ilimi. Mata na Nepali suna da ƙarancin rayuwa fiye da maza, kuma ana ba da kulawa ta likita ga yara maza fiye da mata.[8] Mata a Nepal suna da kashi 57% ƙasa da maza, a cewar rahoton ci gaban dan adam na 2014 na Nepal, kuma Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta ce ci gaba da tashin hankali mata suna fuskantar iyakance ikon su na tallafa wa kansu.[8][12] Kodayake daidaito a ilimi tsakanin 'yan mata da maza ya karu tun daga 2003 bisa ga Parker (2013), rashin daidaito na ilimi har yanzu yana ci gaba.[8][5] Masu bincike irin su Raj et al. (2014) suna kallon waɗannan bambance-bambance a matsayin matsala, kuma suna gabatar da bincike wanda ke nuna cewa 'yan mata da ke samun ƙarin ilimi ba za su iya yin aure ba kafin su kai shekaru 14 a Nepal.[13]
A Nepal, an sami bayi ta hanyar bautar 'yan asalin ƙasar maimakon shigo da cinikin bayi na kasashen waje, kuma bautar bashi hanya ce ta bautar, sau da yawa tana haifar da mutumin da ba zai iya biyan bashinsa ba ya sayar da yaransa a matsayin bayi don biyan bashinsa. A cikin 1803, doka ta haramta bautar manyan mutane biyu, Brahmins da Rajput Chetris. An haramta bautar 'yanci na kowane matsayi a cikin 1839, a hukumance yana iyakance yawan bayi ga bayi da suka riga sun kasance; duk da haka, dokar ta kasance galibi a kan takarda kuma ba a aiwatar da ita ba.[14] An dakatar da bautar a Nepal a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba 1924, kuma an aiwatar da dokar a 1925.
Dangane da 2016 Global Slavery Index, kimanin mutane 234,600 ne bautar da aka yi a Nepal ta zamani, ko 0.82% na yawan jama'a.[15] Ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan bautar a Nepal shine kamlari, ko aikin gida. Iyayensu na iya sayar da yaro.
An cire shi Chandra Samsher na [ [ [
A ranar 1 ga Yuni 2020,HRW ta bukaci hukumomin Nepali da su binciki laifukan da aka aikata a kan Dalits bayan da wasu abubuwan da suka faru a cikin makon da ya gabata suka faru.[16]
A cikin 2023, kasar ta zira kwallaye 2 daga cikin 4 don 'yancin addini. An haramta yin wauta.
<ref> tag; no text was provided for refs namedUS State Department<ref> tag; no text was provided for refs namedSlavery 2015 p. 48-49