Ivory Coast de la tiŋa gee ti sɛba yi'ira ti Côte d'Ivoire[a]. Amaa yumɛŋerɛ la paa kɔ'ɔm dɛna "Republic of Côte d'Ivoire". A de la tiŋa n boi saa zuen n boi "West Africa". A tinkatɛ de la Yamoussoukro boi tiŋa tiŋasuka. Gee tisɛka n karege gana za'a gee kelum tara koosego zi'ansi boi la Abidjan. La Lem mɛ la Guinea bɔna "northwest" Liberia bɔna "west" Mali bɔna "northwest" Burkina Faso bɔna "northeast" Ghana bɔna t "east" gee kelum lem sɛla ti ba yi'ira "Atlantic Ocean's Gulf of Guinea" bɔna saa zuen [1] "south".[2] Nɛreba la kalɛ de la 31.5 million n boi 2024 yuunɛ la puan, Ivory Ciasƒ n de tinsɛka ti nɛreba zo'e gana n tabelɛ but a puan bɔna "West Africa"[3][4]. Yetɔgum sebo ri nɛra woo tɔgera gee ri ba kelum tara gulesa de la French, amaa ba kelum tara buuri yetɔgum basɛba mɛ pa'asɛ magesɛ wuu: Bété, Baoulé, Dyula, Dan, Anyin, la Cebaara Senufo.[5] Fu san dikɛ ba za'a waabi lagum taaba, yetɔgum la za'a de la piyopɔi la banii n boi Ivory Coast.[5] Tiŋa la tari la yimpu'usegɔ duma zo'e zo'e magesɛ wuuu: Yimpu'useba, Maala duma ba sɛba duma n kaaberi baga[6][2]
Dee ti solemiisi la yuum ta zabɛ to'e ba tiŋa la, Ivory Coast tuum pa'asɛ la tinsi puan zo'e zo'e magesɛ wuu: Gyaaman, n yuum de Kong Empire, la Baoulé. Amaa France duma yuum ta to'e tiŋa la bisera la 1843 yuunɛ la puan gee ti ba yuum nyaa ta dikɛ French yu'urɛ bo ba 1893 yuunɛ la puan bɔna Afirika wa. La nyaa yuum de la 1960 yunɛ la puan ti Félix Houphouët-Boigny, yuum zabɛ la solwmiisi la nyaa yuum nyaŋɛ to'e ba tiŋa la n boi 1993 yuunɛ la puan.Ivory Coast nyaa yuum dikɛ Ba miŋa lagum la West African tinsi mɛ zo'e zo'e bala n ta'asɛ ti ba ma la France kelum tara sum la taaba. Amaa pupeelum yuum ka boi tiŋa la puan n boi 1999 yuunɛ la puan hali ta paɛ 2002 la 2007 yuuma la puan[7][8]La nyaa yuum de la 2010 yuunɛ la puan ta paɛ 2011 yuunɛ la puan ti pupeelum yuum paɛ tiŋa. Bala zuo la ba yuum nyaa biŋɛ la wars duma pa'ala m boi 2016 yuunɛ la puan.[9]
Ivory Coast de la tiŋa n tari wara duma pa'ala a yɛla gee ni basɛ ti paŋa yɔ la za'a waabi ni bɔna la zuo daana la "president" nu'usum. Bama n kɔɔri "coffee" la "cocoa" la zuo la, b tari paŋa mɛ n boi "West Africa"kɔ'ɔm ze'ele 1960s yuunɛ la puan ta paɛ 1970 yuuma la puan. Amaa, la yuum de la 1980 yuuma la puan ti, pupeelum yuim ka bɔna tiŋa la miŋa hali ze'ele bilam ta paɛ 2011 yuunɛ la puan.
Ze'ele 2023 yuunɛ la puan, Ivory Coast n de tinsɛka n kɔɔri is cocoa zo'e zo'e n boi Afirika za'a waabi.[10] Hali la nanawa mɛ, tiŋa la kelum tara bii nyɛta ligeri zɛ'ɛta la kua tuuma puan gee kelum kɔɔra diisi ti ba dia itegɔ ni yi'ira la ti ba yi'ira solemiine puan ti "cash-crop" la zo'e zo'e bii kankaŋi[11].
Pɔsega la puan, Portuguese duma yuum paɛ tiŋa la puan la 15th la 16th saŋa la puan. Ba yuum pɔsɛ yi'ira tiŋa miŋa la "coasts" bii Costa do Marfirm t0i la vuurɛ dɛna ti 'coast of ivory', gee ti French tɔgum puan ba yi'ira ti Côte d'Ivoire bii sɛla ti ba yuum yi'ira ti Guiné de Cabo Verde, n nyaa de "Upper Guinea" bɔna Cap-Vert, la Lower Guinea[12][13]. Coast kasɛka mi yuum de la nazu'usi Coast bii "Grain Coast" (gee ti nananawa la dɛna Liberia), "Gold Coast" (Ghana), "Slave Coast" (Togo, Benin la Nigeria). Ivory Coast de la yu'urɛ n ze'ele bo'ora sɛla ti ba yuum nyɛta tiŋa la puan.[14][15][16][7][17]
Yu'ura basɛba ri ba yuum tara yi'ira tiŋa wa yuum de la Côte de Dents,[b] la vuurɛ de la 'Coast of Teeth', ri la pa'ala ba koosego tuuma;[18][19][20][21][22][23] Côte de Quaqua, de la nɛresɛba ti Dutch duma yuum yi'ira ti Quaqua (bii K[24][25][26][27][28]. Ba yuum kelum yi'ira ba ti Côte du Vent,[c].[29][30][31][32] bɔna 19th saŋa la puan wa paɛ zina was nyaa de la Côte d'Ivoire.[33]
Ivory coast yalege mɛ kelum ze'ele wuu "Cape Palmas" ta paɛ "Cape Three Points" gee ti nananawa ba nyaa pi la buyi ti la dɛna Gaana beene la Ivory Coast beene (bɔna Liberia). Ba ta'am to'e yu'urɛ miŋa yɛsa French duma wara la bama n yuum zabɛ to'e ba tiŋa yese solemiisi nu'usum la bɔna 1960 yuunɛ la puan.[34]
Tigera basɛba boi mɛ tara yu'urɛ wa "Côte d'Ivoire" magesɛ wuu: "Central Intelligence Agency" la "World Factbook"[3]. Sɛla kelum pa'asɛ de la "International Sport Organizations FIFA"[35] la sɛla ti ba yi'ira ti "IOC" la[36] Basɛba kelum dɛna "Encyclopædia Britannica"[35] la sɛla ti ba yi'ira solemiine puan ti "National Geographic Society".[37][36][38][35][39] Hali saŋa woo BBC ni yi'ira tiŋa wa la "Ivory Coast" bɔna Ba lasebaarɛ bu'a saŋa.[40] Bala nuu ti "Economist states Ivory Coast" gee dagi Côte d'Ivoire..."[41]]. Fu san kelum bisa, "ABC News, Fox News, The Times, The New York Times" la "South African Broadcasting Corporation" duma za'a yi'iri la yu'urɛ la bala. TV sɛka n mi boi Canada tiŋa puan ti ba yi'ira ti "Canadian Broadcasting Corporation" mi yi'iri tiŋa wa la "Ivory Coast" saŋa zo'e zo'e
Pɔsega saŋa la Boundiali n boi saa zuen Ivory Coast, yuum dikɛ la Foote n de wuu IFAN malema la buuri yɛla n boi Afirika wa la ze'ele tinsɛka ti ba yi'ira ti Dakar bɔna Senegal puan la.
Nɛresɛba n pɔsɛ kiŋɛ ta bɔna Ivory Coast puan la yuum tum mɛ ti ba ta'am gura tiŋa la malema la ba buuri yɛla gee ba yuum ka taam iŋɛ la kalam. Sɛla n sɔi la tiŋa la yuum tulege mɛ zo'e gaŋɛ ti ba yuum kan ta'am biŋɛ nɛresɛba n yuum ki la ti ba yue. Amaa, la yuum de la pooren ti ba yuum nyaa ta nyɛ zaberɛ lɔgerɔ la zim nyɔka lɔgerɔ nyaa yuum basɛ ti na tara sɛla la sɛla n wan di gee kelum yɛ. Sɛla ti ba yi'ira solemiine puan ti "Upper Paleolithic period" yuum pɔsɛ la (15,000 yuum ta paɛ 10,000 BC saŋa la puan),[42] bii sɛla ti ba yi'ira ti "Neolithic" saŋa la.[40] Beni n yuum sɔi ti tiŋa la yuum tulege mɛ zo'e gaŋɛ ti ba yuum kan ta'am biŋɛ nɛresɛba n yuum ki la ti ba yue. Amaa, la yuum de la pooren ti ba yuum nyaa ta nyɛ zaberɛ lɔgerɔ la zim nyɔka lɔgerɔ nyaa yuum basɛ ti na tara sɛla la sɛla n wan di gee kelum yɛ. Sɛla ti ba yi'ira solemiine puan ti "Upper Paleolithic period" yuum pɔsɛ la (15,000 yuum ta paɛ 10,000 BC saŋa la puan). Tigera wa basɛba yu'ura yuum de: Ehotilé (Aboisso), Kotrowou (Fresco), Zéhiri (Grand-Lahou), Ega la Diès (Divo).[43]
Pɔsega maalam duma saŋa (Pre-Islamic and Islamic periods)
Yia pɔsega la puan n boi "North African" ( bii sɛla ti ba yi'ira ba ti Berber) kɔɔseba, sɛba n de "Roman" duma la.[41]. Sɛba n yuum boi saa zuen bɔba la za'a waabi yuum de la kɔɔseba n yuum kooseri tinbibesi puan n yuum lem la goom[41].. Koosego zi'ansi duma sɛba n yuum kɔ'ɔm pakɛ ŋwana kankaŋi yuum de la Djenné, Gao, la Timbuctu—la yuum nyaa yalege mɛ n yuum paɛ zi'an woo gee ri ba yuum yiira ka ti "Sudanic" .[44]
Ba e wan ta'am iŋɛ ni se'em ta'am gu koosego zi'an la, la ba soogɛpa la paŋa, tiŋa wa duma yuum ta'am lagum mɛ ki'ira la tinsi'a e lɛm ba la.[45] Suntaani tinsi la e lagum bɔna la me yuum ta pa'asɛ la maalam duma sukuu zameserebaa.[45]
Maalam e kɔ'ɔm niɛ peelum e boi western Sudan ze'ele Maalam duma "Berbers"; la kɔ'ɔm yalegɛ mɛ kalam yɛsera nɛrekareba zo'e zo'e la sɔsega la pooren.[45] ze'ele 11th century la puan, yɛsera sansɛka ti nɛrekareba e ze'ele Sudan tinsi la puan la yuum to'e maalam pu'usegɔ, ka yuum yalegɛ mɛ e boi South kiŋɛ ta paɛ Northern zi'isi lasebaara e boi Ivory Coast.[45]
Gaana tinsi wa, Sudan duma pɔsega tinsi la, yuum niɛ mɛ e boi sɔ'ɔlum la puan gulesera taaba e boi zina wa Southeast Mauritania la Southern Mali ze'ele 4th la 13th tiŋasuka centuries.[45] ka paŋa la e zo'e se'em e boi 11th century, ku basɛ ti la pa'asɛ mɛ ze'ele Atlantic Ocean ta paɛ Timbuktu.[45] Gaana e yuum ta zagesɛ la pooren, Mali tinsi yuum ta zo'e mɛ lebege Maalam pasi tiŋa, dina e yuum nyaa ta paɛ ka " apogee" e boi pɔsega la puan e boi 14th century.[45] Mali tiŋa la tinsi e boi Ivory Coast yuum sirege mɛ la northwest bɔba e boi Odienné.[45]
Ka sika fifisi pɔsɛ mɛ e boi 14th Century la ba'asegɔ la puan dɔla la "internal discord" la revolts yɛsera vassal tinsi, ba puan kayima, Songhai, niɛ bii ka de la tiŋa e boi 14th la 16th centuries tiŋasuka.[45] Songhai yuum me le ba'am sa'am mɛ yɛsera "internal discord", dina e ta'asɛ ti zaberɛ la sirum iŋɛ.[45] Yele dina wa puan sa'am mɛ e boi sɛba zo'e zo'e e wan ze'ele Southward bɔba ta paɛ muen bɔba la.[45] Sakatɛ la e tibegɛ la ta paɛ la Southern pusuka e boi tiŋa la puan la biŋe la gu'a/baariya ta paɛ Nalɛgerɛ tigere kekeko sɛka e isege saaazuo e boi North la.[45]
Nɛresɛba e ki'iri e boi timbibesi bii lɛm e boi timbibesi la, ba lɛŋa la tinsi'a e boi yiŋa tinsi la la daa tɛ mɛ doose la sore-woko lɛɛberebs la.[46] Kudaasi/timkpɛsi duna tuuni mɛ e boi kua la ugere la tu'usegɔ.[46]. Koosego zi'ansi duma sɛba n yuum kɔ'ɔm pakɛ ŋwana kankaŋi yuum de la Djenné, Gao, la Timbuctu—la yuum nyaa yalege mɛ n yuum paɛ zi'an woo gee ri ba yuum yiira ka ti "Sudanic" Ba e wan ta'am iŋɛ ni se'em ta'am gu koosego zi'an la, la ba soogɛpa la paŋa, tiŋa wa duma yuum ta'am lagum mɛ ki'ira la tinsi'a e lɛm ba la.Sudan tinsi la e lagum bɔna la me yuum ta pa'asɛ la maalam duma sukuu zameserebaa.Maalam e kɔ'ɔm niɛ peelum e boi western Sudan ze'ele Maalam duma "
Nɛresɛba n yuum ki'iri tiŋa la puan yuum kiŋɛ ta bɔna la timbibesi sɛba n yuum paɛ la ba bilam ti ba tana ita Ba koosego tuuma miŋa .[47] Sɛba n boi timbibesi miai la puan la, yuum de la kaareba la sɛba n kuuri godusi[48]
Se'em ti solemiisi la baŋɛ waam (Pre-European modern period)
Tinkara banuu n yuum nyɛ bɔna Ivory Coast se'em ma'a gee ti solemiisi la yuum nyaa biŋɛ wa'am la.[49] Tinakatɛ sɛka ti ba yuum yi'ira ti "The Muslim Kong Empire" ti Dyula duma yuum biŋɛ ka la bɔna 18th saŋa la puan. Dagi bala ma'a, Sénoufo tiŋa la mi yuum kelum tara la sɛla ti ba yi'iri ti "Mali Empire"[50]. La de la sira ti Kong yuum nyaa ta nyɛ la yu'urɛ n boi kua, koosego la yɛla amaa ba pu'usegɔ yɛla yuum ta sige la tiŋa.[51] Ze'ele 1895 yuunɛ la puan, Kong tiŋa la yuum ka tari paŋa, bala la n yuum sɔi ti Samori Ture yuum ta to'e ba tiŋa la nyaa tee ka yu'urɛ ti Wassoulou Empire.[49] Nɛresɛba n yuum ki'iri tiŋa la puan yuum kiŋɛ ta bɔna la timbibesi sɛba n yuum paɛ la ba bilam ti ba tana ita Ba koosego tuuma miŋa .[52] Sɛba n boi timbibesi miai la puan la, yuum de la kaareba la sɛba n kuuri godusi.[53] 1969, yuunɛ la puan ti Sanwi yuum zigera ti ba yese bamisi vɔrege Ivory Coast dee ta iŋɛ bamiŋa na'am tiŋa.[54].1969, yuunɛ la puan ti Sanwi yuum zigera ti ba yese bamisi vɔrege Ivory Coast dee ta iŋɛ bamiŋa na'am tiŋa.[55]. 1969, yuunɛ la puan ti Sanwi yuum zigera ti ba yese bamisi vɔrege Ivory Coast dee ta iŋɛ bamiŋa na'am tiŋa[47].
La de la sira ti Kong yuum nyaa ta nyɛ la yu'urɛ n boi kua, koosego la yɛla amaa ba pu'usegɔ yɛla yuum ta sige la tiŋa.[56] Ze'ele 1895 yuunɛ la puan, Kong tiŋa la yuum ka tari paŋa, bala la n yuum sɔi ti Samori Ture yuum ta to'e ba tiŋa la nyaa tee ka yu'urɛ ti Wassoulou Empire.[57]
1969, yuunɛ la puan ti Sanwi yuum zigera ti ba yese bamisi vɔrege Ivory Coast dee ta iŋɛ bamiŋa na'am tiŋa.[47]
French duma wara duma (Establishment of French rule)
La ka ani wuu Ghana la Ivory Coast yuum koose nɛreba amaa nɛreba koosego la yuum ka sa'am ba bala zo'e zo'e wuu Ghana duma la[58]Solemiisi sɛba n yuum koose nɛreba la yuum boti la nɛreba n boi koom la bɔba.Nɛreba koosego kɔ'ɔm pɔsɛ la kalam bɔna "West Africa" yuum de la Portuguese n boi 1482 yuunɛ la puan. Yia nɛreba koosego la yuum pɔsɛ la "West African" bɔna sɛba duma n yuum lem French yɛa la ti ba yi'ira ba ti Saint-Louis, bɔna -17th yuuma saŋa la puan bɔna Senegal. Dutch yuum zabɛ nyaŋɛ French duma la mɛ nyaa yuum to'e Gorée Island, ze'ele Dakar duma nu'usum[59]French duma yimpu'useba yuum wa'am la 1687 yuunɛ la puan n lem Assinie bɔna "Gold Coast" la bɔna (nananawa Ghana)[60].[59]. Solemiisi la ti ba yuum yi'ira "Europeans" la ka le sakera ti ba koosa nɛreba. Nɛreba koosego kɔ'ɔm pɔsɛ la kalam bɔna "West Africa" yuum de la Portuguese n boi 1482 yuunɛ la puan. Yia nɛreba koosego la yuum pɔsɛ la "West African" bɔna sɛba duma n yuum lem French yɛa la ti ba yi'ira ba ti Saint-Louis, bɔna -17th yuuma saŋa la puan bɔna Senegal.[61] Dutch yuum zabɛ nyaŋɛ French duma la mɛ nyaa yuum to'e Gorée Island, ze'ele Dakar duma nu'usum[62]French duma yimpu'useba yuum wa'am la 1687 yuunɛ la puan n lem Assinie bɔna "Gold Coast" la bɔna (nananawa Ghana).[51]
French gɔmena tinsi sɛba n yuum boi Ivory Coast woo l.[63] La yuum kelum dɛna la 1887, yuunɛ la puan ti sɛla ti ba yi'ira ti Verdier, Marcel Treich-Laplène, yu sakɛ bo uɛla anuu le yɛ'ɛsa ti la suŋɛ ti French duma la ta'am nyɛ zi'an le pa'asɛ ba beene la puan hali ta paɛ Niger kulega la nurum za'a lagum ba'asɛ Ivory Coast.[64]
French na'am dia saŋa (French colonial era)
Se'em ti ba yuum yi'ira ti "Kong of Louis-Gustave Binger" bɔna 1892 yuunɛ la puan. 1880 yuuma ba'asegɔ la puan France yuum zabɛ toe tinsi la za'a waabi mɛ gee ti 1889 yuunɛ la puan ti Britain yuum sakɛ bo French paŋa wa ti ba bɔna tiŋa la.[65] Yuundine puan nuu ti France yuum boi yu'urɛ la ti "Treich-Laplène the titular" n yuum de gɔmena la.[49] Ze'ele 1893 yuunɛ la puan Ivory Coast yuum nyaa de la French tiŋa to ba sɔna ka ti ka tinkatɛ yuum dɛna Grand-Bassam, la Captain Binger[66]. Ba yuum sakɛ bo "Liberia" bɔna 1892 yuunɛ la puan la Britain 1893 yuunɛ la puan bɔna "eastern la western" sɔa puan amaa saa zuen bɔba la yuum ka nyɛ maalegɔ tara bala ta paɛ 1947 yuunɛ la puan. Sɛla n yuum sɔi la, French duma sɛba n yuum boi "Upper Volta" (ti ba yi'ira nananawa ti Burkina Faso) la French Sudan (ti ba yi'ira nananawa ti Mali) ta paɛ Ivory Coast za'a waabi la n yuum sɔi ti tinmaalegɔ bɔna[67]. La yuum de buyi puan tingɔŋɔ zaberɛ la puan ti ba yi'ira solemiine ti "World War II" ti Vichy la a nɛreba yuum ka'asɛ nɛreba n boi 1943 yuunɛ la puan ti ba zabɛ la "Charles de Gaulle" gɔmena la French duma woo n boi "West Africa".[68] Ze'ele "Brazzaville Conference" la n yuum iŋɛ bɔna 1944 yuunɛ la puan, n yuum tee sɛla woo hali ta paɛ 1946.[69] Yia tingɔŋɔ za'a zaberɛ. La yuum de buyi puan tingɔŋɔ zaberɛ la puan ti ba yi'ira solemiine ti "World War II" ti Vichy la a nɛreba yuum ka'asɛ nɛreba n boi 1943 yuunɛ la puan ti ba zabɛ la "Charles de Gaulle" gɔmena la French duma woo n boi "West Africa".[70] Ze'ele "Brazzaville Conference" la n yuum iŋɛ bɔna 1944 yuunɛ la puan, n yuum tee sɛla woo hali ta paɛ 1946.[2] Yia tingɔŋɔ za'a zaberɛ.
Tigera wa basɛba yu'ura yuum de:[71][72] Ehotilé (Aboisso), Kotrowou (Fresco), Zéhiri (Grand-Lahou), Ega la Diès (Divo).Sɛba n yuum ki'iri tinsi la puan la za'a yuum nyaa kiŋɛ ta bɔna la timbibesi puan n yuum zaaɛ fii yuum ta ita ba koosego[73]. Timbibesi duma la za'a waabi yuum de la kaareba la goowɛpa.Koosego zi'ansi duma sɛba n yuum kɔ'ɔm pakɛ ŋwana kankaŋi yuum de la Djenné, Gao, la Timbuctu—la yuum nyaa yalege mɛ n yuum paɛ zi'an woo gee ri ba yuum yiira ka ti "Sudanic" Ba e wan ta'am iŋɛ ni se'em ta'am gu koosego zi'an la, la ba soogɛpa la paŋa, tiŋa wa duma yuum ta'am lagum mɛ ki'ira la tinsi'a e lɛm ba la.[74] Sudan tinsi la e lagum bɔna la me yuum ta pa'asɛ la maalam duma sukuu[75]zameserebaa.Maalam e kɔ'ɔm niɛ peelum e boi western Sudan ze'ele Maalam duma.
Yia zaberɛ la yuum pɔsɛ la sansɛka ti zuo daana tu ba yuum yeti ba iŋɛ koosego bɔna October ŋmarega la puan 2000 yuunɛ la puan. Bala ti Laurent Gbagbo yuum zabera la Guéï, gee pupeelum yuum ka wa'am la puan. Loosego la yuum kɔ'ɔm dɛna la zaberɛ la kum yɛla ma'a hali nɛreba n yuum paɛ wuu kɔbega la pinii n yuum ki.[76] La yuum ka yue ti ba yuum loe Guéï ti a sɔe Gbagbo na'arɛ. Ouattara was disqualified by the country's Supreme Court because of his alleged Burkinabé.French[77] yuum toe "Ivorians" paŋa la mɛ bala n yuum ta'asɛ ti gasega la yima yima yuum nyaa paɛ tiŋa la puan, sɛlɛ n wan ta'am gu bala basɛ de la ba zabɛ to'e bamisi[55]
N sɔi n miŋa saŋa (Independence)
Zuo daana sɛka ti ba yi'ira ti Félix Houphouët-Boigny la a pɔga Marie-Thérèse Houphouët-Boigny tuum boi la yire la puan zuo daana John F. Kennedy la a pɔga mi Jacqueline Kennedy bɔna 1962 yuunɛ la puan. Félix Houphouët-Boigny, n de Baoulé n mi de naba ze'ele Ivory Coast n sɔi n miŋa sɔ. Bɔna 1944 yuunɛ la puan ti a yuum pɔsɛ iŋɛ kua tigere bo tiŋa la nɛreba wuu a miŋa la.[78] La yuum ka yue gee ti Houphouët-Boigny yuum ta nyɛ na'am lebege nɛra ti ba yuum loe ti a ta ze'ele bo a nɛreba la bɔna "French Parliament" n boi Paris yuundini puan. Bilam pooren ti French duma yuum saam sɛla ti ba yi'ira ti "Forced Labor" n de pɛregerɛ tuuma.[79] Houphouët-Boigny's saŋa yuum de la paati diyima ma'a gɔmena n boi tiŋa la nalɛka puan. Laurent Gbagbo, ( n yuum ta lebege zuo daana bo'ora Ivory Coast n boi 2000 yuunɛ la puan) yuum nyaa ta zɔi tiŋa la puan mɛ yɛsa la sɛla n yuum iŋɛ bɔna 1980 yuunɛ la puan se'em ma'a ti Houphouët-Boigny yuum ta dɛna Ivorian paati la niŋa daana la.[80]Houphouët-Boigny yuum kɔ'ɔm tara la uwlwauma ma'a yeti bo'ora tiŋa la nɛreba, bala n yuum nyaa sɔna ti tiŋa la nɛreba za'a waabi yuum nyaa bɔta a yele gee ni voti bo e saŋa woo puan yɛsa a tuunsuma la zo'e.
French gɔmena la yuum tari tinsi mɛ zo'e zo'e n oaɛ wuu tusa pita ta paara tusa piseyoobi bɔna 1980 yuunɛ la puan. Pa'aleba la zo'e zo'e yuum tee ba tuuma mɛ dɛna kɛ'ɛduma n boi ligeri tuuma zi'an.[81]Yuum piseyi puan, vom la Ligeri yɛla tiŋa la yuum tole niŋa mɛ zo'e zo'e. La de la tiŋa kayima n ka tari kaam gakera aolemitiŋa Afirika wa.
Houphouët-Boigny administration
Houphouët-Boigny's saŋa yuum de la paati diyima ma'a gɔmena n boi tiŋa la nalɛka puan.[82][83] Laurent Gbagbo, ( n yuum ta lebege zuo daana bo'ora Ivory Coast n boi 2000 yuunɛ la puan) yuum nyaa ta zɔi tiŋa la puan mɛ yɛsa la sɛla n yuum iŋɛ bɔna 1980 yuunɛ la puan se'em ma'a ti Houphouët-Boigny yuum ta dɛna Ivorian paati la niŋa daana la.[66]Houphouët-Boigny yuum kɔ'ɔm tara la uwlwauma ma'a yeti bo'ora tiŋa la nɛreba, bala n yuum nyaa sɔna ti tiŋa la nɛreba za'a waabi yuum nyaa bɔta a yele gee ni voti bo e saŋa woo puan yɛsa a tuunsuma la zo'e.
Bédié administration
Ze'ele October ŋmarega la puan n boi 1995 yuunɛ la puan Bédié yuum le so na'am mɛ se'em ma'a ti iŋa la paati pika kayima n mi yuum ka tari nɔyinɛ. A ta'am zabɛ gu a miŋa yɛsa a dinduma zi'an gee hali yuum tari ba sɛba zo'e zo'e yuum ta pagɛ. Gee bala la za'a waabi la, Houphouët-Boigny, yuum ta'am suŋɛ ti lɔgerɔ la dia da'a yuum sige tiŋa, tiŋa la puan. A yuum kelum ta'am basɛ ti buuri buuri zaberɛ yuum ka le bɔna tiŋa la puan. Bedié yuum yeti, iŋa sakɛ bo sɛla ti ba yi'ira ti "Ivoirité" la mɛ . La yuum de la sɛla ti a yuum ka bɔta ti Alassane Ouattara, n ze'ele saa zuen bɔna gee ti a dɔgereba kelum dɛna "Ivorians" la zuo ti a kan ta'am di gɔmena zuo daana la.
Yia tingɔŋɔ za'a zaberɛ (First civil war)
Yia zaberɛ la yuum pɔsɛ la sansɛka ti zuo daana tu ba yuum yeti ba iŋɛ koosego bɔna October ŋmarega la puan 2000 yuunɛ la puan. Bala ti Laurent Gbagbo yuum zabera la Guéï, gee pupeelum yuum ka wa'am la puan. Loosego la yuum kɔ'ɔm dɛna la zaberɛ la kum yɛla ma'a hali nɛreba n yuum paɛ wuu kɔbega la pinii n yuum ki.[84]La yuum ka yue ti ba yuum loe Guéï ti a sɔe Gbagbo na'arɛ. Ouattara was disqualified by the country's Supreme Court because of his alleged Burkinabé.
Tingɔŋɔ za'a zaberɛ (Second civil war)
Ivorian zuo daana loosego la yuum sige la, 2010 yuunɛ la puan gee ti tingɔŋɔ za'a waabi zaberɛ wa mi yuum sige 2005 yuunɛ la puan amaa ba yuum ta turesɛ la kiŋɛ la Sapɔɔlegɔ ŋmareƒla puan bɔna 2010 yuunɛ la puan. Yia zaberɛ la yuum pɔsɛ la sansɛka ti zuo daana tu ba yuum yeti ba iŋɛ koosego bɔna October ŋmarega la puan 2000 yuunɛ la puan. Bala ti Laurent Gbagbo yuum zabera la Guéï, gee pupeelum yuum ka wa'am la puan. Loosego la yuum kɔ'ɔm dɛna la zaberɛ la kum yɛla ma'a hali nɛreba n yuum paɛ wuu kɔbega la pinii n yuum ki. La yuum ka yue ti ba yuum loe Guéï ti a sɔe Gbagbo na'arɛ. Ouattara yuum ka nyɛ sore ti a dɛna zuo daana la sɛla m sɔi la Burkinabé yuum ka boti Gbagbo gee yuum nyaa tugum loe la minisita kurega Ouattara. Wars gɔŋɔ la nyaa yuum loe Gbagbo ti a yuum di tinsi sitopɔi bɔna saa zuen bɔba.
Ouattara Saŋa (Ouattara administration)
Ouattara bisɛ tiŋa la bala ze'ele 2010 yuuma la puan wa paɛ zina beere wa[85][86]. Ouattara n yuum le dɛna mina ti ba yuum loe ti a kelum dɛna zuo daana bɔna 2015 yuunɛ la puan.[87] Bɔna Sapɔɔlegɔ ŋmarega la puan n boi 2020 yuunɛ la puan. A ta'am zabɛ gu a miŋa yɛsa a dinduma zi'an gee hali yuum tari ba sɛba zo'e zo'e yuum ta pagɛ.[88]Gee bala la za'a waabi la, Houphouët-Boigny, yuum ta'am suŋɛ ti lɔgerɔ la dia da'a yuum sige tiŋa, tiŋa la puan. A yuum kelum ta'am basɛ ti buuri buuri zaberɛ yuum ka le bɔna tiŋa la puan. Bedié yuum yeti, iŋa sakɛ bo sɛla ti ba yi'ira ti "Ivoirité" la mɛ Ba yuum kelum loe e ti a dɛna tiŋa la za'a zuo daana Ouattara yuum ka nyɛ sore ti a dɛna zuo daana la sɛla m sɔi la Burkinabé yuum ka boti Gbagbo gee yuum nyaa tugum loe la minisita kurega Ouattara. Wars gɔŋɔ la nyaa yuum loe Gbagbo ti a yuum di tinsi sitopɔi bɔna saa zuen bɔba.[89] Ivory Coast duma yuum kelum loe la Ouattara n boi Sapɔɔlegɔ ŋmareƒla puan 2020 yuunɛ la puan[90].
Gɔmen[91]a la pu mɛ bɔna wɛla ata: Prɛsidɛnti, sɛba n biŋeri wara duma la sɛba n tuni kootum puan. Sɛba n biseri wars duma bɔna Ivory Coast, boi la buyi, sɛba ti ba loe ba ti ba bɔna "Senate" la sɛba ti ba loe ba to ba bɔna "National Assembly" ti ba za'a dɛna nɛreba kɔbega la pinuu la banuu la bɔna yuuma anuu puan woo.
Ze'ele 1983 yuunɛ la puan, Ivory Coast tinkatɛ sɛka n de Yamoussoukro, dee ti Abidjan yuum dɛna zi'an ti ba bɔna tuna gɔmena yɛla. Tinsi zo'e zo'e tari ba "embassies" kelum bɔna la Abidjan.
Prɛsidɛnti kurega Henri Konan Bedie la minisita kurega Pascal Affi N'Guessan.[92] yuum lagum bɔna Achi II gɔmena la puan mɛ tara bala ta paɛ has ruled the country April 2022 yuunɛ la puan[93] Pooren bɔnw 6 October 2023 yuunɛ la puan ti Robert Beugré Mambé yuum to'e na'am kuka la bɔna 17 OCTOBER 2023 yuunɛ la puan.
Satinsi lageŋɔ Yɛla (Foreign relations)
Lasebaarɛ le yɛ'ɛsa: Satinsi lageŋɔ Yɛlabɔna Ivory Coast (Foreign relations of Ivory Coast)
Fu san bisera Afirika wa puan, Ivorian gɔmena n de sɛla n suŋeri vom, ligeri la nalɛka yɛla gana za'a.
Soogɛpa duma (Military)
Lasebarɛ pa'asɛ: soogɛpa duma seem n boi Ivory Coast kalɛ paɛ wuu tusa piseyi la bayi 22,000 (2017 yuunɛ la puan).[95]
Ze'ele 2012 yuunɛ la puan zabera lɔgerɔ sɛba n yuum boi Ivory Coast Army yuum de la 10 T-55 tanks, AMX-13 bugum banuu, pita la bayoobi BMP-1/2, APCs duma puan la sɛka kelum pa'asɛ zaberɛ lɔgerɔ basɛba n yuum de wuu bunu pita la bayoobi.[96]
Ze'ele 2012 yuunɛ la puan ti Ivory Coast Air Force duma yuum tara sɛka ti ba yi'ira ti Mil Mi-24 ayima la SA330L mi ayima.[97]
Ze'ele 2017 yuunɛ la puan, Ivory Coast duma yuum saŋɛ gɔŋɔ la UN wara duma la ti ba kan le maalɛ bii ba pugum ta zaberɛ lɔgerɔ.[98][99]
Ze'ele 2011 yuunɛ la puan, Ivory Coast tari la sɛla ti ba yi'ira solemiine puan ti "districts" pia la bayi.[100]Gee kelum tara bayi n de tinsi bamisi. "districts" duma wa kelum out mɛ bɔna so'olum duma pita la ayima, ti so'olum duma la mi pu dɛna kɔbega la banii gee ti ba ma mi pu dɛna kɔbesi bunɔ pia.[101][102] Tinsi basɛba ni ta'am lagum mɛ dɛna tiŋa kayima gee ti so'olum duma la mi ni ta'am lagum taaba ita tuunɛ diyima. Ze'ele 2011 yuunɛ la puan,[103]gɔmena sɛba duma n ni bisera so'olum duma la za'a waabi, ba yuum nan ka loe ba duma bo'ora tinpia la bayi la za'a waabi. Bala zuo la, ba nan ka pɔsɛ tuna ba tuuma la n de se'em.
Sɛba n boi rilum wa n de tinsi la za'a waabi la ba timbesi duma bɔna tinkatɛ la puan:
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