She cummey caslys-skeeal Americaanaghcaslys-earishlioar, as skeeal(yn) goll er harrish straih, cabdil ny ghaa ayns dagh ym-lioar jeh. Son y chooid smoo ta’n slane daahit (neychosoylagh rishmanga Shapaanagh) as jannoo ymmyd jeh scadooyn (neuchosoylagh rish ymmodeebandes dessiné Europagh). Ta’n chummey shoh mie er enney son y skeealard-feniagh.
Va sleih çhaglymscheimyn aitt myr lioaryn cho leah as 1833, as ayns 1842 vaThe Adventures of Obadiah Oldbuck (çhyndaa jeh “Histoire de M. Vieux Bois”) y chied hie er soilshaghey magh ‘sy Vaarle.[1] Cha row ad rere’n aght caslys-skeeal jeianagh, leshbolganyn glare, agh caslyssyn as meer screeuyn foue.
Y chied lioar chaslys-skeealyn slane jeant ayns ny Steaytyn Unnaneysit, sheThe Yellow Kid in McFadden's Flats ve ayns 1897, as eshyn jannoo y chied ymmyd jeh’n focklecomic book (“lioar caslys-skeealyn”)[2]. Agh cha daink caslys-earishlioaryn dy ve nyncummey ym-fysseraght derrey ny 1930yn, leshFamous Funnies: A Carnival of Comics,[3]. Er lesh screeudeyryn shennaghys, shen y chied feer chaslys-earishlioar Americaanagh; myr sampleyr, ta Goulart gra dy row eh "clagh chorneilagh da nane jeh ny banglaneyn smoo vondeishagh ayns çhymskylagh soilshaghey magh earishlioaryn".[4]
Tra va’n tasht jeh scheimyn aitt v’ayn hannah lheie ersooyl, ghow toshiaght ny earishlioaryn leah goaill stiagh beggan obbyr noa. Ren yn çhaglymNew Fun #1 (Toshiaght Arree. 1935) mestey obbraghynaitt, myr "Pelion and Ossa" as "Jigger and Ginger", marish obbraghyn dramadagh myrskeealyn Heear (m.s. "Jack Woods") as contoyryssyn "gaue bwee".
Ayns 1938, haink rishSuperman er coodaghAction Comics #1 (Mean Souree 1938). Er chroo liorishSiegel &Shuster, v’eh ny ard-chaslys da ny "ard-feniee" haink lurg. Roish daa vlein lurg shen, va possan dy straihyn ard-feniagh ec y chooid smoo jeh soilsheyderyn chaslys-earishlioaryn. T’ad cur “Eash Airhey chaslys-earishlioaryn” ec yn eash shoh.
Lurg y chaggey, leodee ennoilid chaslys-skeealyn ard-feniagh. Mysh 1945, ‘syn ynnyd oc, haink stiagh skeealyn aitt, scheimyn aitt rere’n aghtDisney,far-skeealaght sheanse,Heearyn,skeealyn graih, asgrinderys. Er lhimmey jeh Superman,Batman, asWonder Woman, cha row monney bree ec ard-feniee rish 1952.
Anmagh ayns ny 1940yn as car ny 1950yn, shimmey caslys-skeealscoagh asfeer loght v'ayn, as ram raghlid as fuilltaght ayndaue. Va’n fer lhee aigneyFredric Wertham boirit mychione blasssadee ashomocheintys v’oc caslys-skeealyn scoagh as ard-feniagh, er lesh, as hug magh eh y lioarSeduction of the Innocent myechione. Kyndagh rish shen, va croshaid moralagh ayn, goaill stiagh tastey ySenate Subcommittee on Juvenile Delinquency, as kyndagh rish shen, leodee y çhynskyl dy trome. Yn eiyrtys, she’nComics Code v’eh, ayns 1954, jeant liorish y çhynskyl hene. Hug y coad shoh lhiettalyssyn lajer er cooishyn, skeealyn as ny foddee ad tayrn. Lurg tammylt beg, va seal lowallys y Comic Code er dagh ooilley caslys-earishlioar v’ayn, faggys.
Yn Eash Argid, shen y traa haink ard-feniee erash da caslys-earishlioaryn ny ard-soilsheyderyn Marvel as DC, er y fa dy row claareyn çhellveeish myrThe Adventures of Superman ennoil.
Ayns 1961, ren screeudeyrStan Lee as ellyneyrJack Kirby croo yFantastic Four daMarvel Comics, as adsyn nyn glagh veilley. Ren y straih shoh croo sorçh dy ard-feniee cadjin as dooghyssagh, as failleilys, aggle as hene-ourys oc myr ec sleih cadjin. V’ad boirey mychione doilleeidyn cadjin as jannoo arganey rish cheilley.
Rish ny 1960yn as 1970yn, haink rishearishlioaryn folliaghtagh. V’ad goll er soilshaghey magh gyn soilsheyderyn mooar, as va blassnoi-chultoor aegid ascultoor druggey oc. Va aght neulhiettrimit as neuammyssagh oc.
Ga dy vel kuse dy ellyneryn myr shen gobbraghey foast, er lesh y chooid smoo jeh screeudeyryn shennaghys, haink jerrey y ghleashaght shoh roish 1980. Ayns yn ynnyd oc haink ny smoo earishlioaryn neuchrogheydagh nagh row rere y Comics Code, as haink sleih dy ve cliaghtit rish earishlioaryn da sleih aasit.
YnEash Ooha, ghow eh toshiaght mysh 1970 as va ymmodee caghlaaghyn da caslys-earishlioaryn Americaanagh, ga nagh row dagh earishlioar nyn jannoo ec y traa cheddin.[5] Ren ny caghlaaghyn goaill stiagh:
Ayns ny 1970yn, foslee shappyn currit da caslys-earishlioaryn, harrishAmerica Hwoaie. V’ad feer ymmydoil son ard-jeeaneyderyn as earishlioaryn oirragh; agh hug ad er y theay yn eie dy row caslys-earishlioaryn nyn geau traa da possan beg, ayns ynnyd jeh farrail cadjin. Haink skeealyn y ve ny s’lhiurey as ny smoo co-chast, as v’eh er lhaihderyn ny smoo ym-lioaryn y chionnaghey son çheet dys jerrey y skeeal.
Ayns mean ny 1980yn, soilshee maghDC Comics daa straih beagh jannoo er y çhynskyl dy trome,Batman: The Dark Knight Returns asWatchmen. V’ad ennoil as ghow ad ram tastey veih ny ym-fysseree cadjin; ry-cheilley marish caghlaaghyn sheshoil, haink blass ny s’appee, ny s’dorree er caslys-earishlioaryn. Myr sampleyr, hainknoi-feniee myrWolverine y ve ennoil, as va blass s’dorree er kuse dy soilsheyderyn neuchroghey myrFirst Comics asDark Horse Comics. Va’n dorraghys as neunheeys ry-akin ayns skeealyn DC hie er fograghey dy trome, myr "A Death in the Family" ayns y straihBatman (as ayn, ta cooneyder BatmanRobin goll er marroo liorishThe Joker). Marvel, as y straihX-Men oc ennoil dy liooar, v’ad cur magh skeealyn mychione kynney-ghunverys jeh “caghlaaderyn” as ard-pooaryn oc, cosoylaghey tranlaase crauee ny kynneeagh.
Leodee creck chaslys-earishlioaryn dy tappee ayns mean ny 1990yn, as hooar ymmodee shappyn baase. Ga dy vel ad loayrt er soilsheyderyn ard-feniagh myr Marvel as DC myr caslys-skeealyn “cadjin”, cha nel ad nyn gummey ym-fysseree myr dy row ad roish.
Ga nagh row ny earishlioaryn hene cho cadjin as dy row ad, ta ymmodee karracteyryn ny smoo ennoil as ard-ghooagh na rieau, er coontey lhiggey as cooid hraghtee. Ta filmyn as gammanyn co-earrooder ayn mychione karracteyryn earishlioaryn, as hug ny ym-fysseree ram tastey er taghyrtyn myrpoosey Spider-Man, baase Superman as baaseCaptain America.
Ta kuse dy ellyneyryn chaslys-earishlioaryn er ngeddyn aundyr çheumooie jeh’n chummey hene. Myr sampleyr,Maus liorishArt Spiegelman (Pulitzer Prize) asThe Sandman liorishNeil Gaiman (World Fantasy Award myr "Best Short Story").