Freedom in the World bincike ne na shekara-shekara da rahoto daga Ƙungiyar da ba ta gwamnati ba ta Amurka Freedom House wacce ke auna matakin 'yanci da''Yancin siyasa a kowace al'umma da kuma mahimman yankuna masu alaƙa da rikici a duniya.^[1]

Raymond Gastil ne ya kaddamar da'Yanci a Duniya a shekarar 1973. Yana samar da ƙididdigar shekara-shekara wanda ke wakiltar matakan haƙƙin siyasa da 'yancin farar hula a kowace jiha da yanki, a kan sikelin daga 1 (mafi yawan kyauta) zuwa 7 (mafi ƙarancin kyauta). Dangane da ƙididdigar, ana rarraba ƙasashe a matsayin "Free", "Partly Free", ko "Ba Free". Sau da yawa masu bincike suna amfani da rahoton don auna dimokuradiyya kuma yana da alaƙa sosai da wasu matakan dimokuradiya kamar jerin bayanan Polity.

Ana bayar da rahoton matsayi na Freedom House a cikin kafofin watsa labarai kuma masu binciken siyasa suna amfani da su azaman tushe. Masu sukar da magoya bayansu sun kimanta gine-ginen su da amfani da su.^[2]

Matsayin ya fito ne daga 'Yanci a Duniya 2019,^[3] 2020,^[4] 2021,^[5] da binciken 2022, kowane rahoto yana rufe shekarar da ta gabata. Matsakaicin kowane nau'i biyu na ƙididdiga akan haƙƙin siyasa da 'yancin ɗan adam yana ƙayyade matsayin gabaɗayan "Kyauta" (1.0-2.5), "Kyautatawa" (3.0-5.0), ko "Ba Kyauta" (5.5-7.0).

Asterisk (*) yana nuna ƙasashe waɗanda suke "Dimokuradiyya ta zaɓe". Don samun cancanta a matsayin "dimokuradiyya ta zaɓe", jihar dole ne ta gamsu da ka'idoji masu zuwa:

1. Tsarin siyasa na gasa, jam'iyyun siyasa da yawa;
2. 'Yancin kuri'a na manya ga dukkan' yan ƙasa ba tare da yanke hukunci ba (wasu jihohi na iya kara azabtarwa da kuma rinjayar mutanen da ke da yanke hukunci ta hanyar hana su daga tsarin dimokuradiyya);
3. Zaben da ake gudanarwa akai-akai a cikin yanayin sirri na zabe, tsaro na zabe mai ma'ana, da kuma rashin cin hanci da rashawa na masu jefa kuri'a wanda ke haifar da sakamakon da ba su wakilci nufin jama'a ba; da kuma
4. Muhimmin damar jama'a na manyan jam'iyyun siyasa zuwa masu jefa kuri'a ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai da kuma ta hanyar yakin neman zabe na siyasa gaba ɗaya.

Dole ne dimokuradiyya ta zaɓe ta sami maki 7 ko fiye daga cikin 12 a cikin 'yancin siyasa A (Ci gaban Zabe), jimlar jimlar 20 a cikin ƙimar haƙƙin siyasa da jimlar jimillar 30 a cikin ƙididdigar' yancin farar hula.^[6]

Kalmar Freedom House "dimokuradiyya ta zaɓe" ta bambanta da "dimokurariyya mai sassaucin ra'ayi" a cikin cewa ƙarshen kuma yana nuna kasancewar yawancin 'yanci na farar hula. A cikin binciken, duk ƙasashe masu 'yanci sun cancanci zama masu jefa kuri'a da masu sassaucin ra'ayi. Sabanin haka, wasu kasashe masu 'yanci sun cancanci zama masu jefa kuri'a, amma ba masu sassaucin ra'ayi ba.

yana nuna "yancin jama'a a cikin ƙasa ko yanki" ko "yancin ɗan adam a cikin ƙasa o yanki".

PR = 'yancin siyasa, CL =' yancin jama'a

Tsohon shigarwa daga Freedom in the World . Yawancin yankuna ne da aka kara a cikin rahoton 1978 na 1977 kuma sun sami ɗaukar hoto na ƙarshe a cikin rahoton 2000 na wannan shekarar. Sauran yankuna da ke da kwanakin daban-daban an lura da su a ƙasa. Matsayinsu sun dogara ne akan matsayi na karshe kafin su daina ɗaukar hoto.

Akwai wasu muhawara game da tsaka-tsaki na Freedom House da kuma hanyar da aka yi amfani da ita don rahoton Freedom in the World, wanda Raymond Gastil da abokan aikinsa suka rubuta. An tattauna tsakatsaki da nuna bambanci na alamun haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin wallafe-wallafe da yawa na Kenneth A. Bollen. Bollen ya rubuta cewa "An yi la'akari da waɗannan zarge-zarge tare ya nuna cewa wasu ƙasashe na iya zama ba daidai ba a kan matakan Gastil. Koyaya, babu wani daga cikin zarge-sarge da ya nuna nuna son zuciya a cikin duk ƙididdigar. Yawancin shaidun sun ƙunshi shaidar labarai na ƙananan lokuta. Ko akwai tsari ko ƙididdigari a cikin ƙididdigaren Gastil tambaya ce" (Bollen, 1986, shafi na 586).^[9] Alamar 'yanci ta ''Yanci a Duniya' tana da alaƙa mai ƙarfi da kyau (akalla 80%) tare da wasu alamun dimokuradiyya guda uku da aka yi nazari a Mainwaring (2001, shafi na 53).^[10]  

A cikin bincikensa na 1986, Bollen ya tattauna sake dubawa game da ma'auni na haƙƙin ɗan adam, gami da lissafin da aka ruwaito a cikin Freedom in the World (Bollen, 1986, shafi na 585). Gastil (1990), wanda ya bayyana cewa "yawanci irin wannan zargi ya dogara ne akan ra'ayoyi game da Freedom House maimakon cikakken nazarin ƙididdigar binciken", ƙarshen da Giannone ya yi jayayya.^[11] Ma'anar Freedom in Gastil (1982) da Freedom House (1990) sun jaddada 'yanci maimakon yin amfani da' yanci, a cewar Adam Przeworski, wanda ya ba da misali mai zuwa: A Amurka, 'yan ƙasa suna da' yancin kafa jam'iyyun siyasa da jefa kuri'a, duk da haka har ma a zaben shugaban kasa rabin' yan Amurka ne kawai; a Amurka, "kungiyoyin biyu suna magana a cikin haɗin gwiwar kasuwanci", in ji Przeworska (2003, shafi na .^[12] 

Ƙarin zarge-zarge na nuna bambanci na akida ya sa Freedom House ta fitar da wannan sanarwa ta 2010:

Freedom House ba ta kula da ra'ayi na al'ada game da 'yanci. Hanyar binciken ta samo asali ne daga ka'idojin ka'idoji na 'yancin siyasa da' yancin bil'adama, wanda aka samo asali ne sosai daga sassan da suka dace na Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Wadannan ka'idoji suna aiki ga dukkan ƙasashe da yankuna, ba tare da la'akari da wurin ƙasa ba, kabilanci ko addini, ko matakin ci gaban tattalin arziki.

Mainwaring et alia (2001, shafi na 52)^[13] ya rubuta cewa ƙididdigar Freedom House tana da "ra'ayoyi biyu na tsari: ƙididdigal ga masu hagu sun lalace ta hanyar la'akari da siyasa, kuma canje-canje a cikin ƙididdigarsa wani lokacin ana motsa su ta hanyar canje-canje ne a cikin ainihin yanayin. " Duk da haka, lokacin da aka kimanta a cikin ƙasashen Latin Amurka a kowace shekara, ƙididdigaren Freedom House yana da alaƙa sosai da ƙididdigatattun Adam Przeworski da kuma tare da ƙididdiga na marubuta da juna: Ƙididdigar su duka suna da ƙididdigewarsu na 0.8 .8 .   ^[14]

Kamar yadda aka nakalto a baya, Bollen ya soki binciken da ya gabata na Freedom in the World a matsayin labari da ba a kammala ba; sun tayar da batutuwan da ke buƙatar ƙarin bincike ta hanyar hanyoyin kimiyya maimakon labara. Bollen ya yi nazarin batun son zuciya ta hanyar amfani da kididdigar multivariate. Yin amfani da tsarin su na bincike don ma'aunin haƙƙin ɗan adam, Bollen da Paxton sun kiyasta cewa hanyar Gastil tana haifar da son zuciya na -0.38 (s.d.) akan ƙasashen Marxist-Leninist da kuma mafi girman son zuciya, +0.5 s.d., suna son ƙasashen Kirista; irin wannan sakamako da aka gudanar don hanyar Sussman (Bollen da Pazton, 2000, shafi na 585). Sabanin haka, wata hanyar da mai sukar 'Yanci a Duniya ya haifar da nuna bambanci ga ƙasashen Hagu a cikin shekarun 1980 na akalla +0.8 s.d., nuna bambanci wanda "ya dace da binciken da aka yi cewa masana kimiyya na siyasa sun fi dacewa da siyasar hagu fiye da yawan jama'a" (Bollen da Paxton, shafi na 585).

Masana kimiyya na siyasa Andrew T. Little da Anne Meng sun yi jayayya cewa bayanan da Freedom House da Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) suka samar sun dogara sosai da ra'ayi, sabanin manufa, matakan kuma ta haka ne aka lalata su da son zuciya.

Criticisms of the reception and uses of theFreedom in the World report have been noted by Diego Giannone: 

• "Tattara ra'ayi", kalmar mahimmanci ta Giovanni Sartori don gazawar hanyar da aka saba da ita a cikin nazarin zamantakewa. Giannone ya ba da rahoton a matsayin misali cewa, a cewar Landman da Hausermann (2003), "an yi amfani da alamar FH a matsayin kayan aiki don auna dimokuradiyya, kyakkyawan shugabanci, da haƙƙin ɗan adam, don haka samar da shimfida ra'ayi wanda shine babban dalilin 'asarar daidaito': a takaice, kayan aiki da aka yi amfani da shi don auna komai, a ƙarshe, ba zai iya nuna bambanci da komai ba. "
• Matsalar haɗuwa. Giannone ya nakalto ƙarshen Scoble da Wiseberg (1981) cewa "ƙididdigar ƙimar 'yanci na farar hula na 4 da ƙimar' yancin siyasa na 2 daidai yake da jimlar ƙimar' Yancin farar hula ta 2 da ƙimar 'Yancin siyasa ta 4 duk da cewa fassarar waɗannan haɗuwa daban-daban sun bambanta".^[15]
• "Rashin takamaiman da tsauraran gine-gine" da kuma "rashin isasshen matakin nuna gaskiya da sake fasalin ma'auni", na farko da aka yi nuni da Scoble et alli (1981) kuma na ƙarshe ga Hadenius da Teorell (2005). Don tallafawa ƙarshen, ya kuma nakalto ƙarshen Munck da Verkuilen (2002) cewa "dukkanin bayanan da Freedom House ta bayar dole ne a karɓa da yawa bisa bangaskiya", saboda abubuwan da "ba a ba da ka'idojin ƙididdiga ba, kuma ba a gano tushen bayanai da isasshen daidaito ba, kuma saboda ba a ba da bayanan da aka rarraba ga malamai masu zaman kansu ba. "^[16][17]

A cikin "Sashe da akidar siyasa a cikin ma'auni na dimokuradiyya: shari'ar Freedom House" (2010) wanda ya sake nazarin canje-canje ga hanyar tun daga 1990, Diego Giannone ya kammala cewa "saboda canje-canje a cikin hanyar da lokaci mai tsauri tsakanin bangarorin da siyasa, bayanan FH ba sa ba da jerin lokuta marasa katsewa da siyasa, don kada a yi amfani da su don nazarin lokaci-lokaci har ma don ci gaban ra'ayoyin farko.

A kan wannan batu, shafin yanar gizon Freedom House ya amsa cewa sun "yi wasu canje-canje masu sauƙi don daidaitawa da ra'ayoyin da suka samo asali game da haƙƙin siyasa da 'yanci na jama'a. A lokaci guda, ba a sake fasalin bayanan jerin lokaci ba, kuma ana gabatar da duk wani canji ga hanyar don tabbatar da kwatankwacin ƙididdigar daga shekara zuwa shekara".

• Dimokuradiyya a Gabas ta Tsakiya
• Lissafin Dimokuradiyya
• 'Yanci a Duniya ta Yankin
• Lissafin 'Yanci a Duniya
• Jerin alamun 'yanci
• Jerin bayanan tsauraran ra'ayi

• CS1 Turanci-language sources (en)
• Webarchive template wayback links
• Ƴancin Ɗan Adam
• Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba