She yn ellan 'syn Oarpey bun-chooish y duillag shoh. My vel anaase ayd ayns y çheer neuchroghagh t'er enney fo'n ennym cheddin, lhaihPobblaght Nerin.
Jalloo feer-ghaait er Nerin, jeant ecNASA er 4 J. Geuree, lesh yCheayn Sheear da'n sheear asMooir Vannin da'n shiarSoiaghey Nerin 'syn Oarpey
TaNerin (Yernish:Éire,Baarle:Ireland,Ullanish:Airlann) yntrass ellan smoo 'synOarpey as nyfeedoo ellan smoo 'syChruinney.[1] T'ee ny soie ayns sheear hwoaie nyh-Oarpey as t'ee cruinnit lesh keeadyn dy ellanyn as ellaneenyn. Ta'nVretyn Vooar soit da'n shiar as ish scarrit veih Nerin liorishMooir Vannin. TaPobblaght Nerin coodaghey 5/6 dy eaghtyr yn ellan. TaNerin Hwoaie, cooid jeh'nReeriaght Unnaneysit, coodaghey'n chooid elley, as t'ee ny soie ayns shiar hwoaie yn ellan. Ta'n ellan jeant seose jeh cruink as sleityn injil ta cruinnlaghey strah rea lheeadagh as ta awinyn yn-shiaulley sheeyney stiagh çheu sthie. Ta glasseraght rank 'syn ellan - troar jeh'n speyr faarkagh vog ayn. Va çheshvean yn ellan coodit liorish keylljyn gloo derrey ny 1600yn agh jiu t'ee ny h-ard smoo jee-cheyllit 'syn Oarpey.[2] Ta sheysheeintee ghooghyssagh as feed ayns Nerin. Ta'nshynnagh ruy, ynarkan sonney, as ybroc so-akin dy mennick, agh ta'nmwaagh Yernagh, yfeeaih ruy askiyt ny miljyn ry-gheddyn chammah.
T'eh oolit dy vel 6.2 millioonyn dy 'leih ayns Nerin. Ta beggan ny sloo na 4.5 millioonyn dy 'leih cummal ayns Pobblaght Nerin as ta beggan ny sloo na 1.8 millioonyn dy 'leih cummal ayns Nerin Hwoaie.[3] Ta ny h-earrooyn shen taishbyney bishaghey mooar ayns sleih-earroo yn ellan veih'n 4.2 millioonyn va cummal ayn ayns ny 1960yn, agh t'eh foddey ny sloo veih'n 8 millioonyn va cummal er yn ellan ayns ny 1840yn leah roish çheety Ghortey Mooar.[4]
Va'n chooid smoo dy Nerin coodit lesh rio derrey jerrey nyh-eash rioee jerrinagh ny smoo na 9,000 bleeantyn er dy henney. Va yrjidyn marrey ny s'inshley ec y traa shen as va Nerin, myrane lesh y nabooys eck y Vretyn Vooar, kianglt rishyn Oarpey vooar-heeragh as cha row ad nyn ellanyn. Haink sleihmean chlaghagh carEash ny Claghyn gys yn ellan mychione ny bleeaney 8,000 RC as haink yn eirinys ny yei lesh çheetyn Eash-Chloaie Noa mychione 4,500 derrey 4,000 RC tra vakirree,goair,ollagh asgrineyn currit stiagh veihlieh-innys ny h-Ibeir. AynsAchaidh Chéide, ta corys rheaymyssagh dy vagheryn, y corys shinney 'sy dowan foddee, freilt fo coodagh dy voaney aynsCoontae Vay Eo noa-emshiragh,[6] as ta'n corys shen çheet ass y lhing shen, ny beggan ny yei. Ta'n corys shen jeant seose jeh rheynnagyn beggey ta scarrit veih nyn geilley liorishboallaghyn cloaie-çhirrym, as va ny magheryn lhiassit er feie shiartanse dy cheeadyn eddyr 3,500 as 3,000 RC. V'adcurnagh asoarn ny troaryn smoo scanshoil. Hosheeyn Eash Ooha – ta meenit liorish ymmyd meain – mychione ny bleeaney 2,500 RC tra va'n çhaghnoaylleeaght caghlaa seihill y phobble car y lhing shen liorish noaidyn lheid as ywheel, goaill greienys erdew,jannoo fidderaght er eggaghyn feeit, gimbylaghalcoal, as obbyr-veainey schleioil, cur magh greieyn caggee as greieyn noa, as jesheenaghey airh vraew as cliejeeneydys, lheid asjialgyn broghil astorcyn.
Ta'nEash Yiarn ayns Nerin kianglt dy tradishoonagh rish sleih t'er enney myr nyCeltiee. V'eh er credjal dy cadjin dy ren ny Celtiee coloinaghey Nerin ayns straih dy ruegyssyn eddyr y 8-oo as y 1-d cheead-bleeaney RC. V'eh raait, dy ren nyGaeil, y straih yerrinagh jeh ny Celtiee, rheynn magh yn ellan ayns queig ny ny smoo reeriaghtyn lurg y choloinaghey j'ee oc. Ansherbee, ta ard-schoillaryn jiu cur foayr ayns reartys ta cur trimmid da skeaylley dy chultoor veih ardjyn çheumooie jeh'n ellan as nagh haghyr coloinaghey cahnagh.[7][8] Ta feddynyn magh lheid asFear Chluain Uí Chaomháin taishbynit myr feanish jeh'n reayrtys shen.
Ta ny recortyssyn screeuee s'leah er Nerin çheet ass çheer-oaylleeyn classicaghGreagagh-Raueagh. TaPtolemy ayns ynAlmagest echey çheet er Nerin myrMikra Brettania (Y Vretyn Veg), ayns cosoylaght rish yn ellan smoo, va enmyssitMegale Brettania echey (Y Vretyn Vooar).[9] Ayns yn obbyr ny s'anmey echey,Geographia, ta Ptolemy çheet er Nerin myrIwernia as er y Vretyn Vooar myrAlbion. Va ny h-enmyn "noa" shen goit ass enmyn dooghyssagh er ny h-ellanyn ec y tra shen. Va ny shenn-enmyn, ayns neu-chosoylaght, crooit roish cur fys dy jeeragh rish sleih ynnydagh.[10] Ren nyRauee ny s'anmey çheet er Nerin lesh yn ennym shen chammah agh ayns y chummeyLadjynaghey,Hibernia,[11] nyScotia.[12] Ta Ptolemy recortyssey shey cleinyn jeig va cummal ayns dagh ayrn dy Nerin 'sy vlein 100 BNJ.[13] Cha nel eh baghtal cre'n torçh dy chiangley v'ayn eddyr yn Impiraght Raueagh as ny cleinyn ayns Nerin henndeeagh. Ta screeuyn moyllee er çheu mooie er mayrn çheet ass screeuyn Raueagh, er wheesh dy vel coontyssyn dooghyssagh çheet assfeeleeaght as feayn-skeealleydaght Yernagh. Agh, ta mooarane dy chooinaghyn Raueagh er ny gheddyn ayns Nerin, myr sampleyr aynsSí an Bhrú.[14]
Va Nerin ny mestey jeh cleinyn trughanagh agh, goaill toshiaghey 'sy 7-oo cheead-bleeaney BNJ, va sheiltynys dy reeoilaght ashoonagh oltit dy keimagh trooid yn eie jehArd Ree Nerin. Ta lettyraght Yernagh vean-eashagh soilshaghey straih begnagh gyn baarney jeh Ard Reeaghyn ta sheeyney sheear harrish millaghyn dy vleeantyn, agh ta screeuderyn shennaghys noa-emshiragh credjal dy row yn sleim shen cummit 'sy 8-oo cheead-bleeaney dy chur trimmid er staydys ny possanyn politickagh troshtagh as ad croghey bun y reill oc jeeragh stiagh ayns ny traaghyn shenndeeagh.[15] V'eh raait dy ren yn Ard Ree reirey ny reeriaghtyn queiggagh va jannoo seose Nerin. Va ree er lheh ec dagh fer jeh ny reeriaghtyn shen agh v'ad fo-viallys da'n Ard Ree ayns ennym er y chooid sloo. Haink yn Ard Ree magh ass ny reeaghyn queiggagh as ren eh reireyreeriaght ny Mee, lesh preeu-valley jesh-chliaghtagh aynsTeamhair. Cha daink er yn eie dy ve ny feerid agh aynsEash ny Loghlynee agh cha row ee ny h-eie chohassooagh erbee.[16] Agh va reill ynrican dy leigh ayns Nerin: y corys briwnagh screeuee va enmyssitny Leighyn Briwnagh, as va reirit ec lught keirdey dy leigh-oaylleeyn va enmyssitbriwnyn.[17]
TaRecortys Nerin recortyssey da daink yn AspickPalladius gys Nerin er mishoon sushtal 'sy vlein 431 BNJ veihPaab Celestine II dys ny Yernee dy hushtallaghey, agh tra haink eh gys Nerin va'n pobble "credjal ayns fockle Chreest" hannah[18] Ta'n recortys hene recortyssey dy dainkNoo Perick, yn ard-noo Yernagh share er enney, 'sy vlein lurg shen. Ta resoonaght foast ayn er mishoonyn Phalladius as Pherick, agh ta co-choardailys ayn er taghyrt y daa vishoonyn[19] as ta shickyrys ayn er tuittym y hradishoon druaiaghtagh shinney noi'n chredjue noa.[20] Va ny schoillaryn Creestee Yernagh nyn sur-schoillaryn aynsLadjyn as Greagish as ayns jeeghtys Creestee. 'Sy chultoor maynaghoil lurg goaill Creestee Nerin, va studeyrys er y Ladjyn as y Ghreagish freilt ayns Nerin carny Mean Eashyn Leah ayns neu-chosoylaght rish buill elley 'syn Oarpey, raad haghyrny h-Eashyn Dorraghey lurgtuittym yn Impiraght Raueagh.[20][21] Haghyr blaaghey ayns ny h-ellynyn, lheid as daahghey laue-screeuyn, obbyr-veainey as jallooderys as va tashtee lheid asLeabhar Cheanannais troarit, myrane lesh cliejeeneydys ornaidagh as shiartanse dy croshyn cloaie grainnit[22] ta foast ry-akin er feie'n ellan jiu.
Veih'n 9-oo eash, ren straihyn dy ruegyssynLoghlynagh craghey mannishteryn as baljyn Yernagh.[23] Chur ny ruegyssyn shen lesh taghyrt cadjin dy chraghey as caggey va ry-gheddyn dy dowin ayns Nerin hannah.
Er 1 Boaldyn, 1169, haink turrys-contoyrtys dy reejereeynBretnagh-Normanagh er y çheer ecCuan an Bhainbh aynsCoontae Logh Garman lesh sheshaght chaggee va jeant seose jeh mygeayrt shey keead dy hidooryn. Va'n turrys stiurit liorishRichard de Clare, as eh enmyssitStrongbow ("bow troshtagh") rere y lajerid echey myr sideyr.[24] Va'n ruegys shen, va taghyrt ec tra cheddin jeh bishaghey Normanagh noa, jeant ec cuirreyDiarmait Mac Murchada, ree Lion.
'Sy vlein 1166, hie Mac Murchada gys Anjou, y Rank lurg caggey leshTighearnán Ua Ruairc, veihBreifne, as ren eh shirrey er cooney veih'nree Angevin,Inry II, as eh geearree e reeriaght dy aaghoaill. 'Sy vlein 1171, haink Inry gys Nerin dy yannoo aavriwnys er immeeaght chadjin y hurrys-contoyrtys. V'eh geearree kioneys reeoil dy aachur er y ruegys as eh bishaghey magh veih'n smaght echey. Ren Inry chur kioneys er Strongbow as ny çhiarnyn-caggee Bretnagh-Normanagh reesht, as ren eh cleayney er ny reeaghynYernagh eh dy ghoaill rish myr ard-hiarn, red va shickyrit aynsConaant Windsor 'sy vlein 1175.
Va'n ruegys lowit liorish kiarailyn yVulley PaabaghLaudabiliter, va soilshit magh liorishAdrian IV 'sy vlein 1155. Ren y bulley cur creeaght er Inry dy ghoaill greim er Nerin son aa-reaghey argidoil as reiraghyn Agglish Yernagh as e mestey stiagh 'sy chorys Agglishagh Raueagh dy oaseiraghey. Va aastrughtoorey er ny toshiaghey hannah ec keim agglishagh lurgArd-choyrle Cheanannais 'sy vlein 1152. Ta arganys ayn mychione y vulley, agh ta'n varrantoilid echey goit dy mie jiu.[25] Hug eh çhiarnys er Nerin gys Inry ayns ennym y phaabaght.[26] 'Sy vlein 1172, ren y paab noa,Alistair III, cur creeaght er Inry son yn Agglish Yernagh dy ghoaill stiagh ny smoo lesh yn Agglish Raueagh. V'eh lhiggit da Inry jaghee dy phing 'sy çhiollagh myr contoyrtys bleeanagh dy chur er y phobble. Ta'n jaghee shen, va enmyssitpingyn Pheddyr, foast ry-akin ayns Nerin myr toyrtys arryltagh. Reir garraghyn, ghow Inry lesh yn enmysÇhiarn Nerin ren Inry bronney er e vac aeg,John Lackland, 'sy vlein 1185. Ren eh cur sheese y steat Yernagh myrÇhiarnaght Nerin. Tra hooar eiyrtyssagh Inry baasedy doaltattym ayns 1199, ren John eiraghey crooin Hostyn as dreill eh Çhiarnaght Nerin.
Harrish y cheead-bleeaney lurg shen, ren leigh Normanagh cur stiagh ayns ynnyd y Leigh Briwnagh as ec jerrey y trass eash jeig yeianagh va corys feudagh Normanagh currit er bun er feie'n chooid smoo dy Nerin liorish nyNormanee Yernagh. Va buill chummaltit cowrit liorish bunneeaght ny barranaghtyn, ny mannoryn, ny baljyn as toshiaght y chorys coontae noa-emshiragh. Va lhieggan jeh'nÇhiart Vooar (Çhiart Vooar Nerin), soilshit magh 'sy vlein 1216, as eh curDivlyn ayns ynnydLunnin asyn Agglish Yernagh ayns ynnydAgglish Hostyn, as vaParlamaid Nerin bunnit 'sy vlein 1297.
Ansherbee, veih mean y 14-oo eash, lurgy Ghorley Doo, hie buill chummaltit Normanagh ayns Nerin stiagh ayns lhing voalaghey. Ren reileyderyn Normanagh as sleih mullee Yernagh dooghyssagh eddyr-phoosey as haink ny h-ardjyn fo smaght ny Normanee dy ve jeant Gaelgagh. Ayns ayrnyn ennagh, dirree cultoor Yernagh-Normanagh mestit ayn. Myr freggyrt da shen, vaSlattyssyn Cheeill Chennee currit er bun ayns 1367 liorishy Pharlamaid Yernagh. Va ne leighyn shen nyn bossan dy leighyn va cummit dy chur lhiettal er lheie ny Normanee stiagh ayns sheshaght Nerin as ren ad cur feme er y theay Sostynagh ayns Nerin y Vaarle dy loayrt, cliaghtaghyn Sostynagh dy ghoaill rish, as gow rish y leigh Hostynagh.[27] Ansherbee, ec jerrey y 15-oo eash va'n kioneys Sostynagh meanagh begnagh immeeit as va cultoor as çhengey Yernagh aanoa, lesh cleanaghyn Normanagh, ayns yn ard-voayl reesht. Agh hannee stiurey fo Crooin Hostyn gyn brishey gyn crampys ayns ard mygeayrt Divlyn as yn ard shen enmyssity Phaal as fo conaantynLeigh Poyning veih'n vlein 1494, va slattys jeh'n Pharlamaid Yernagh fo-viallys da lowal rishParlamaid Hostyn.
Va reill Sostynagh aaniartit as bishit 'sy 16-oo eash, ansherbee, as ren eh shen leeideil gysaaghoaill Hiudaragh Nerin. Va ruegys begnagh slane cooilleenit roish toshiaght y 17-oo eash lurgCaggey ny Nuy Bleeaney asImmeeaght ny h-Eearlaghyn. Va'n gurneil shen niartit car ny caggaghyn (lheid asCaggaghyn ny Tree Reeriaghtyn as yCaggey Illiamagh) as y choloinaghey Sostynagh as Albinagh (Plandailyn Nerin) 'sy 17-oo eash. T'eh er credjal dy hooar 20,000 sidooryn Yernagh baase car Caggey ny Tree Reeriaghtyn, as t'eh oolit dy hooar 200,000 shivoilee baase myr eiyrtys er cochiangle jeh gonney, scughey, gastid cheylley as paitt car y chaggey. Va 16,000 shivoilee elley prowit as shiaullit myr sleabyn gysny h-Injyn Sheear. Ta screeuderyn shennaghys ennagh gooley dy hooar seose gys lieh-chooid dy sleih-earroo Nerin baase myr eiyrtys jeh'n chaggey.[28]
Ren kestalyn crauee jeh'n 17-oo eash cur rheynn scarreydagh ayns Nerin. Ren ammys crauee feddyn magh y tastid 'sy leigh er y leighaltys da'n Ree as da'n Pharlamaid Yernagh. Lurg goaill rish y Test Act 1673 as lesh barriaght ny forseyn jeh'n reeriaght ghooblit jehIlliam asMoirrey harrish nyJamyssee, va lhiettrimys currit er Catolee Raueagh as er Protestoonee Neuchoardailagh anchochredjuagh rish soie myr olteynyn aynsParlamaid Nerin. Fo nyleighyn kerree, va cairyn deiney ny smoo as ny smoo goit ass ny Catolee Raueagh as ny Protestoonee Neuchoardailagh goaill stiagh cairyn da eirys. Va tooilley slattyssyn kerree cooyllagh currit rish ayns ny bleeantyn 1703, 1709 as 1728. Ren eh creaghney corys slane dy chur neuvondeish er Catolee Raueagh as Neuchoardailee Phrotestoonagh, as lhig ny slattyssyn shen lhiasaghey sleih mullee jeh Coardailee Anglicaanagh.[29] Va'n lught reill Anglo-Yernagh shen enmyssitEaghtyrys Protestoonagh.
Ren emshir neuchadjin, myrane lesh çheetlheeah praase veih America Hwoaie, cur failleil ny praaseyn er bun. Myr eiyrtys jeh shen, haghyrgonney 'sy vlein 1740. T'eh er ooley dy hooar mychione 250,000[30] baase (mychione un 'er ayns dagh hoght fer jeh'n phobble) rere y phaitt as yn asslaynt ny lurg. Ren y reiltys Yernagh cur lhiettrimys er assphurtal arroo as va'n çheshaght chaggee freilt ayns nyn marrickyn oc, agh cha ren ad ny smoo na shen.[30][31] Ren sleih ooasle as reagheydyssyn jeirk kiarail couyr agh cha row ad jaral cur streeaney er y vaasoilid ny lurg.[30][31] 'Syn eiyrtys lurg y ghonney, ren bishaghey ayns troarey çhynskylagh as freayney ayns traght cur rish troggalys 'syn ellan. Haghyr mooadaghey mooar ayns earroo yn phobble 'sy lieh jerrinagh jeh'n eash shoh as valeggad ard-obbrinagh Horshagh Nerin troggit. 'Sy vlein 1782, vaLeigh Poynings mooghit as hug eh shen da Nerin far-heyrsnys slattysagh veih'n Vretyn Vooar da'n chied cheayrt veih tra'n ruegys Normanagh. Ansherbee, va'n kiart freilt ec y reiltys Goaldagh reiltys Nerin dy enmys harrish co-choardail y pharlamaid Yernagh.
'Sy vlein 1798, haink olteynyn jeh'n tradishoon Protestoonagh Neuchoardailagh (Presbyteyree son y chooid smoo) ry-cheiley lesh ny Catolee Raueagh ayns irree magh pobblaghtagh va cur ardsmooinaght da as stiurit ecSheshaght ny Yernee Unnaneysit as v'eh yn dean oc steat seyr dy chur er bun ayns Nerin. Dyn y wooise da'n chooney veih'n Rank, va'nirree magh currit fo chosh liorish ny reiltyssyn Goaldagh as Yernagh as liorish forseyn kern. 'Sy vlein 1800, hieSlattys Unnaneys trooid ny parlamaidyn Goaldagh as Yernagh, as haink eh stiagh ayns bree er 1 Jerrey Geuree 1801. Ren eh unnaneyseyReeriaght Nerin asReeriaght ny Bretyn Mooar stiagh ayns reeriaght hingil va enmyssitReeriaght Unnaneysit ny Bretyn Mooar as Nerin. Va shiaulley yn Slattys 'sy Pharlamaid Yernagh jeant liorish y vooar-chooid, agh cha hie eh trooid y Pharlamaid 'sy chied cheayrt ayns 1799. Rere docamadyn jeh'n traa as scrutaghey shendeeagh, hie eh trooid y Pharlamaid lesh cooney sollaghey laueys, lesh cooney argid va kiarit liorish Oik y Çhirveish Folliaghtagh Ghoaldagh, as liorish bronney ooashlidyn, buill as onnoryn son voteyn dy hickyraghey.[32] Lesh shen, haink Nerin dy ve ny cooid jeh'n Reeriaght Unnaneysit heeynt, va reirit dy jeeragh veih'npharlamaid 'sy Vannishter Heear aynsLunnin. Va shirveishaghtlhiass-reeoil currit er bun myrane lesh yn Ard-Scrudeyr ecCashtal Ghivlyn.
Emigrants Leave Ireland ("Arragheryn Magh Faagail Nerin"), grainney liorish Henry Doyle ta soilshaghey magh yn arraghey magh gys America lurgy Ghortey Mooar ayns Nerin
Hooar mychione un villioon Yernee baase 'syGhortey Mooar car ny 1840yn as daag ny smoo na un villioon deiney elley.[33] Rish jerrey ny jeihaght, va lieh-chooid jehsthie-arraghey gys ny Steatyn Unnaneysit çheet ass Nerin. Haink yn arraghey magh dy ve ny chooid ghowin jeh'n aigney as ren y sleih-earroo tuittym gys mean y 20-oo eash. Jeeragh roish y ghortey, va'n coontey-pobble recortyssey 8.2 millioon dy 'leih 'syn ellan.[34] Agh cha nel earroo yn phobble er roshtyn gys ny h-earrooyn shen veih'n traa shen.[35] Huitt earroo yn phobble gys ny 1961 as ayns 2006 ren y coontae jerrinagh (Coontae Lheeahtrim) y chied irree ayns sleih-earroo veih'n vlein 1841.
Dirree eie ynashoonaghys Yernagh, mastey Catolee Raueagh son y chooid smoo, car y 19-oo as y 20-oo eash. VaDaniel O'Connell ny ghooinney ard-cheimnagh mastey ny fir jeh'n eie shen. V'eh reiht myr oltey yn pharlamaid sonInnys ayns eiyrtys yindyssagh ga nagh vel eh jargal e hoiag y ghoaill er oyr dy row eh nyChatoleagh Raueagh. Ren O'Connell stiurey troddan breeoil va goit ec Ard-VinishterDuic Wellington, va ny hidoor as ny steateyr va ruggit ayns Nerin. Ren eh stiurey yn Slattys trooid pharlamaid ny Mannishter Heear, lesh cooney veih'n ard-vinishter ry heetRobert Peel, as ren Wellington geddyn barriaght erShorys IV y billey dy fo-screeu as dy fockley magh myr leigh. Renayr Horys goll noi plan yn eear-Ard-Vinishter,Pitt the Younger, e lheid billey dy chur stiagh 'sy pharlamaid lurg yn Unnaneys 'sy vlein 1801 er yn oyr dy row eh credjal dy row eh ayns contraartys rishSlattys Coloinaghey 1701.
Cha row y troddan eiyrtyssagh son mooghey yn Slattys Unnaneysey ec O'Connell raahoil. Ny s'anmey 'sy cheead-blein, renCharles Stewart Parnell as fir elley troggal troddan er son hene-reiltys çheu-sthie 'syn Unnaneys, ny "Reill Thie". Va ny h-Unnaneyseyryn, goaill stiagh ad 'sy chooid hwoaie jeh'n ellan er lheh, noi eie yn Reill Thie, er yn oyr dy row ad credjal dy beagh y sorçh reill shen fo kioneys anaaseyn Catoleagh.[36] Lurg shiartanse dy eabyn billey Reill Thie dy hiaulley trooid y pharlamaid, v'eh begnagh kinjagh dy beagh fer goll trooid y pharlamaid 'sy vlein 1914. Son lhiettrimys dy chur er shen, vaArryltee Ulley currit er bun 'sy vlein 1913 fo stiureyÇhiarn Carson. VaArryltee Nerin currit er bun myr eiyrtys er shen 'sy vlein 1914, as y dean oc son yBilley Reill Thie dy hickyraghey as eh goll trooid y pharlamaid. Hie'n Slattys trooid y pharlamaid lesh shaghney "shallidagh" er ny shey coondaeghyn ayns Queiggey Ulley. Ansherbee, roish lowal y Slattys v'eh currit tayrnit magh car yChaggey Mooar. Va Arryltee Yernagh rheynnit ayns daa phossan. Ghow y vooar-chooid, mychione 175,000 dy 'leih, foJohn Redmond, yn ennymArryltee Ashoonagh as chur ad cooney da cassey Nerin 'sy chaggey. Dreill y vyn-chooid, mychione 13,000 dy 'leih, yn ennym, Arryltee Nerin, as v'ad goll noi cassey Nerin 'sy chaggey.[37]
VaIrree Magh anraahoil y Chaisht 'sy vlein 1916 stiurit liorish y possan shen jerrinagh, as ren y freggyrt Goaldagh, cur gys baase jeh ny fir hoshee, caghlaa yn teaym ashoonagh gys Reill Thie. Hooar y partee currit rish seyrsnys,Sinn Féin, screeuyn-drommey mooarey ayns Ard-Reihys ny bleeaney 1918 as 'sy vlein 1919 va parlamaid as reiltys lhieu hene fogrit magh –Pobblaght Nerin. Ren ny h-eaghtyryssyn Goaldagh eab y doolane shen dy chur fo chosh, agh haghyr caggey keylley myr eiyrtys veih'n vlein 1919 derrey Jerrey Souree ny bleeaney 1921, as y caggey shen creaghney ayns scuirr caggee.[38] Va'nConaant Anglo-Yernagh creaghnit eddyr y Reiltys Goaldagh as çhaghteryn jeh'nChied Dáil (Çhionnal Nerin) 'sy vlein 1921. Hug y conaant slane seyrsnys da Nerin ayns cooishyn thie as begnagh slane seyrsnys ayns polasee joarree. Ansherbee, lhisagh da dagh çhaghter Yernagh jean loo ammys da'n Chrooin Ghoaldagh. As va steat reill thie jeant jehNerin Hwoaie çheu sthie jehSteat Seyr Nerin noa, agh va olt reih magh eck, olt va jeant jeeragh ny lurg.[39] Ren arganeyssyn mychione ny kiarailyn rheynn 'sy ghleashaght ashoonagh as haghyrcaggey theayagh eddyr y reiltys noa 'sy Steat Seyr as adsyn va goll noi'n chonaant, as ad stiurit liorishÉamon de Valera. Haink jerrey oikoil lesh y chaggey theayagh ayns Mee Voaldyn 1923 tra ren de Valera fogrey magh oardagh er scuirr-chaggee.[40]
Caslys-çheerey jeh'n 32 choontae tradishoonagh Nerin. Ta ny 26 coondaeghyn ayns Pobblaght Nerin taishbynit ayns eayney dorraghey, as ta ny 6 coondaeghyn ayns Nerin Hwoaie taishbynit ayns eayney gial. Ta dagh fer jeh ny coondaeghyn nyn giangley yn-chriggaragh dys yn art fo'n ennym cheddin.
Ta Nerin rheynnit ayns daa unnidyn politickagh:
Pobblaght Nerin, shickyrit er 21 Jerrey Geuree 1919 as currit er bun dy h-oikoil er 6 Nollick 1922, (Ireland nyÉire ("Nerin")dy h-oikoil), steat seyr ta coodaghey 5/6 dy eaghtyr yn ellan. SheDivlyn epreeu-valley.
Nerin Hwoaie, currit er bun er 3 Boaldyn 1921, cooid jeh'n Reeriaght Unnaneysit ta coodaghey 1/6 dy eaghtyr yn ellan. SheBeeal Feirshtey e preeu-valley.
Dy tradishoonagh, ta Nerin rheynnit stiagh aynskiare queiggaghyn:Queiggey Connaghtey (sheear),Queiggey Lion (shiar),Queiggey Mooan (jiass), asQueiggey Ulley (twoaie). Rere corys v'er ny lhiassaghey eddyr y 13-oo as y 17-oo eashyn,[41] tadaa choontae tradishoonagh jeig as feed ayns Nerin. Ta shey coondaeghyn as feed jeu nyn soie ayns Pobblaght Nerin as tashey coondaeghyn nyn soie ayns Nerin Hwoaie. Ta dagh fer jeh ny shey coondaghyn ayns Nerin Hwoaie soit ayns Queiggey Ulley myrgeddin (as nuy coondaeghyn 'sy wheiggey 'sy clane). Lesh shen, ta'n ennymUllee currit dy mennick er Nerin Hwoaie myr co-cheayllagh, ga nagh vel y daa enmys co-chagliagh.
Ayns Pobblaght Nerin, ta ny coondaeghyn jannoo bunneydys da corys gurneilys ynnydagh. Ta ny coondaeghynDivlyn,Corkee,Limmeragh,Galliu,Purt Largey, asÇhybbyrt Aarey er nyn rheynn magh ayns unnidyn reiragh ny sloo. Agh, t'ad coontit myr coondaeghyn er son cooishyn cultooragh as cooishyn reiragh ennagh, lheid as shirveishyn postagh asOrdnance Survey Ireland, ansherbee. Cha nel ny coondaeghyn ayns Nerin Hwoaie coontit ymmydit er son cooishyn gurneilys reiragh,[42] agh, myrane lesh y Phobblaght, ta ny joaraghyn tradishoonagh ymmydit ry hoi cooishyn neu-formoil lheid as leegyn spoyrt as ayns co-hecksyn cultooragh as turrysagh myrane lesh ayns enmyssyn postagh.[43]
FoddeeKeeill Chennee (22,179 cummaltee), ee dy chur sheese myr ard-valley rere leigh, ga nagh vel ee ny h-ard-valley dy h-oikoil ny smoo. Ta ny smoo cummaltee ayns baljyn ennagh na t'ayn ayns ny h-ard-valjyn ta currit 'sy rolley heose agh cha nel ad er enney myr ard-valjyn er yn oyr nagh vel kaartyn shendeeagh ny staydys slattyssagh oc.
Dyn y wooise da'n rheynn pholitickagh, ta ellan Nerin foast gobbraghey myr un unnid ayns ram magheryn ta goaill harrish bingyn reiltysagh. Ta un chorysarraghee,çhellinsh, bree as ushtey ec y daa reiltys. Lesh kuse veg dy limmaghyn ardghooagh, ta'n ellan ny unnid reiragh da reagheydyssyn as sheshaghtyn crauee, cultooragh as spoyrt. Ta un 'wirran eddyrashoonagh ec yn ellan ayns y chooid smoo jeh spoyrtyn, lheid as aynsruggyr, as ta'n 17-oo Mart er ny chelloorey er feie'n ellan myr feailley tradishoonagh YernaghNoo Perrick. She limmey da'n chorys ooilley-ellanagh t'ayns ytoccer as daa 'wirran eddyrashoonagh ayn.
TaConaant Veeal Feirshtey 1998 cour rish co-obbraghey politickagh eddyr y daa reiltys. Ta'nChoonseil Hirveishagh Hwoaie-Yiass, va currit er bun fo conaantyn y Chonaant, ny h-undinys raad dy vel shirveishee reiltysagh veih'n jiass as veih'n twoaie jargal çheet ry-cheilley dys polaaseyn ooilley-ellanagh dy chur er bun as dy chur ayns focklyn ayns daa "ard co-obbraghey" jeig lheid as eirinys, y çhymmyltaght as arraghey. Ta "bingyn cooilleenaght" ooilley-ellanagh ec shey jeh ny h-ardjyn shen. Myr sampleyr, ta sauçhys bee stiurit ec yFood Safety Promotion Board as taTourism Ireland geddyn margey da'n ellan er feie. Ta tree parteeghyn politickagh mooarey,Sinn Féin,Partee Glass Nerin as, er y gherrid,Fianna Fáil reaghit er bunneydys ooilley-ellanagh. Cha nel agh soiagyn ec Sinn Féin ayns y daa reiltys, ansherbee.
Dyn y wooise da'n firrinaght dy vel y daa reiltys goaill ymmyd jeh daaargid cadjin er lheh (ynoarey as ypunt Sostynagh), ta kuse vooar dy traght gurneilit er bunneydys ooilley-ellanagh. Ta olteynys 'synUnnaneys Oarpagh lhiggey da shen, dy paartagh. Ta olteynyn veih'n cho-phobble dellal as veih crooderyn polaase geamagh er son "tarmaynys ooilley-ellanagh" er yn oyr dy nod ad goaill vondeishyn asstarmaynyssyn scaailley as dys cohirreydaght dy hroggal.[48] Ta'n ellan gobbraghey myr margey singil ayns ardlectraghys[49] as ta claareyn ayn dys margey singil dy chur er bun dagas najooragh.[50] Ta pohlldey da ventyryssyn shen çheet dy mennick veih'nreiltys Yernagh as veih parteeghyn politickaghashoonagh aynsÇhionnal Nerin Hwoaie.[51]
Ta fainey dy sleityn slystagh cruinnlaghey strahyn rea injil ayns çheshvean yn ellan. SheCorrán Tuathail (Baarle:Carrauntoohill) aynsCoontae Cherree y slieau s'yrjey nyn mast'oc, as eh 1,038 m er yrjid.[52] Ta'n thalloo smoo traauoil soit ayns Queiggey Lioin.[53] Foddee ardjyn sheear dy ve sleitagh as creggagh lesh reayrtyssyn glassey. TaAwin ny Shannon, yn awin s'liurey 'syn ellan as ee 386 km er lhiurid, girree aynsCoontae yn Chavan 'sy neear hwoaie as t'ee roie dys ard-valleyLimmeragh 'sy neear meanagh.[54]
Rere y ghlasseraght rank er yn ellan, troar jeh'n speyr vog asfliaghey mennick, ta'n far-ennym "Ellan Sheear-ghlass Nerin" currit urree. Taspeyr vooiragh vog ry-gheddyn ayns Nerin lesh kuse veg dy feeganyn. Ta'n speyr ny speyr ellanagh ashonderagh dy cadjin as t'ee scapail veih ny çhiassidyn geyrey ta ry-gheddyn er dowan-lheeadyn cheddin elley er feie ny Cruinney.[55] T'eh shen ny eiyrtys jeh ny geayaghyn fliughey tempreilagh ta baardaghey veih sheear yiass yCheayn Sheear.
Ta frassaghey tuittym car ny bleeaney agh t'eh eddrym son y chooid smoo, 'sy niar er lheh. Ta'n neear ny s'fliaghey dy meanagh as eh crommey hug sterrymyn ass y Cheayn Sheear, 'syn 'ouyir jeianagh as car meeghyn y gheuree er lheh. T'ad cur geayaghyn jeeillagh lhieu asfliaghey lane ny smoo da ny h-ardjyn shen, myrane leshsniaghtey assniaghtey garroo. Ta ny h-ardjyn ayns twoaieChoontae ny Galliu as 'sy niar jehCoontae Vay Eo recortyssey yn chooid smoo jehtendreil er yn ellan as ee taghyrt er eddyr queig as jeih laaghyn 'sy vlein ayns ny h-ardjyn shen.[56] Ta'n chooid sloo jeh sniaghtey ry-gheddyn aynsQueiggey Mooan 'sy jiass, as ta'n chooid smoo jeh sniaghtey ry-gheddyn aynsQueiggey Ulley 'sy twoaie.
Ta ny h-ardjyn sthie beggan ny s'çhoe car y tourey as beggan ny s'feayrey car y gheurey. Dy cadjin, ta 40 laaghyn 'sy vlein ny sloo na'n poynt rio0 °C(32 °F) ec stashoonyn emshir sthie, ayns cosoylaght rish 10 laaghyn ec stashoonyn slystagh. Ta Nerin cleaynit liorish skallaneyn çhiass ny keayrtyn, ayns 1995, 2003 as 2006 er y gherrid. Myrane lesh y chooid elley jeh'n Oarpey, va Nerin fo chleaney jeh emshyr feer feayr car geurey ny bleeaney 2009–2010. Huitt çhiassidyn dys -13 °C (9 °F) ayns buill ennagh as huitt kuse vooar dyniaghtey, seose dys 1 m ayns ardjyn sleitagh.
Ta'n ellan jeant seose jehqueiggaghyn creg-oaylleeagh eigsoylagh. Foddey 'sy neear, mygeayrtCoontae ny Galliu asCoontae Ghoon ny Ghoal, ta co-hroggalys aileagh as ceaghlagh jeh keim eddyr meanagh as ard, jeh cleunysCaledoneedagh ry-akin, cosoylagh rishGaeltaght ny h-Albey. Harrish Ullee hiar yiass as sheeyney sheear yiass dysy Lhongfort as jiass dysyn Ooive ta queiggey ta jeant seose jeh creggyn Ordoveeshagh as Shillooragh ry-akin, lesh cosoylaghtyn rishThalloo Ard ny h-Albey. Ny s'odjey da'n jiass, rish cooseChoontae Logh Garman, ta ard ta jeant seose jehimlee hryalagh stiagh dys creggyn ny smoo Ordoveeshagh as Shillooragh ry-akin, cosoylagh rish adsyn t'er ny gheddyn aynsBretyn.[57][58] 'Sy neear yiass, mygeayrtBá Bheanntraí asna Cruacha Dubha, ta ard jeh creggyn Devonagh, feer vee-chummit, agh nagh velceaghlagh, ry-gheddyn.[59] Ta'n fainey neuchorrymagh shen dy chreg-oaylleeaght "chreg chreoi" coodit liorish lane-choodaghey dy clagh eayil Carboanar harrish çheshvean ny çheerey, as eh shen lhiggey da reayrt çheerey troaragh as rank. Ta'n clyst heear mygeayrtLios Dún Bhearna –Boirinn – jeant seose jeh troynkarst mie-lhiassit.[60]
Ta ronsaghey da hiddracarboanyn goll er shooyl lurg y chied feddyn magh mooar ayns magher gasChione Sailey magh veih cooseChoontae Chorkee ayns ny 1970yn meanagh.[61][62] Ny s'anmey, 'sy vlein 1999, va tashtyn scanshoil dyghas najooragh feddynit magh aynsMagher Gas an Choirib magh veih cooseChoontae Vay Eo. Ta magher ooil Heilbhic, er ooley dy vel ny smoo na 28 millioonyn dy stoandaghyn (4,500,000 m3), ny ronsaghey noa elley.[63]
Er yn oyr dy row Nerin scarrit magh veih'n Oarpey vooarheeragh rere yrjidyn marrey va girree lurg yneash rioee yerrinagh, ta ny sloo sorçhyn dy veiyn as dy lossreeyn ayn na t'ayn 'syVretyn Vooar na 'synOarpey. Cha nel agh 26 dooieyn dy heeintee çheet ass Nerin er dooghyssaght. Ta dooieyn ennagh, lheid as yshynnagh, ynarkan sonney, as ybroc nyn nooieyn feer lhieenar, tra ta dooieyn elley lheid as ymwaah Yernagh, yfeeaih ruy askayt ny miljyn er nyn vakin ny s'anvenkey. Ta beiyn marrey, lheid as yturtyl, ysharkagh, ymeeyl mooar as ydoraid, ry-akin magh veih'n choose dy mennick. Ta mychione 400 dooieyn dy ushagyn er nyn recortyssey ayns Nerin. Ta kuse vooar jeh ny h-ushagyn shen nyn ushagyn arraghee, goaill stiagh ygollan geayee soailt. Ta'n chooid smoo jeh dooiyn ushag ayns Nerin çheet assyn Eeslynn,Greenlynn asyn Affrick.
Ta shiartanse dy horçhyn dyoayldyn ry-gheddyn ayns Nerin, goaill stiagh thalloo eirinagh, thalloo keylley foshlit,keylljyn lhean-ghuillagagh sonderagh as mestit, keylljyn dyviljyn-cughlin,curreeynmoaney as sorçhyn eigsoylagh dy oayldyn slystagh. Agh ta'n eirinys stiurey rheynnyn dy ymmyd thallooin ayns Nerin, ansherbee, as y stiurey shen cur caglee er thallooyn er lheh da oayldyn najooragh,[68] da sheeintee feie mooarey er lheh as ad er laccal ny smoo thalloo dauesyn. Er yn oyr nagh velcragheyder baarelagh ayns Nerin, ta earrooyn dy veiyn, lheid as feeaihee lieh-feie, nagh vel streeanit ec cragheyderyn beggey, lheid as y shynnagh, streeanit ec jeelymyn bleinoil.
Dy h-ard-ghooagh, cha nel aarnieuyn ayns Nerin as cha nel agh un pheisht (yjiolgan leaghyr cadjin) ta çheet ass yn ellan. Ta dooieyn anvio goaill stiagh yfeeaih mooar Yernagh, yfilliu Yernagh as ynawk vooar. Ta dooieyn dy ushagyn eear-anvio, goaill stiagh ynurley buigh, er nyn gur stiagh reesht lurg jeihaghtyn dy neuveays.
Derrey ny traaghyn mean-eashagh, va Nerin gloo-choodit rishdarree,juyssyn asbeihyn. Jiu ta keylljyn coodaghey mychione 9% (4,450 km² ny un villioon d'acyryn)[69] eaghtyr Nerin, as ta'n earroo shoh taishbyney dy vel Nerin ny h-ard smoo jee-cheyllit 'syn Oarpey. Ta cooid vooar jeh'n thalloo coodit rish thalloo fassee, as ta ram dooieyn dy lossreeyn feie. Taaittin (Ulex europaeus),conney frangagh feie, ry-gheddyn dy mennick ayns thallooyn ard, as tarenniee ry-gheddyn dy mennick ayns ny h-ardjyn smoo bog, 'sy neear er lheh. Ta Nerin ny balley da keeadyn dy ghooieyn dy lossreeyn, as fir oc nagh vel ry-gheddyn magh ass yn ellan, as t'ee er ny ve "coloinit" rish faiyryn, lheid asSpartina anglica.[70]
Ta'n shennaghys foddey dy troarey eirinagh, kianglt rish aghtyn eirinagh noa-emshiragh lheid as ymmyd smaghtaghey noidyn as eoylley, as teaumey veih sollaghar jeeragh stiagh ayns glish, awinyn as loghyn builley er ny h-eggo-choryssyn ushtey oor najooragh as cur broo er bea-neuchaslid ayns Nerin.[73][74]
Ta thalloo dy vagheryn glassey er son lhiassaghey troaryn as troggal ollee cur cagliagh er y thalloo t'er geddyn da soiaghey seose dy ghooieyn feie dooghyssagh. Ansherbee, ta cleighee, ymmydit dy tradishoonagh dy freayll as dy chur creeagh er joaraghyn thallooin, shassoo seose myr thalloo coadee da blaanid feie ghooghyssagh. Ta'n eggo-chorys shen sheeyney magh harrish ny çheerey as t'eh gobbraghey myr moggyl dy chianglaghyn as ad freayll remladyn jeh'n çhenn eggo-chorys v'er ny heeyney magh er feie'n ellan. Ta argidyn coonee fo'nPholaase Eirinagh Cadjin, as ad cur pohlldey da aghtyn eirinagh va freayll cleighee, goll trooid aachummaghyn. Ayns ny shenn traaghyn, hug y Polaase Eirinagh Cadjin argidyn coonee da aghtyn eirinagh jeeillagh, foddee, as ad cur trimmid er troarey gyn joaraghyn y chur er ymmyd neulhietrimmagh dy eoyllaghyn as dy smaghtyn noidyn myr sampleyr, agh ta ny h-aachummaghyn, t'er çheet magh er y gherrid, jee-chiangley argidyn coonee veih cormidyn troaragh as t'ad er ny chur stiagh shirreydyssyn çhymmyltagh as shirreydyssyn elley.[75]
Ta keylljyn coodaghey mychione 10% dy eaghtyr ny çheerey, as ta'n chooid smoo jeu enmyssit da troarey traghtee.[68] Ta ardjyn keyllagh jeant seose dy cadjin jeh garaghyn dy viljyn un-chultooragh neu-ghooghyssagh, as foddee dy vel eh shen cur er bun oayldyn nagh vel cooie da dooieyn dooghyssagh dy neu-vertebree. Ta remladyn jeh'n cheyll ghooghyssagh ry-akin skahit er feie'n ellan, aynsPairk Ashoonagh Cheeil Airney er lheh. Ta ardjyn najooragh gymmyrçh cleighee as faalyn dys ro-yndyragh dy lhiettal liorishfeeaihee askirree ta shooyl trood ardjyn neu-lhiassit. Ta'n yndyraght 'syn aght shen cur lhietrimmys er aaghiennaghtyn najooragh ny keylljyn ayns ram ardjyn ny çheerey.[76]
Cha daink yçhyndaa çhynskylagh dys Nerin da'n chooid smoo. Ta deiney ennagh credjal nagh daink y çhyndaa çhynskylagh dys Nerin dys Nerin er oyr gennid gheayil as yiarn, as ad nyn roie-chonaantyn da çhyndaaghyn çhynskylagh rere reayrt ennagh. Ta cremeyderyn jeh'n reayrt shen cowraghey magh çheeraghyn elley raad nagh row ny cooid shen ayn agh raad haghyr y çhyndaa çhynskylagh as t'ad cur cooishyn elley ayn myr oyryn.[77] Ta screeudeeyryn shennaghys ennagh cowraghey magh yn unnaneys doaltattym lesh y tarmaynys share dy strughtooragh ayns Sostyn. T'ad cowraghey magh dy row leaghyn yiarn as geayil ayns Nerin cha neugheyr as ayns buill ennagh ayns Sostyn – as beggan ny s'inshley er leagh ayns buill ennagh – as er ny bleeantyn jeeragh roishyn unnaneys lesh y Vretyn Vooar, va çhynskylaghey ry-akin ayns Nerin ('sy çhynskyllieen er lheh).[78] Lesh y chovestey eddyr y daa harmaynys dy doaltattym, rere y reayrt shen, hoshee Nerin gassphurtal bee as obbreeyn dys y 'vooar-heer' ayns ynnyd e çhynskylaghey hene.[79]
Haghyr arraghey magh mooar lurg y Ghortey Mooar ayns ny 1800yn meanagh as darr eh shen derrey ny 1980yn.[80] Ansherbee, haghyr caghlaa mooar ayns tarmaynys Nerin car ny 1990yn, as bishaghey tarmaynagh neuchadjin taghyrt car ny bleeantyn shen ayns Pobblaght Nerin, ayns phenomenon t'er enney myr "Yn Teegyr Celtiagh",[81] as lesh çheet shee ayns Nerin Hwoaie. 'Sy vlein 2005, va Pobblaght Nerin currit 'sy chied ynnyd myr y boayl share er y theihll myr balley cummal, rere scrutaghey "quallid-vea" liorish yn earish-lioarThe Economist.[82] Ghow Pobblaght Nerin olteynys aynscryss yn oarey ayns 1999, tra hannee Nerin Hwoaie lesh yphunt Sostynagh. Hie Pobblaght Nerin as Nerin Hwoaie stiagh ayns goll ergooyl ayns 2008[83][84] as ayns 2009, va'n chormid vee-staartaght ayns Pobblaght Nerin ec 12.5%[85] reregeyre-ghaue argidoil Nerin ayns 2008–2010.
Ta queig kied phurtyn aer eddyrashoonagh ayns Nerin:Purt Aer Ghivlyn,Purt Aer Eddyrashoonagh Veeal Feirshtey (An Gearrán Fearnóige),Purt Aer Chorkee,Purt Aer ny Shannon andPurt Aer Eear Nerin (Cnoc Mhuire). Ta Purt Aer Ghivlyn ny purt aer smoo tarrooagh,[86] as 22 villioon dy hroailtee goll trooid y phurt aer dagh blein,[87] as ta terminal as roievollagh noa er ny hroggal ec y traa t'ayn.[88] Ta dagh fer jeu cour shirveishyn aer dys y Vretyn Vooar as yn Oarpey vooar-heeragh, as ta purtyn aer Beeal Feirshtey Eddyrashoonagh, Divlyn as y Çhannon cour shirveishyn harrish yn Atlantagh. Er feie shiartanse dy jeihaghtyn va'n Çhannon ny purt aalhieeney scanshoil da bollee harrish-Atlantagh.[89] Er y gherrid, ta shirveish roie-vynscrutaghey er ny foshley ayn as ee lhiggey da troailtee goll trooid custymyn sthie-arragh Americaanagh roie faagail Nerin. Ta shiartanse dy phuirt aer ny sloo ayn chammah:Purt Aer Chaayr Veeal Feirshtey George Best,Purt Aer Chaayr Ghoirrey,Purt Aer ny Galliu,Purt Aer Cherree (An Fearann Fuar),Purt Aer Shliggee (An Leathros),Purt Aer Phurt Largey asPurt Aer Ghoon ny Ghoal (An Charraig Fhinn). Ta shirveishyn skedjalit veih ny buill ardjynagh shen goll dys buill elley ayns Nerin as 'y Vretyn Vooar son y chooid smoo. Ta lhuingyssyn aer ta bunnit ayns Nerin goaill stiaghAer Lingus (eear-lhuingys aer ashoonagh Phobblaght Nerin),Ryanair,Aer Arann asCityJet.
Ta shirveishyn assaig eddyr y Vretyn Vooar as Nerin trooid Mooir Vannin as t'ad goaill stiagh bollee veihAbertawe dys Corkee, veihAbergwaun asPenfro dys Ros Láir, veihCaergybi dys Doon Laoire, veihStroin Roauyr dys Beeal Feirshtey as veihMachair an Sgithich dys Laarney. Myrane lhieusyn ta kiangley assaig eddyrLerphoyll as Beeal Feirshtey trooidDoolish aynsMannin. Ta'n baatey assaig gleashtan smoo, ynMV Ulysses, stiurit ecIrish Ferries er y vollagh eddyr Divlyn as Caergybi. Myrane lesh shen, ta baataghyn assaig goll veih Ros Láir as Corkee dysy Rank.
Raaidyn yiarn, puirt ushtey scanshoil, puirt aeragh, as bayryn gleashtanagh (goaill stiagh adsyn ta begnagh creaghnit) ayns Nerin
Va'n moggyl dy raaidyn yiarn ayns Nerin lhiassit ec ram colughtyn preevaadjagh car y 19-oo eash, as fir oc geddyn argid choonee reiltysagh 'sy 19-oo eash yeianagh. Rosh y moggyl y roshtynys smoo ayns 1920. V'eh coardit dy beagh towse lheanagh jeh 1,600 mm (5 tr 3 oar)[91] myr towse stundayrtit er yn ellan, ga dy row keeadyn dy chilometeryn dy raaidyn yiarn lesh towse keyl jeh 914mm (3 tr).[91]
Ta traenyn troailtagh liauyr ayns Pobblaght Nerin stiurit ecIarnród Éireann as t'ad kiangley yn chooid smoo jeh ny baljyn smoo. Ayns Nerin Hwoaie ta dagh shirveish stiurit ecNorthern Ireland Railways. Ayns bishaghey lesh shen, ta fer jeh ny raaidyn yiarn lught çhymnit smoo 'syn Oarpey soit ayns Nerin ta stiurit ecBord na Móna as ta beggan ny sloo na 1,400 km er lhiurid.[92]
Ayns Divlyn, ta daa voggyl raaidey yiarn kiarail arraghey 'syn ard-valley as ayns yn ard ta cruinnlaghey yn ard-valley. Ta'nDublin Area Rapid Transit ny yn DART ("Arraghey Tappee Ard Ghivlyn") kiangley çheshvean yn ard-valley rish ny fo-valjyn slystagh. Hoshee corys raaidey yiarn eddrym, yLuas ("Leahys"), gobbraghey ayns 2004 as t'eh gymmyrkey troailtee dys ny fo-valjyn meanagh as heear. Ta shiartanse dy linnaghyn Luas plannit myrane leshraad yiarn fo-halloo. Ta'n DART stiruit ec Iarnród Éireann as ta'n Luas stiurit ecVeolia fo kiartys dellal veih'nRailway Procurement Agency ("Bing Feddyn Streebee Raaidey Yiarn"). Fo conaantyn plan y reiltys Yernagh,Transport 21, va'n raad yiarn eddyr Corkee asMainistir na Corann aa-oshlit ayns 2009. Ta aa-oshley yn raad yiarnyn Ooive–Cluain Saileach asBollagh Raad Yiarn Sheear coontit mastey obbraghyn ry-heet jeh'n phlan cheddin.[93]
Ta ny shirveishyn ayns Nerin Hwoaie feer ghoan ayns cosoylaght rish y chooid elley jeh Nerin ny rish y Vretyn Vooar. Va moggyl raad yiarn mooar giarrit ayns ny 1950yn as ny 1960yn.[94] Ta shirveishyn roie goaill stiagh bollee fo-valjagh dysLaarney,yn Euar, asBeannchar, myrane lesh shirveishyn dys Doirrey. Ta crouw-linney goll veihCooil Rhennee dysPort Rois.[95]
Ta gleashtaneyryn ayns Nerin gimman er y chlee. Ta moggyl rheamyssagh dy raaidyn as moggyl lhiassagh dy vayryn gleashtanagh sheeyney magh veih Divlyn as Beeal Feirshtey er lheh. Dy shendeeagh, va'n chooid smoo jeh raaidyn ayns shelloo shellooderyn thallooin as ny s'anmey ren Barrantyssyn Giat Cassee çhaglym keeshyn er son ny raaidyn as ayns y vlein 1800 va 16,100 km dy raaidyn ayns Nerin.[96] Ayns ny bleeantyn caie, chur Reiltys Nerin plan arraghee noa er bun as y plan shen ny halee argidagh smoo ayns corys arraghee Nerin: baihaghey €34 billioonyn veih 2006 derrey 2015. Ta obbyr er shaleeyn raaidey er ny hoshiaghey as ta fir jeu er ny chreaghney.[97]
Va ny kied shirveishynbaroose post ayns Nerin conaantit liorishJohn Anderson lesh William Bourne ayns 1791 as eh er ny yeeilley er son lhiasaghey stayd ny raaidyn.[98] Va'n corys dy varooseyn post, dy charriadsyn as dy "vianyn" lhiasit ny smoo ecCharles Bianconi, soit aynsCluain Meala, veih'n vlein 1815 myr roie-haghter y chorys arraghee Yernagh.[99] Jiu, t'ad ny h-ard-cholughtyn baroose naBus Éireann ayns Pobblaght Nerin asUlsterbus ayns Nerin Hwoaie, as y daa jeu garral shirveishyn troailtagh rheamyssagh ayns dagh paart jeh'n ellan. TaBus Átha Cliath garral shirveishyn baroose da ard Ghivlyn mooar as taMetro stiurey shirveishyn ayns ard Veeal Feirshtey mooar.
Ta cowraghyn raaidey as caglee vieauid ayns Pobblaght Nerin taishbynit ayns kilometeryn 'syn oor, as ny caglee er nyn caghlaa 'sy vlein 2005. Ta cowraghyn foddeeaght as caglee vieauid ayns Nerin Hwoaie foast goaill ymmyd jeh unnidyn impiroil cosoylagh rish y chooid elley jeh'n Reeriaght Unnaneysit.
Er y chooid smoo jeh'n tammylt va ny moggylyn lectraghys ayns Pobblaght Nerin as Nerin Hwoaie scarrit veih nyn geilley. Va'n daa voggyl jeu cummit as troggit dy neuchroghagh lurg y rheynn magh. Agh, myr eiyrtys jeh caghlaaghyn harrish ny bleeantyn jeianagh, t'ad kianglt nish ry-cheilley lesh tree eddyr-chianglaghyn[100] as t'ad kianglt trooid y Vretyn Vooar rish yn Oarpey vooar-heeragh. Ta'n soiaghey ayns Nerin Hwoaie ny smoo co-chast er yn oyr nagh vel colughtyn preevaadjagh kiarailNorthern Ireland Electricity (NIE) lesh dy liooar lectraghys. Ayns Pobblaght Nerin, cha renyn ESB jeianaghey ny stashoonyn lectraghys echey as ta feddynaght stashoonyn lectraghys çheet er 66% de meanagh, nane jeh ny cormidyn s'messey 'syn Oarpey Heear. TaEirGrid troggal linney ym-skeaylleyHVDC eddyr Nerin as y Vretyn Vooar lesh mooadys eck er 500 MW, ny mychione 10% jeh shirreydys mullee.[101]
Er y gherrid ta eabyn er ny n'gholl ersooyl ayns Nerin dy ghoaill ymmyd assbree yn-aanooaghey lheid asbree gheayee. Taynnydyn mwyljyn-geayee er nyn droggal ayns coondaeghyn slystagh lheid as Doon ny Ghoal, May Eo, as Aontrym. Ta ynnyd mwyljyn-geayee er ny ve troggit magh veih cooseChoontae Cheeill Mantan ecYnnyd Mwyljyn-Geayee Vullagh Inver Mooar as bee eh ny ynnyd mwyljyn-geayee smoo er y theihll. T'eh er credjal dy nee'n ynnyd mwyljyn-geayee ayns Inver Mooar troarey 10% dy lectraghys Nerin tra t'eh creaghnit. Ta troggalys ynnydyn mwyljyn-geayee er ny ve moalit rere condaigys veih co-phobbylyn ynnydagh, as fir jeu credjal nagh vel nytrubeenyn-geayee dy h-aalin. SheCnoc an Turlaigh jeh chooid yn ESB yn un heyrraad ry hoi tastey bree 'sy steat.[105]
Ren ny kied deiney cummal ayns Nerin mychione 9,000 bleeantyn er dy henney, agh cha nel mooarane fys er enney ain mychione ny cummalteehenn-chlaghagh nynoalittagh. Ta ronsaghey gien-oaylleeagh 'sy vlein 2004 coyrlaghey dy daink ny kied chummaltee dys yn ellan as ad çheet harrish ny sheelogheyn rish coose y Cheayn Sheears veih'n Spaainey.[7] Rere sheiltynyssyn ny s'leah, haink ad veih'n Oarpey veanagh. Ta recortyssyn shendeeagh as caardyssagh goaill baght er beays dussanyn dy chynneeyn eigsoylagh foddee v'ad feayn-skeealleydagh ny firrinagh, lheid as nyCruthinee, nyh-Attacotti, nyConmaicne, nyh-Eóganachta, nyh-Érainn, as nySoghain, mastey kynneeyn elley. Harrish y 1,000 bleeaney jerrinagh hainkny Loghlynee, nyNormanee, nyh-Albinee, as nySostynee as ad cur lesh y phobble dooghyssagh.
Ta'nChreestiaght ny possan crauee smoo ayns Nerin. SheCatoleaghys Raueagh y rheynn chrauee smoo as eh cowraghey 73% jeh pobble yn ellan (as mychione 87%[106] jeh pobble Phobblaght Nerin). Ta'n chooid elley jeh'n phobble nyn gooid jeh rheynnyn Protestoonagh eigsoylagh (mychione 53% jeh pobble Nerin Hwoaie).[107] SheAgglishAnglicaanagh Nerin y nah agglish smoo. Ta'npobble Islamagh ayns Neirn gaase, rere arraghey stiagh son y chooid smoo. Ta pobble beg dyEwagh ry-gheddyn ayns Nerin chammah. Ta 4% pobble ny Pobblaght jannoo cur sheese orroo hene myr deiney gyn craueeaght.[106] Ta 14% pobble Nerin Hwoaie jannoo y cur sheese cheddin orroo.[107]
Dirree sleih-earroo Nerin dy tappee veih'n 16-oo eash derrey'n 19-oo eash veanagh. Haghyrgonney craaynagh ayns ny 1840yn, as myr eiyrtys, hooar un villioon dy 'leih baase as daag ny smoo na millioon dy 'leih yn ellan jeeragh lurg y ghonney. Harrish y keead-bleeaney eiyrtyssagh huitt sleih-earroo yn ellan dys earroo va lieh chooid jeh'n çhenn earroo, traa va bishaghey tree-filley ayns sleih-earroo ry-akin ayns çheeraghyn Oarpagh elley.
Caslys-çheerey Nerin ta taishbyneyglooaght y phobble rere coontae, 2002. Gow tashtey er y ghlooaght 'sy niar as ayns Ullee
Chur arraghey magh ass Nerin lesh sleih-earroo Hostyn, ny Steatyn Unnaneysit, ny Canadey as ny h-Austrail raad taeebyrtys Yernagh mooar cummal jiu. Va ny cooseyn sheear as jiass jeeillit son y chooid smoo rere yn arraghey magh shen. Roish y Ghortey Mooar, va'n ghlooaght cheddin, begnagh, ayns queiggaghyn Connaghtey, Lion as Mooan as cha row Queiggey Ulley cha glooit as y tree queiggaghyn elley. Jiu, ta'n ghlooaght foddey ny s'trimmey ayns Ullee as Lioin, ayns Divlyn er lheh, na ayns y Vooan as Connaghtey.
Rere raahys aasagh veih'n jeihaght yerrinagh jeh'n 20-oo eash, haink Nerin dy ve ny boayl da sthie-arraghey. Veih renyn Unnaneys Oarpagh sheeyney magh dysy Pholynn dy ghoaill stiagh ayns 2004, ta nyPolynnee 'sy chied ynnyd rere earroo sthie-arree (ny smoo na 150,000)[108], as sthie-arree elley er nyn jeet veih'nLitaan,y Phobblaght Çheck, asy Latvey.[109] Ta sthie-arraghey mooar er ny akin ayns Pobblaght Nerin er lheh. Rere coontey-pobble 2006, v'eh recortyssit dy row 420,000 fir whaagh, ny 10% jeh'n sleih-earroo, cummal ayns Pobblaght Nerin.[110] Ta cooid vooar jeh ny sthie-arree neu-Oarpagh jeant seose jehSheenee asNaigeeree, myrane lesh deiney ass çheeraghyn Affrickagh elley. T'eh er credjal, ansherbee, dy daag seose dys 50,000 obbreeyn arraghee veih'n Oarpey Hiar roishjerrey ny bleeaney 2008.[111]
Ta'nVaarle Yernagh er ny loayrt ayns Nerin veih ny Mean Eashyn as, rere arraghey çhengagh car y 19-oo eash, ta'n Vaarle er ny chur stiagh ayns ynnyd yYernish myr y phreeu-hengey da'n chooid smoo jeh'n phobble.[112] Cha nel y Yernish loayrit dy mennick magh ass y chorys ynsee agh ec mysh 10% sleih-earroo Phobblaght Nerin[113] as ta 38% jeu ta ny smoo na 15 bleeaney d'eash rang-oardit myr "Yernisheyryn". Ayns Nerin Hwoaie, she'n Vaarle y çhengey oikoilde facto, agh ta staydys ec y Yernish as ec ynUllanish, as ee loayrit çheu yiass veih'n joarey chammah. Ayns ny jeihaghtyn jeianagh, rere'n sthie-arraghey, ta ram çhengaghyn elley er ny çheet stiagh dys Nerin, as ad çheet as yn Aishey as yn Oarpey Veanagh son y chooid smoo.
Ta cultoor Nerin jeant seose jeh meeryn cultoor y çhenn sthie-arraghee as cleaynaghyn (lheid ascultoor Gaelgagh) as, er y gherrid,Sostnaghey asAmericaanaghey myrane lesh commeeys aynscultoor ny h-Oarpey. Rere keeal lheeadagh, Ta Nerin coontit myr nane jeh nyhashoonyn Celtiagh 'syn Oarpey, gollrishNalbin,Bretyn,y Chorn,Mannin asy Vritaan. Ta'n cochiangle shen dy cleaynaghyn cultooagh ry-akin ayns cummaghyn cam ta enmyssitfee Yernagh nyCruint Cheltiagh. T'ad ry-akin ayns ornaidys ny h-obbraghyn crauee as neuvonnagh mean-eashagh. Ta'n aght shen foast ennoil jiu ayns cliejeeneydys as ellyn ghraafagh,[114] myrane lesh yn aght er lheh jehkiaull as daunse Yernagh tradishoonagh, as t'ad er ny ve cowreydagh da cultoor "Celtiagh" noa-emshiragh son y chooid smoo.
Va paart mooar eccraueeaght ayns lhiasaghey yn theihll cultooragh 'syn ellan veih ny shenn traaghyn (as veih nyplandailyn 'sy 17-oo eash va'n chraueeaght ny focys da enney politickagh as rheynnyn er yn ellan). Ren eiraght roie-Chreestee Nerin roie ry-cheilley leshyn Agglish Cheltiagh lurg sushtallaghtynNoo Perrick 'sy 5-oo eash. Ren nysushtallaghtyn Yernagh-Albinagh, er nyn doshiaghey ec y vaynagh YernaghColum Keeilley Noo, sheeyney reayrt Yernagh ny Creestiaght dysSostyn phaganagh as dysImpiraght ny Frankee. Hug ny sushtallaghtyn shen çhengey screeuee dys pobble neulettyragh ny h-Oarpey caryn Eash Ghorraghey lurgtuittym ny Raue, as ad cur y far-ennym "ellan ny nooghyn as ny scollagyn" er Nerin. Ayns ny bleeantyn jeianagh, tathieyn oast Yernagh er nyn ve coontit myr noa-phostyn y chultoor Yernagh er feie ny Cruinney.
Ta shiartanse dy hengaghyn goll er loayrt ayns Nerin. Ta'nYernish y phreeu-hengey ghooghyssagh 'syn ellan. Veih'n 19-oo eash yeianagh, haink yVaarle dy ve ny preeu-hengey da'n chooid smoo dy 'leih as haink ee stiagh ayns Nerin ayns ny Mean Eashyn. Ta mynlaght vooar foast loayrt ayns Yernish jiu, agh cha nel ee ny kied çhengey agh ec cooid veg jeh'n phobble. Fobunraght Phobblaght Nerin, ta staydys oikoil ec y daa hengey, agh ta staydys ashoonagh ec y Yernish as t'ee coontit myr y chied hengey. Ayns Nerin Hwoaie, ta'n Vaarle ny preeu-hengey, as ta staydys mynlagh ardjynagh er y Yernish as er yVaarle Albinagh Ultagh.
Ta cohortys mooar jeant ec Nerin ayns lettyraght ny cruinney ayns dagh banglane, 'sy Vaarle er lheh. Ta feeleeaght ayns Yernish coontit myr yfeeleeaght ghooghyssagh shinney 'syn Oarpey, as ta ny sampleyryn s'leah çheet ass y 6-oo eash. 'Sy Vaarle, va enney mooar erJonathan Swift ayns ny traaghyn echey er son e obbraghyn lheid asGulliver's Travels asA Modest Proposal, as t'eh foast enmyssit dy mennick myr ygrinder toshee 'sy Vaarle, as ta enney mooar erOscar Wilde son ny keeayllidyn echey ta aaraait dy mennick. 'Sy 20-oo eash haink kiare cosneyderyn jehAundyr Nobel ayns Lettyraght ass Nerin:George Bernard Shaw,William Butler Yeats,Samuel Beckett asSeamus Heaney. Faagail magh nagh rowAundyr Nobel bronnit erJames Joyce, t'eh coontit myr nane jeh ny screeuderyn smoo scanshoil jeh'n 20-oo eash. Ta'n noa-skeeal veih'n vlein 1922Ulysses coontit myr nane jeh ny h-obbraghyn smoo scanshoil aynslettyraght yeianagh as ta e heihll kelloorit dagh blein er 16 Mean Souree ayns Divlyn, as y laa shen enmyssit "Bloomsday".[118] Ta lettyraght Yernagh noa-emshiragh kianglt dy mennick rish yn eiraght çheerey eck[119] trooid screeuderyn lheid asJohn McGahern as feeleeghyn lheid as Seamus Heaney.
James Joyce, nane jeh ny screeuderyn smoo scanshoil jeh'n 20-oo eash
Ayns ny bleeantyn jeianagh, takiaull hradishoonagh asdaunse Yernagh çheet dy ve ennoil reesht, trooid y phenomenonRiverdance er lheh, cloie theateragh jeh daunse tradishoonagh Yernagh.[120] Ayns ny bleeantyn meanagh jeh'n 20-oo eash, tra va Nerin jeianaghey, huitt y chiaull hradishoonagh ass foayr, ayns ardjyn baljagh er lheh.[121] Car ny 1960yn, as tayrn stiagh ennal veih gleashaght chiaullee çheerey Americaanagh, haghyr aavioghey ayns anaase ayns kiaull hradishoonagh Yernagh, as va'n aavioghey shen stiurit liorish possanyn lheid asThe Dubliners,The Chieftains,Emmet Spiceland,The Wolfe Tones, nyClancy Brothers,Sweeney's Men as fir er lheh lheid asSeán Ó Riada asChristy Moore.[122] Hug possanyn as kiaulleyderyn, goaill stiaghHorslips,Van Morrison, asThin Lizzy meeryn dy chiaull hradishoonagh stiagh 'sychiaull chraaee noa-emshiragh as, car ny 1970yn as ny 1980yn, haink yn anchaslys eddyr kiaulleyderyn tradishoonagh as kiaulleyderyn craaee dy ve millit, as cooid vooar dy 'leih goll harrish ny linnaghyn ayns aghtyn cloie. Ta'n cleayney shoh ry-akin ayns obbyr jeianagh jeh ellyneyryn lheid asEnya,The Saw Doctors,The Corrs,Sinéad O'Connor,Clannad,The Cranberries,Black 47 asThe Pogues mastey possanyn elley. Car ny 1990yn, haink fo-horçh dychiaull veainagh çheerey magh ayns Nerin as ee mesteykiaull veainagh hrome lesh kiaull Yernagh as Celtiagh. V'ad ny possanyn toshee jeh'n fo-horçh shen naCruachan,Primordial, asWaylander. Ta possanyn kiaullee noa-emshiragh ennagh goaill ny s'gerrey da feaym "tradishoonagh", goaill stiaghAltan,Téada,Danú,Dervish,Lúnasa, asSolas. Ta fir elley goaill stiagh ymmodee dy chultooryn myr co-haaghey dy horçhyn, lheid as ynAfro Celt Sound System asKíla. Ta'n chooish ry-akin mastey biallyssyn Yernagh gys ynEurovision Song Contest, co-hirrey kiaullee ooilley-Oarpagh ta cosnit shiaght keayrtyn ec Nerin, ny ny smoo na un çheer elley.[123]
T'ad yn ellyn ghraafagh as y jallooderys Yernagh s'leah na grainnaghyn ta ry-akin ayns buill lheid asSí an Bhrú[124] as t'ad ry-gheddyn trooid jeantaneyn veih'nEash Ooha as ny grainnaghyn crauee aslaue-screeuyn daahit veih'n eash veanagh. Car y 19-oo as y 20-oo wash, haink tradishoon dooghyssagh lajer jeh daahghey magh, goaill stiagh fir lheid asJohn Butler Yeats,William Orpen,Jack Yeats asLouis le Brocquy.
Va'n fallsoonagh as y jeeaghteyr YernaghJohannes Scotus Eriugena coontit myr nane jeh lught share yn tushtey ayns ny Mean Eashyn. Va'n ReejereyErnest Henry Shackleton, ronseyder Anglo-Yernagh, nane jeh ny h-ard-phersoonyn ayns ronsaght yn Antarctagh. Ren eh, marish lught y hurrys echey, y chied drappal erSlieau Erebus as ronsaghey magh dy voayl faggyssagh yPhoull Magnaidagh Jiass. VaRobert Boyle ny fallsoonagh najooragh, ny chemmigagh, ny 'ishigagh, ny ynlaghteyr as nyoayllee ooasle jeh'n 17-oo eash. T'eh ammyssit myr nane jeh bunneyderyn ny kemmig noa-emshiragh as ta enney share er son cur ayns focklynLeigh Boyle.[125] Ghow y fishigagh jeh'n 19-oo eash,John Tyndall, magheiyrtys Tyndall, sheiltynys ta meenaghey cre'n fa dy vel daah gorrym er y speyr. Ta enney share eryn Ayr Nicholas Joseph Callan, Olloo Fallsoonys Najooragh aynsColaashtey Vaanoot, son ynlaght ychaslag indughtee, ychaghlaader, as feddyn magh aght leah dyghalvaanaghey 'sy 19-oo eash.
Tafishigee Yernagh ard-ghooagh elley goaill stiaghErnest Walton, cosneyder ynAundyr Nobel ayns Fishig 'sy vlein 1951. Marish yReejerey John Douglas Cockcroft, v'eh ny chied ghooiney ren skeiltey çheshvean y vreneen rere saaseyn ellynagh as hug eh contoyrtyssyn da lhiasaghey sheiltynys noa jehcormid honn.[126] Ta unnid çhiassid absoloidagh, yKelvin enmyssit ayns onnor William Thomson, nyyn Çhiarn Kelvin. Ren y ReejereyJoseph Larmor, fishigagh as maddaghteyr, noaidyn ayns toiggalaght y lectraghys, niartallaght, çhiass-niartallaght as sheiltynys lectrane dy stoo. V'eh yn obbyr smoo cleaynagh ayn naAether and Matter, lioar er fishag sheiltynagh va soilshit 'sy vlein 1900.[127]
Va'nIrish Football Association (IFA) ny reagheydys reirey son soccer harrish yn ellan. Ta'n gamman er ny ve cloit ayns cummey reirit ayns Nerin veih ny 1870yn. SheCliftonville F.C. ass Beeal Feirshtey y club shinney ayns Nerin. V'eh cloit son y chooid smoo, ayns ny kied jeihaghtyn er lheh, mygeayrt Beeal Feirshtey as ayns Queiggey Ulley. Ansherbee, va clubyn ennagh va bunnit çheumooie jeh Beeal Feirshtey credjal dy row yn IFA cur foayr da clubyn Protestoonagh ta bunnit ayns Ullee ayns cooishyn lheid as reih da'n fwirran ashoonagh. Ayns 1921, lurg taghyrt raad, dyn y wooise da gialdyn ny s'leah, scugh yn IFA aa-chloie lieh-yerrinagh 'synIrish Cup veih Divlyn gys Beeal Feirshtey[133] as, myr eiyrtys, daag clubyn va bunnit ayns Divlyn y çheshaght as chur ad Football Association of the Irish Free State er bun. Jiu, ta'n çheshaght 'sy jiass enmyssit myrFootball Association of Ireland (FAI). Dyn y wooise da'n neu-hashtey er y çheshaght veih ny sheshaghtyn aynsh-Ashoonyn Thie, va'n FAI currit er enney ecFIFA ayns 1923 as va'n chied chloie eddyrashoonaght reaghit as cloit ayns 1926 (noi'nIddaal). Ansherbee, va ny fwirranyn ec daa heshaght yn IFA as yn FAI reiht veih deiney as ooilley Nerin, as hooar sleih ennagh capyn da cloiaghyn as ad cloie er son y daa 'wirran. Ren y daa jeu cur sheese er nyn vwirranyn myrNerin.
Ayns 1950, ren FIFA gurneil ny sheshaghtyn cloiederyn dy reih veih ny thallooyn er lheh oc as, ayns 1953, ren eh gurneil dy nee "Pobblaght Nerin" yn ennym va currit er fwirran ashoonagh yn FAI, as "Nerin Hwoaie" yn ennym va currit er fwirran yn IFA veih shen magh (lesh lhimmaghyn er lheh). Ghow Nerin Hwoaie ayrn ayns kione-chloiaghynCappan y Theihll ayns ny bleeantyn1958 (as ad er nyn rosh gys ny cloiaghyn kerroo-yerrinagh),1982 as1986. Ghow Pobblaght Nerin ayrn ayns kione-chloiaghyn Cappan y Theihll ayns1990 (as ad er nyn rosh gys ny cloiaghyn kerroo-yerrinagh), ayns1994 as ayns2002 as ghow ad ayrn aynsFeniaghtys ny h-Oarpey ayns1988. Ta anaase mooar Yernagh ayns leegyn soccerSostynagh asAlbinagh.
Ayns neu-chosoylaght rish soccer, ta Nerin cur un'wirran ashoonagh ruggyr magh er y vagher, as ta'n fwirran as y spoyrt er feie Nerin stiurit ec un heshaght, ynIrish Rugby Football Union (IRFU). Ghow fwirran ruggyr Nerin ayrn ayns daghCappan Ruggyr y Theihll, as rosh ad gys ny cloiaghyn kerroo-yerrinagh ayns kiare jeu. Va cloiaghyn ruggyr cloit ayns Nerin car Cappanyn y Theihll ayns ny bleeantyn1991 as1999. Ta kiare fwirranyn keirdey Yernagh ayn as da dagh fer jeu cloie 'syMagners League as tree jeu cloie er sonCappan Heineken. Ta ruggyr Yernagh er ny heet dy ve ny smoo cohirreydagh ec corrymyn eddyrashoonagh as queiggagh veih'n vlein 1994 tra haink y spoyrt dy ve ny spoyrt keirdey. Car y traa shen, renUllee (1999[134]),y Vooan (2006[135] and2008[136]) asLion (2009[137]) cosney y Cappan Heineken. Ayns bishaghey rish shen, ta fwirran eddyrashoonagh Nerin er gheddyn ny smoo as ny smoo rah aynsFeniaghtys ny Shey Ashoonyn noi ny fwirranyn reiht elley Oarpagh. Haink y rah shen, goaill stiaghTree-Chrooinyn ayns 2006 as 2007, ry-cheiley lesh greim glen dy varriaghtyn, ta enmyssitGrand Slam, ayns 2009.[138]
Tafwirran ruggyr leeg Nerin jeant seose son y chooid smoo jeh cloieyderyn ta bunnit ayns Sostyn lesh kianglaghyn lught thie Yernagh, as cloiederyn elley çheet magh ass cohirrey ynnydagh ass yn Austrail. Rosh Nerin ny cloiaghyn kerroo-yerrinagh aynsCappan Ruggyr Leeg y Theihll 2000.
Taratçhal cooyn liauyrey asratçhal cabbil nyn spoyrtyn ennoil as cadjin ayns Nerin. Ta ram sleih frastyl er staidyn cooyn liauyrey as ta ram cruinnaghtyn ratçhal cabbil goll er taghyrt ayn. Ta ard-ghoo er yn ellan son fuilleeaght as ynsaghey cabbil roie as ta ram cooyn roie er nyn assphurtal magh dagh blein.[139] Ta rheynnag ratçhal cabbil co-ghlooit aynsCoontae Cheeill Darey son y chooid smoo.[140]
Ta roortaghys Yernagh er ny lhiassaghey ayns ny traaghyn jeianagh, as daa voyn ard-ghooagh er nyn gosney ecSonia O'Sullivan ayns ratçhyn 5,000 meteryn; boyn airhey ecFeniaghtyssyn y Theihll 'sy vlein 1995 as boyn argid ecCloiaghyn Olympagh sy vlein 2000 ayns Sydney. ChossynGillian O'Sullivan boyn argid 'sy ratçh shooill 20k ec Feniaghtyssyn y Theihll ayns 2003, as chossyn cleeader ratçhalDerval O'Rourke boyn airhey ayns Feniaghtyssyn Çheusthie y Theihll 'sy vlein 2006 aynsMoscow. Chossyn Olive Loughnane boyn argid ayns ratçhal shooil 20k ayns Feniaghtyssyn Roortaghys y Theihll aynsBerleen ayns 2009.
Ta golf feer-chadjin ayns Nerin as she çhynskyl mooar t'ayn turrysid ghalf as ee tayrn ny smoo na 240,000 keayrtee golf dagh blein.[142] VaCappan Ryder2006 cloit 'syK Club aynsCoontae Cheeill Darey.[143] HainkPádraig Harrington dy ve ny chied Yernagh veihFred Daly ayns 1947 dys yBritish Open aynsCàrn Fheusda dy chosney ayns Jerrey Souree 2007.[144] Chossyn eh e ard-ennym ayns Jerrey Souree 2008[145] roish chossyn eh yPGA Championship ayns Luanistyn.[146] Haink Harrington dy ve ny chied Oarpagh dys y PGA Championship dy chossyn er feie 78 bleeaney as v'eh ny chied chosneyder veih Nerin.
Ta traieyn da markiaght tonn ry-gheddyn er coose heear Nerin, aynsAn Leacht asCooan Ghoon ny Ghoal er lheh, as ad foshlit da'nCheayn Sheear. Ta cummey funnyl er Cooan Ghooan ny Ghoal as t'eh goaill greim er geayaghyn neear/neear yiass veih'n Cheayn Sheear, as t'ad croo emshyr vie da markiaght tonn, 'sy gheurey er lheh. Ayns ny bleeantyn jeianagh, haink markiaght tonn feniaghtagh ny h-Oarpey dysBun Dobhráin. Tathummey scuba çheet dy toshiaght ayns Nerin er oyr ny h-ushtaghyn gilley as earrooyn mooarey dy vioys marrey, rish y choose heear er lheh. Ta ram lhongvrishaghyn ry-akin rish coose Nerin lesh fir jeh ny thunnaghyn lhongvrishaghyn share ry-akin magh veihCionn Mhálanna as magh veih cooseChoontae Chorkee.[147]
Ta Nerin ny kione-jurnaa cadjin as ennoil soneeastagh lesh millaghyn dy loghyn, ny smoo na 14,000 km (8,700 mi) dy awinyn ta gymmyrkey eeastyn as ny smoo na 3,700 km (2,300 km) dy choose. Ta speyr honderagh Nerin cooie da eeastagh spoyrt. Tra ta breckeraghbraddan asbrick foast ennoil lesh breckeyderyn, hooar eeasteyragh braddan aaniartaghey ayns 2006 lesh dooney eeasteragh lhieen troa braddan. Taeeasteyragh garroo lhiassaghey dy beayn. Ta eeasteragh marrey lhiassit lesh ram traieyn currit er caslyssyn-çheerey as cowrit,[148] as ta mychione 80 dooieyn dy eeastyn marrey.[149]
Ta bee as coagyraght Yernagh goaill cleanaghyn veih nytroaryn ta lhiassit as nybeiyn ta troggit ayns speyr honderagh yn ellan as veih ny coryn sheshoil as politickagh ayns shennaghys Nerin. Myr sampleyr, car yn eash veih ny Mean Eashyn derrey çheet yphraase 'sy 16-oo eash v'eh ny chowrey smoo jeh tarmaynys Nerin na bochillaght ollee, as va earroo ollee ec peiagh corrym rish y stayd sheshoil echey.[150] Er yn oyr shen, cha ren bochillyn buitçheraghey baa va troarey bainney.[150] Er yn oyr shen, va feill vuc as feill vane ny smoo cadjin na feill vart, as ta slissagyn roauyr dy vagoon saillit as eeym hailjey nyn droyn sampleyragh jeh'n vee Yernagh veih ny Mean Eashyn.[150] Va aght dy choyrt folley veih ollagh as dy mestey'n fuill lesh bainney as eeym (cosoylaght son y chooid smoo rish nyMaasai) ry-akin dy mennick[151] as taputage ghoo, ta jeant seose jeh fuill, grine (oarn son y chooid smoo) as blasstalys, foast ny h-anjeeal undinagh ayns Nerin. Ta dagh fer jeh ny cleanaghyn shen ry-akin ayns y "rolley anjeeal".
Chur çheet stiagh yphraase ayns lieh jerrinagh y 16-oo eash cleayney mooar er y choagyraght Yernagh veih shen magh. Chur boghtinys mooar creeaght ayns aght croit as 'sy 19-oo eash veanagh va'n chooid smoo jeh'n phobbyl gee bee va jeant seose jeh praaseyn as bainney.[152] Dee lught thie sampleyragh, va jeant seose jeh fer, ben, as kiare paitçhyn 18 claghyn (110 kg) dy phraaseyn dagh shiaghtyn.[150] Rere shen, ta lhongaghyn ta coontit myr lhongaghyn ashoonagh cur seose neu-ghalaantaght vunneydagh rish coagyraght, lheid as ynanvroie Yernagh,bagoon as caayl,bacstaí (sorçh dy phannag phraase), nycaayl kionnan, lhongey ta jeant seose jehpraaseyn lahnit asanvroie caayl nycaayl.[150]
Veih'n cherroo jerrinagh jeh'n 20-oo eash, lesh çheet magh reesht yn argid ayns Nerin, ta "Coagyraght Yernagh Noa" er ny heet magh as ee bunnit er mynayrnyn tradishoonagh agh goaill stiagh cleanaghyn eddyrashoonagh.[153][154] Ta'n choagyraght shen bunnit er glassraghyn oorey, eeastyn (braddanyn,brick,ooastyryn,gobyn doo as eastyn shliggagh elley), myrane lesh arranyn soda tradishoonagh as y reamys lheeadagh jeh caashaghyn laue-jeant ta troarit er feie ny çheerey. Ta'n praase foast ny hro bunneydagh jeh'n choagyraght shen as ta ny Yernee gee y chooid smoo jeh praaseyn rere dooiney[150] mastey eederyn 'syn Oarpey. She sampleyr jeh'n choagyraght shen na "Dublin Lawyer": gimmagh ta aarlit ayns ushtey bea as key.[155] Ta bee ardjynagh tradishoonagh ry-gheddyn er feie ny çheerey, lheid ascadal ayns Divlyn nydrisín ayns Corkee, y daa jeu nyn sorçh dyphronnag, nyblaa, arran teaystagh bane ta ry-gheddyn aynsPurt Largey.
Keayrt va Nerin ny çheer smoo scanshoil son troareyushtey bea, as va 90% jeh ushtey bea 'sy theihll troarit ayn rish toshiaght y 20-oo eash. Ansherbee, myr eiyrtys jeh ny smuggleyderyn alcoal car yveelowalys ayns ny Steatyn Unnaneysit (as ushtey vea jeh drogh-whaalid er ny chreck lesh enmyn "Yernagh" orroo as eh shen jeeilley yn foayr cadjin son cowraghyn Yernagh)[156] as myr eiyrtys jeh nycustymyn er ushtey bea Yernagh harrishyn Impiraght Ghoaldagh car yChaggey Traghtee Anglo-Yernagh ayns ny 1930yn,[157] huitt creck jeh ushtey bea Yernagh er feie ny cruinney gys 2% rish mean y 20-oo eash.[158] Ayns 1953, rere creear veih'n reiltys Yernagh, v'eh feddynit magh nagh rowushtey bea Yernagh er fys ec 50% jeh iuderyn ushtey bea ayns ny Steatyn Unnaneysit.[159] Ansherbee, va iu yn ushtey bea Yernagh foast ennoil ayns Nerin, as ayns ny jeihaghtyn jeianagh, ta'n ushtey bea Yernagh girree ny smoo scanshoil er feie ny cruinney.[160] Dy cadjin, cha nel ushtey bea Yernagh cha jaaghagh asushtey bea Albinagh, agh cha nel eh cha millish asushtey bea Americaanagh nyCanadagh.[160] Ta'n ushtey bea ny vun daliggooryn kay, lheid asBaileys, as ta'n "caffee Yernagh" (jinlag dy chaffee as ushtey bea va cummit, rere rish, aynsstashoon etlan marrey Faing) coontit myr y jinlag Yernagh smoo ennoil, foddee.
Tabainney ny baa doo, sorçh dy lhune doo, asGuinness er lheh, kianglt rish Nerin dy mennick, agh v'eh kianglt rishLunnin dy bunneydagh. Ta bainney ny baa doo foast ennoil ayns Nerin, agh t'eh er choayl e foayr veih mean y 20-oo eash dalhune freillagh. Talhune ooyl, as Bulmers er lheh (t'er ny chreck çheumooie jehPobblaght Nerin myrMagners), ny yough ennoil chammah. Ta'n jough ghlasslimonaid yiarg iuit lhee hene as myr mesteyder, lesh ushtey bea er lheh.[161]
↑V'eh er ooley 'sy vlein 2008 dy row 4,422,100 cummaltee ayns Pobblaght Nerin as 'sy vlein cheddin va 1,775,000 cummaltee ayns Nerin Hwoaie. 'Sy vlein 2009 v'eh oolit dy row 4,459,300 cummaltee ayns Pobblaght Nerin. Cha nel ooley 'sy vlein 2009 da Nerin Hwoaie er ny chur magh dys shoh. Ta ny h-oolaghyn shoh çheet as bingyn staydraaoil reiltyssagh oikoil veih'n daa heer:
↑Carson, R.A.G. and O'Kelly, Claire:A catalogue of the Roman coins from Newgrange, Co. Meath and notes on the coins and related finds, pages 35-55. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, volume 77, section C
↑Dáibhí Ó Cróinín, "Ireland, 400–800", ayns Dáibhí Ó Cróinín (ed.),A New History of Ireland 1: Prehistoric and Early Ireland, Oxford University Press, 2005, pp. 182–234.
↑Jaski, Bart (2005). "Kings and kingship". Ayns Seán Duffy (rd.).Medieval Ireland. An Encyclopedia. Abingdon and New York. dgn. 251–254., p.253
↑De Paor, Liam (1993).Saint Patrick's World: The Christian Culture of Ireland's Apostolic Age. Divlyn: Four Courts, Dublin. dg. 78, 79.ISBN1-85182-144-9.
↑abCahill, Tim (1996).How the Irish Saved Civilization. Anchor Books.ISBN0385418493.
↑Dowley, Tim; et al., rdyn. (1977).Eerdman's Handbook to the History of Christianity. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.ISBN0-8028-3450-7.{{cite book}}:Explicit use of et al. in:|editor= (cooney)
↑Ward, Alan J. (1994).The Irish Constitutional Tradition: Responsible Government and Modern Ireland, 1782-1992. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press. dg. 28.ISBN0-81320-784-3.
↑Kee, Robert (1972).The Green Flag: A History of Irish Nationalism. Lunnin: Weidenfeld and Nicholson. dgn. 376–400.ISBN029717987X.
↑Kee, Robert (1972).The Green Flag: A History of Irish Nationalism. London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson. dgn. 478–530.ISBN029717987X.
↑Morough, Michael (Mee ny Nollick 2000). "History Review": 34–36.
↑Kee, Robert (1972).The Green Flag: A History of Irish Nationalism. Lunnin: Weidenfeld and Nicholson. dgn. 719–748.ISBN029717987X.
↑Gwynn, Stephen (Jerrey Geuree 1934). "Ireland Since the Treaty".Foreign Affairs. Ym-lioar 12.
↑Crawford, John (1993).Anglicizing the Government of Ireland: The Irish Privy Council and the Expansion of Tudor Rule 1556-1578. Irish Academic Press.ISBN0716524988.
↑"About SEMO".allislandmarket.com. Single Electricity Market Operator (SEMO). Er ny hashtey veihyn lhieggan bunneydagh er 2008-06-20. Feddynit magh er2008-10-26.
↑Karst Working Group (2000)."The Burren".The Karst of Ireland: Limestone Landscapes, Caves and Groundwater Drainage System. Geological Survey of Ireland. Feddynit magh er2008-11-05.
↑National Monuments Service."Search By County".National Monuments. Department of Environment, Heritage and Local Government. Er ny hashtey veihyn lhieggan bunneydagh er 2010-02-20. Feddynit magh er2010-01-01.
↑Hackney, Paul."Spartina Anglica".Invasive Alien Species in Northern Ireland. National Museums Northern Ireland. Er ny hashtey veihyn lhieggan bunneydagh er 2011-05-19. Feddynit magh er2009-01-01.
↑Guiry, M.D. (2001). "The Marine Macroalgae of Ireland: Biodiversity and Distribution in Marine Biodiversity in Ireland and Adjacent Waters".Proceedings of a Conference 26–27 April 2001. (Publication No. 8). Beeal Feirshtey: Ulster Museum.
↑Minchin, D. (2001). "Biodiversity and Marine Invaders".Proceedings of a Conference 26–27 April 2001. (Publication No. 8). Ulster Museum.
↑"Biodiversity". Clare County Council. Feddynit magh er2010-03-26.
↑"Otter Lutra Lutra"(PDF).Northern Ireland Species Action Plan. Environment and Heritage Service. 2007. Er ny hashtey veihyn lhieggan bunneydagh(PDF) er 2011-02-05. Feddynit magh er2010-01-01.
↑Roche, Dick (2006-11-08).National Parks. Ym-l. 185. Seanad Éireann. Feddynit magh er2007-07-30. Resoonaght ySeanad va goaill stiagh yn Eear-Hirveishagh Çhymmyltaght, Eiraght as Gurneilys Ynnydagh
Cullinane, J.P. (1973).Phycology of the south coast of Ireland. University College Cork.
Dennison, Gabriel (1994).Traditional Architecture in Ireland. Divlyn: Environmental Institute, University College Dublin. dg. 94.ISBN1-898473-09-9.{{cite book}}:Unknown parameter|coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (cooney)
Hackney, P. Ed. (1992).Stewart and Corry's Flora of the North-east of Ireland. Beeal Feirshtey: Institute of Irish Studies, The Queen's University.ISBN0 85 389 4469.
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Nunn, J.D. (2002).Marine Biodiversity in Ireland and Adjacent Waters. Ym-l. Proceedings of a Conference 26–27 April 2001 (Publication no. 8 ln.). Beeal Feirshtey: Ulster Museum.
Oppenheimer, Stephen (2006).Origins of the British: A Genetic Detective Story. York Noa:Carroll & Graf. dg. 534.ISBN0-78671-890-0.
O'Rahilly, T. F. (1947).Early Irish History and Mythology. SUA: Medieval Academy of America.
Scannell, Mary J.P. (1972).Census catalogue of the flora of Ireland. Divlyn: Department of Agriculture & Fisheries.{{cite book}}:Unknown parameter|coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (cooney)
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